Prospects of Shanghai City Network in 21~st Century

According to the population, area and economy development of Shanghai City, this paper introduces the load forecast of the city and points out that the development of urban power network should adapt the development of its economy. In this paper, the developing targets of Shanghai power network are also presented.

Evaluation of climate comfort based on the relationship between the structure and behavior of a block space in a winter city

This paper focuses on climate comfort degree evaluated from relationships between spatial characteristics and behaviors of a winter city.It is demonstrated that the influences of climatic factors on human comfort are remarkably different for different spatial characteristics and functions of the sites.An evaluation method of climatic comfort is propsed,in which attaining comfort is an adaptation process,and the dynamic changes in the process are according to the user’s subjective tendency to the variations of the spatial characteristics and functions of the space.The evaluation criteria are based on both physical and psychological hierarchy needs of a person,which include the spatial form for microclimatic conditions as well as the spatial social-economic characteristics of a site.To improve the local environment of a winter city by planning measurements,the Harbin Central Pedestrian Street is taken as an example in the application of the evaluation method,and different planning optimizing strategies are proposed accordingly.The results show that the pattern of climate comfort is characterized by reflecting the socialeconomic value and individual behavior characteristics.

Acoustical environment of urban area related to the city development

The relationship between urban development and noise pollution was analyzed. The analysis, based on a wide range of measurements and statistical data,revealed the changes of the ambient noise resulting from city development. In conclusion, some fundamental measures for improving the acoustical environment were suggested, such as the division of cities into functional areas and the development of a well designed road network. In addition, the town planning, architecture and the implementation of appropriate regulations could also help to reduce noise levels was suggested as well.

Planning and design of a green city in Kaixian for population relocation of Three Gorges Project

We describe the green space system planning and design of a new Kaixian City for migrants in the Three Gorges Reservoir area of P.R.China.The goal of the project was to provide a high quality settlement for migrants relocated from the old Kaixian City that had a history of over one thousand years and from other places with different traditional cultures.Our efforts focused on conceiving affordable strategies to increase green areas,improve waterfront landscapes,deal with water level fluctuation,integrate diverse folk cultures,and encourage bicycling as an environmentally-friendly form of urban transportation.The new city is anticipated to benefit from the green space systems with an improved eco-environment,enriched tourism resources,cheap landscaping costs,relief from traffic pressure,and in other ways.The planning philosophies employed could be useful in the engineering and construction of other cities in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.

Strategic Study on Integration of Port and City Development in Rizhao

agglomeration of the Yangtze Delta （UAYD）, one of the most developed regions of China, has witnessed an increasing prevalence in building ecological cities when the ecological cities are pursued by many modern cities, and great achievements have been made in this regard. It is inevitable, however, that certain problems exist during the construction of ecological city, which include but not limited to non-harmonious development of urban complex ecosystem, and the difficulty in quantifying eco-city construction or incomplete quantification in assessing the con- structiori of present and future eco-city. Based on the analysis on social-economic conditions and regional conditions of the UAYD, this paper attempts to set up an index system of eco-cities combining with local characteristics, and to adopt the indices of eco-city, urban harmony, and eco-city colligate to evaluate the ecological level, urban harmonious development and eco-city construction of cities within the UAYD. Results indicate that among 15 cities in UAYD, Suzhou City ranks the highest in terms of eco-city construction, whereas Nantong ranks relatively lower; sustainable eco-city construction is possible only when cities are developed in every respect of harmony.

Urban Planning and Inadequacies of Implementation:The Case of the City of Larissa,Greece

Urban planning in Greece is identified by two characteristics:the domination of the legislative/legal level on the policy-making one,and the“implementation gap”between laws and plans,and related implementations.In fact,the most frequent reason for the implementation gap is the inability of local administration to compensate landowners.An additional reason for the non-implementation of Urban Plans is that if the expropriation/compensation is delayed for more than a legally specified period,the landowner can ask the lifting of the expropriation.Larissa faces such difficulties.Due to lack of money for expropriations,its¾years-old Urban Plan has been implemented only by 77%.In the city,there are nearly 120 of cases to be expropriated/compensated,and the total amount needed is estimated to 150 million Euros.Obviously,the municipality is impossible to afford this amount,and the Urban Plan is in serious risk of not being implemented.In that context,the paper suggests a re-examination and a re-classification of the prescribed spaces based on three critical factors:the“urban importance”of each“prescribed space”,the economic affordability of financing its expropriation,and the legal characteristics of property rights.

Expansion Plans for the Port of Durban： What Are the Issues for the City of Durban？

The Port of Durban is one of the largest ports in the Southern Hemisphere and is the main port for the Southern African region. However, the port is reaching its capacity limit and it is apparent that for South Africa＇s economic growth this port needs to expand. In order to expand the port needs to not only expand its waterside infrastructure but it would need to provide new logistics corridors though the city of Durban. The city of Durban has completely surrounded the port making expansion options difficult and intertwined with the planning of the city. This paper examines the various options and timelines for port expansion as well as the issues from the city perspective. Areas of possible conflict in this process revolve around traffic capacity and related road/rail infrastructure, environmental issues, social and economic impacts.

New Building Typologies for Zero Energy Mass Custom Housing(ZEMCH)in More Sustainable Patterns of Development

Conferences and publications on Smart Cities and self-styled ecological buildings such as“Vertical Forests”,“Biophilic”building complexes and other similar are multiplying.But then,in reality,we continue to design as we have always done for the last ninety years:with the consolidated rules and formal solutions of international post-modern composition,in its various forms.The only attentions are(and not always)to super-insulate the envelopes,arrange photovoltaic panels on the roofs,make the systems smart and cover the facades and roofs with appropriate green washing.Even in the awareness that human settlements and cities are extremely complex phenomena,mostly determined by economic and social factors,rather than by conscious typological-settlement choices,perhaps the time has come to acknowledge that the traditional paradigms of design must be changed.First of all,the types of settlements must be renewed,because it is through their optimization that the greatest savings in terms of energy and sustainability can be achieved.The research presented here is the application of a ten-year study that involved the development of net Zero Energy Mass Custom Housing(ZEMCH)in specific context in southern Italy.The Innovation and Transparency of Tenders Environmental Compatibility(ITACA)Assessment Protocol,derived from the Green Building Challenge’s GBTool,was used as a design guide,which is normally used for the assessment and judgment of sustainability at the building scale and not of the urban design.The result is a settlement model in which network of pedestrian,cycle and public transport is fully integrated with adjacent urban areas;effective landscaping connects public and private green and kitchen-gardens/orchards everywhere;buildings are made with new semi-underground typologies;net ZEMCHs are made with local,recyclable materials with low impact or positive energy balance;wastewater and rainwater are collected,in-loco phyto-purified and reused;renewable energies(sun,earth,wind)satisfy remaining necessities,with a minimum of plant interventions.

Damage Analysis of the Great East Japan Earthquake

This paper tries to comprehensively summarize the reasons of damages at the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011 and what are the lessons in terms of earthquake and tsunami safety of building and cities. The paper examines the damage of tsunami affected areas and analyses the damage to extract lessons in order to safely reconstruct the affected areas from the view point of building regulations such as ＂Disaster Risk Area＂ provided by the Article 39 of the Building Standard Law and the Urbanization Control Area and UPA （Urbanization Promotion Area） provided by the Article 8 of the Ordinance of the City Planning Law of Japan.

Policy Analysis on Building Regulations and the Recovery of Earthquake and Tsunami Affected Areas

The paper examines the situation and causes of recent big earthquake and tsunami disasters especially in the case of the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, and analyzes the damage to extract lessons on safety of buildings and recovery of cities from the view point of building regulations such as the Article 39 of the Building Standard Law. In addition, the Article 8 of the Ordinance of City Planning Law resulted in not so effective against tsunami in March 2011. Control mechanisms of building construction should be integrated into socio-economic, institutional, technical and other policy tools. In order to mitigate earthquake risk, all stages of building construction, from location, planning and construction to maintenance are important. Awareness creation is instrumental for building culture of safety and demands for intervention in disaster mitigation. The demands ultimately help in creating conducive environment for policy intervention, in realizing institutional mechanism of building code enforcement and land use control for the municipal authorities and in creating demand for competent professionals.

Artificiality and Naturalness:Semi-underground Houses and Their Role in the Construction of a Sustainable Urban Landscape

The contemporary interest,on one hand for a renewed relationship between city and natural landscape,on the other for settlement typologies intrinsically efficient from an energy standpoint took back the attention on the design of the dug city,or rather,almost completely excavated.This is an emblematic model of the requirement that deals with the factors of its environment,like sun,wind,ground,shadow and flora,forcing some designers to migrate from usual design methodologies,indifferent to these design parameters,and they are careful only to the“laws of form”,in search of criteria and fine calculation tools to optimize the configuration and the structure of buildings,in order to ensure that they can be managed as“passively”as possible.What it means,with the minimum contribution of plants to ensure the best satisfaction of comfort and psychological needs of users:not only lighting,sunbathing,ventilation,thermal comfort in summer and winter,acoustic comfort,but also view characteristics,quality of lighting and sociological aspects.In general dialectic between artifice and nature,the theme of dug architecture today is faced not only as one of the most interesting and rich suggestions,but also as one of those,in which the reflection on objectives,methodologies and tools is longer necessary,to the identification of a new way of urban living and effective solutions against energy consumption.

Family Planning Management Of the Floating Population in Xi'an City

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Economic and Technological Cooperation Plans for Hebi City in Henan Province

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Planning Order with Nature: The Transnational Experiments of Park System in Chinese Cities During Early 20^(th) Century

Park system planning has been regarded as a systematic, effi cient and rational approach that uses nature to organize and guide the social and spatial development of cities. As an important tool for city planning development, it became an international phenomenon fostering international communications, in the meantime promoted individual expressions of nature, and became one of the crucial planning strategies to reshape China's modern cityscape. This paper investigates the diffusion and development of park system planning in Chinese cities during early 20^(th) century. It elucidates the theoretical origins and practical experiments, identifi es the selective and diversifi ed transfer of Western models, and further reveals the insights of transnational urbanism and national identity. The research intends to provide some reference for the planning of park and green space system in contemporary Chinese cities under the background of globalization.

A Fresh Understanding of Cities and Their Planning

In city planning,only by strengthening the research on basic theory can we haveclear picture of the nature of various problems of the existing society.In order to have a betterunderstanding of the goal of our planning,the author tries to make a reassessment of some im-portant conceptions such as cities,the relationship between cities and countryside,city planningand so on,by analysing the social structure,and hopes his analysis will evoke the conceptionalchange of the planners.

Effectiveness of urban construction boundaries in Beijing:an assessment

Based on the remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) analysis of the Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) and thematic mapper (TM) satellite images of 1983, 1993, and 2005, the present research examined the effectiveness of the urban construction boundaries (UCBs) in containing urban growth within the 6th Ring Road of Beijing Municipality. Three indicators on boundary control were proposed, through which the effectiveness of boundary containment, land inventory sufficiency and illegal adjacent development to the UCBs were explored. The results suggested that, first, the UCBs were limited in effectiveness in containing urban growth; second, the area encompassed by the UCBs might not be designed large enough to accommodate new development. The frustration of the urban growth control through the UCBs mainly resulted from the lack of a transparent system for urban land use planning and control to provide sufficient information, the limitation of the traditional land use prediction method to consider contingencies, and the absence of a mechanism to monitor and adjust the UCBs to respond just in time to urban change.

Optimal Resource Allocation and Feasible Hexagonal Topology for Cyber-Physical Systems

Networked cyber-physical systems are facing serious security threats from malicious attacks.It is noted that the networked cyber-physical system should take defense measures into account at the beginning of its construction.From the conservative defensive perspective,this paper proposes a robust optimal defense resource allocation strategy to reduce the maximum possible losses of the networked cyber-physical system caused by potential attacks.Then,based on the robust optimal allocation strategy,it can be proved that the topology of the networked cyber-physical system has a great influence on the loss function.In order to further improve security,the effects of adding redundant connections are investigated.Furthermore,by taking geographical knowledge into account,a hexagonal construction scheme is proposed for providing a geographically-feasible and economically-viable solution for building networked cyber-physical systems,where the loss function has a cubic decay.

How ancient Chinese constellations are applied in the city planning?An example on the planning principles employed in Xianyang,the capital city of Qin Dynasty

As the first empire of imperial China,the Qin Dynasty is a crucial period for the establishment of China’s territory,nationality,political system and academic thoughts[1].The planning and construction history of Xianyang,the capital city of the Qin,can be dated from the 12th year of the King of Qin Dynasty,Qinxiaogong(350 BC)to the death of the Second Emperor of Qin(206 BC)spanning a total of144 years.During that time,Xianyang was

Virtual Reality As a New Tool in the City Planning Process

The introduction of virtual reality (VR)-models in the city planning process will cause changes in the traditional roles of the involved parties. In order to better understand some of these changes, the events involving the use of VR-models in an architectural competition concerning rebuilding-proposals for the city library in a Swedish city were analyzed. The study shows that VR was introduced into the competition as an extra add-on and that the VR-presentation was experienced as useful by the jury. The transformation of the architects’ contributions into VR was experienced as problematic by the architects, partly because they lost full control over the presentation. In the future architects are likely to have to produce the VR-models for their proposals themselves. This may make it more difficult for smaller architectural firms to enter the market but their proposals will be more accessible to a wider group of stakeholders.