Crop Resources Ethic in Plant Genetic Engineering and Fortune Transfer Between Generations

The relation between human and crop resources belongs to the ethic of resources exploitation. The purposes of discussing the ethic of crop resources are to protect the ecology and safety of crops, to gain sustainable development, furthermore, to choose and form the production structure that is favorable to saving crop resources and protecting the ecology of crops. Plant genetic engineering is the technology of molecule breeding of rearrangement of inheritance materials at the level of molecule directionally, of improving plant properties and of breeding high quality and yield varieties of crops. The prominent effects of the technology on the crop ecological system are human subjective factors increasing as well as violating the nature and intensifying the conflict between human being and nature. Therefore, in plant genetic engineering, crop resources exploitation should follow certain ethic principles. Under the theory of ethics of natural resources, by the means of biologinal-statistics, the author systematically analyzed the possible model of crop resources transfer between generations as well as the transfer mode of magnitude of real materials and magnitude of value.

Study on the Ownership of Plant Genetic Resources on Farmers' Land

In order to protect Chinese farmers' sharing benefits and make legal preparation for accession to the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, this paper analyzed differences between state sovereignty and ownership of genetic resources and between natural resources and plant genetic resources on farmers' land. Then, it studied the regulations of the United States, European Union and Indian on the ownership of plant genetic resources on farmers' land. On the basis of the analysis and study, the authors stated that the sovereignty of plant genetic resources can not replace the ownership system. The plant genetic resources on farmers' (community) land should be in the possession of farmers or communities, which should be confirmed by the State.

Research on Intellectual Property Rights Protection of Agricultural Plant Genetic Resources in China

On the basis of definition of agricultural plant genetic resources,this paper takes the two most important forms of intellectual property protection regarding agricultural plant genetic resources-patent rights and new plant variety rights as an example,to expound the current situation of intellectual property protection of agricultural plant genetic resources in China.It reveals the problems of intellectual property protection as follows:the awareness of intellectual property protection of agricultural plant genetic resources is weak;the system of laws and regulations is not sound;the protection system is not perfect;the management system lacks standardization.It further puts forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions as follows:promote the protection awareness of agricultural plant genetic resources in whole society;enact special law system to protect agricultural plant genetic resources;improve the management system of agricultural plant genetic resources;strengthen the international protection of agricultural plant genetic resources in China.

Genomics of crop plant genetic resources

Plant genetic resources collection and utilization had made a huge impact in balancing the genetic diversity of the existing crop plant species and their application in genome based studies had also increased widely. Primarily studies were based on model species, although it now enhances the transferability of information to crops and related species. With the tremendous outbreak of new high-throughput technologies like next-generation sequencing (NGS) and reduction in their costs are bringing many more plants within the range of genome and transcriptome level analysis. The completion of reference genome sequences for many important crops and the ability to perform high-throughput resequencing are providing opportunities for improving our understanding of the crop plant genetic resources to accelerate crop improvement. The future of crop improvement will be centred on comparisons of individual crop plant genomes, and some of the best opportunities may lie in using combinations of new genetic mapping strategies and evolutionary analyses to direct and optimize the discovery and use of genetic variation. Here I review the importance of crop plant genetic resources and insights that have been emerged in recent years.

Study on Present Status of Plant Germplasm Resources Conservation and Countermeasures

Plant germplasm resources is the material foundation and key point for agricultural production, crop breeding and bioengineering. China is one of the centers for the origin of the cultivated plants worldwide, as well as one of the countries with most abundant plant resources and the highest biodiversity. Strengthening research in the conservation and utilization of plant germplasm resources is of significant value and importance. In this study, the present status of conservation, utilization, and existing problems of plant germplasm resources in China and around the world were reviewed; further, through analyzing measures taken by global countries for plant germplasm resources protection, countermeasures for plant germplasm resources conservation in China were also presented from three aspects, namely, collection and conservation, information network construction and national legislation and policies.

中国植物遗传资源(PGRs)产权配置研究——以福建武夷山国家级自然保护区为例

明确中国植物遗传资源的产权归属是落实国际生物多样性公约，实现遗传资源保护与利用的惠益分享的前提与保证。文章以武夷山自然保护区为例，结合保护区的发展特征，利用产权理论，分析了保护区植物遗传资源的保护与利用的价值形成、利益相关者及其价值需求、各利益相关者在保护和利用植物遗传资源方面的贡献与作用等，得出保护区植物遗传资源的产权配置方式。

Genetic Analysis of Tomato Fruit Ripening at Polypeptide Profiles Level through Quantitative and Multivariate Approaches

Multivariate analysis became essential in functional and structural Genomics because of the large quantity of biological data provided by these new research areas. Diallel mating design was widely applied to analyze the heritability of quantitative traits but it was recently used for approaching to the inheritance patterns of other levels of gene expression such as transcript profiles. Investigating the inheritance pattern of total polypeptide profiles with a diallel design remains as a vacancy subject. The objective of the present research was to infer the inheritance of total polypeptides profiles from tomato pericarp tissue at four different ripening stages in a diallel mating design including five recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and their ten second cycle hybrids (SCH). To achieve this objective, a multivariate analysis was applied to identify eventual inheritance patterns through a data mining approach and then univariate analyses were used to verify these patterns. Mainly dominance and also overdominance, though in a minor percentage, contributed to the gene actions involved in their genetic basis. Multivariate analysis was efficient in identifying inheritance patterns of total polypeptide profiles through a data mining approach, and univariate analyses largely verified the identified gene actions.

基于ASP.NET的EA-PGR管理系统设计与实现

利用ASP.NET和ADO.NET技术,结合SQL Server 2000数据库系统开发的EA-PGR(东亚植物遗传资源)协作网管理系统,实现了EA-PGR相关内容的动态管理,ASP.NET的系统框架使得系统在Internet上运行时更快捷、更安全和更易维护。同时对该管理系统的总体结构、各功能模块、数据库设计、系统工作原理以及程序设计主要技术进行了详细描述。

基于SSR分子标记分析石阡茶树资源遗传多样性

[目的]探明石阡茶树种质资源的遗传多样性和亲缘关系,为开发和保护石阡茶树资源提供理论依据。[方法]利用SSR分子标记技术,对贵州石阡7个茶树群体122份资源进行SSR位点多态性、遗传多样性及亲缘关系分析,并对不同地域来源的石阡茶树资源进行遗传距离分析。[结果]21对SSR引物共扩增出72个多态性位点,每对引物平均扩增3.43个位点,多态信息含量(PIC)为0.19~0.76,平均为0.51,等位基因在群体中分布均匀且多态性较高。7个茶树群体的Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)均值为0.22,Shannon信息指数(I)均值为0.33,多态位点百分率(PPB)均值为75%,遗传距离为0.0177~0.1036。122份石阡茶树资源的遗传距离为0.10~0.67,当遗传距离为0.21时,分为3个大类群:第I类群包含113份资源,第Ⅱ类群仅有1份茶树资源(SWXD009),第Ⅲ类群包含8份茶树资源,分别是SWXD-B、SWXD-F、SWXD-H、SWXD-M、SQT3、SQT4、SWX005和SWX006;在3个大类群中均有五德镇长兴村的茶树资源。[结论]贵州石阡茶树群体间的遗传差异较小,但群体内个体单株之间具有一定的遗传差异,尤其是五德长兴茶树群体内的遗传背景较丰富,筛选优异资源的基础较好。

24个福鼎地方茶树种质资源遗传多样性与亲缘关系分析

【目的】采用荧光SSR标记研究福鼎地方茶树种质资源遗传背景,为福鼎地方茶树种质资源鉴定与利用提供依据。【方法】利用24对SSR荧光引物对24个福鼎地方茶树种质资源与34个福建主要栽培品种进行检测,分析福鼎地方茶树种质资源的亲缘关系、遗传多样性、遗传分化与基因流,并对其中12个地方种质资源的叶片性状进行初步调查。【结果】供试材料的有效等位基因数与观测等位基因数的平均值分别为6.2083、3.0836;多态性信息量(PIC)变化为0.292~0.833,平均值为0.586;观测杂合度和期望杂合度平均值分别为0.6185和0.6422。遗传距离聚类将供试材料分为3个群体,其中24个福鼎地方茶树种质资源分布在群体1与群体3,群体1内的福鼎地方茶树种质资源与‘霞浦春波绿’遗传背景较近,群体3内福鼎地方茶树种质资源与‘福鼎大白茶’遗传背景较近,群体2为福建省乌龙茶品种;群体相似系数聚类显示群体1与群体2相似程度更高。福鼎地方茶树种质资源的Shannon多样性指数为1.1505。12个福鼎地方茶树种质资源的长宽比为2.322~3.126,叶面积平均值19.014 cm^(2)。【结论】24个福鼎地方茶树种质资源遗传背景主要分为2个类型,遗传多样性较丰富。

宁夏野生林木种质资源现状分析

通过对宁夏野生林木种质资源种类、生活型和驯化利用情况进行调查,初步掌握宁夏野生林木种质资源51科113属395种(包括47变种2变型),总结分析宁夏野生林木种质资源结构特点,为宁夏野生林木种质资源保护和开发利用提供科学依据。

基于表型性状和生化成分的贵州乔木型茶树种质资源遗传多样性研究

以贵州9个县(市)195份乔木型茶树种质资源为研究对象,通过表型性状及生化成分分析,探究其遗传多样性。结果表明:16个描述型表型性状变异系数为0~44.00%,平均27.33%,多样性指数为0.19~0.99之间,平均0.67;5个数值型表型性状的变异系数为12.17%~33.37%,平均20.75%,遗传多样性指数为4.36~4.91,平均4.64。不同数值型表型性状变异系数差异较大,遗传多样性指数差异较小。基于形态学性状聚类分析,可将195份乔木型茶树资源聚为3个类群,发现第Ⅰ类群为中小叶类,第Ⅱ类群和第Ⅲ类群为中大叶类,除叶片大小外,3个类群的描述型表型性状较为复杂,没有明显的特征性状。茶多酚含量为10.93%~21.35%,茶氨酸含量为0~3.19%,咖啡碱含量为0.07%~5.32%,苦茶碱含量为0~2.87%,EGCG含量为0~10.87%。同时从195份乔木型茶树资源中筛选出74份特异种质资源,包括低咖啡碱资源35份,高咖啡碱资源2份,高ECG资源5份,高EGCG资源6份,高EGC资源26份,其中35份低咖啡碱资源全部来自盘州市,同时这35份资源检测出苦茶碱。遗传多样性指数在1.15~4.01之间,平均为2.90,表现出丰富的遗传多样性,保持着较高的遗传多样性水平。各个县(市)茶树种质资源间变异系数为13.91%~211.84%,变异幅度较大。基于主要生化成分聚类分析,可将195份乔木型茶树资源聚为3类,发现第Ⅰ类以苦茶碱为主要生物碱,而第Ⅱ类和第Ⅲ类中不含苦茶碱,以咖啡碱为主要生物碱。

海岛棉与枯萎病菌的互作转录组分析

棉花枯萎病是棉花生产中常见的一种病害,目前在海岛棉中发病严重,直接影响海岛棉产量和品质,对海岛棉产业发展造成巨大威胁。为解析棉花与枯萎病菌尖孢镰刀菌互作的分子机制,以尖孢镰刀菌侵染48 h的抗感棉花根部组织及致病菌体为材料,利用RNA-seq测序技术分析尖孢镰刀菌与棉花互作的基因表达特性。结果表明,在抗感棉花品种中分别检测到15 218和9 358个差异基因,在侵染抗感棉花品种的尖孢镰刀菌中分别检测到3 708和3 656个差异基因。GO功能富集分析发现,互作后棉花中主要为氧化应激反应、生长素-激活信号通路、对刺激的反应、对受伤的反应和转录因子活性等基因功能;KEGG显著富集到内吞作用、植物激素信号转导、氨基酸生物合成、碳代谢、植物-病原菌互作、苯丙烷类生物合成等代谢途径,抗病品种在调控对刺激的反应和对受伤的反应中上调显著。GO功能富集分析发现,互作后尖孢镰刀菌中的差异表达基因多参与膜的组成部分、催化活性调节、ATP结合等类别;KEGG显著富集到过氧化物酶体,丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号通路,缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸降解,甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢,碳代谢,氨基酸生物合成,淀粉和蔗糖代谢等通路。本研究为棉花响应枯萎病胁迫以及尖孢镰刀菌致病性研究提供了丰富的基因资源,为深入解析尖孢镰刀菌与棉花互作的机制研究奠定基础。

Agromorphological Characterization of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc., Zingiberaceae) Accessions Grown in Côte d’Ivoire

In C?te d’Ivoire, ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.), generally used to make a drink called “Gnamankoudji”, has become an important source of agricultural income diversification. In order to assess the agromorphological diversity of a ginger collection from different regions of C?te d’Ivoire, a survey collection of accessions was carried out in the different production zones of the country. One hundred and eighty-eight ginger accessions were collected in 15 regions and one autonomous district of C?te d’Ivoire. Analysis of variance revealed that all the variables used in this study discriminated between the ginger accessions collected. Principal component analysis revealed morphological variability of 45.931% for the first two components. Ascending Hierarchical Classification was used to classify these accessions into three groups based on fourteen quantitative characters. These three groups were formed independently of collection areas and are characterized by moderate morphological variability. This variability has been structured into three distinct agromorphological groups, with thallus (rhizome) length and width, finger width, secondary finger length and yield in tons per hectare as distinctive characters. This revealed genetic diversity could be exploited in ginger breeding and improvement programs in C?te d’Ivoire.

基于改进遗传算法的森林树木栽植培育规划方法

为降低栽植培育规划区域内森林树木生存的竞争指数,为森林树木合理规划适宜的生长环境,引进改进遗传算法,设计一种针对森林树木栽植培育的规划方法。明确森林树木栽植培育规划的目标,设计对应的目标函数,设计约束条件,实现规划后地区生态环境发展效益的最大化;引进改进遗传算法,将森林树木栽植培育规划方面的问题转化为土地空间资源规划问题,通过算子的迭代,优化森林树木栽植培育空间编码;根据预设的最优函数,求解最优目标,建立森林树木栽植培育规划函数,实现对森林树木栽植培育规划工作的全面优化。通过实例应用证明,采用设计的规划方法,可以起到优化森林树木资源竞争指数的综合作用,为森林树木提供一个相对优化的生存条件。

植物遗传资源核心种质研究现状与展望

近年来急剧增加的遗传资源数量给种质资源的保存、研究与利用带来了很大困难。为解决这一矛盾，Frankel（1984）和Brown（1989）提出并发展了核心种质（CoreCollection）的概念，即以最少的遗传资源份数最大限度的代表该物种的遗传多样性；至今全世界在硬粒小麦、花生和一年生育情等30余种植物上已经进行了核心种质研究；本文对有关核心种质构建的理论依据、开展核心种质研究的步骤、方法和内容以及核心种质的检验指标作了全面系统的阐述；此外，作者在Frankel的核心种质的概念的基础上，提出核心种质还应包含有实际应用价值的优异基因，并强调核心种质应该是一个动态变化的群体。

中国粮食和农业植物遗传资源状况报告(Ⅰ)

10多年来,中国政府十分重视粮食和农业植物遗传资源的保护和可持续利用,并根据《粮食和农业植物遗传资源全球行动计划》20项优先领域,通过制定和完善相关的法律法规,加强了粮食和农业植物遗传资源的管理;通过培训和科普宣传,提高了公众意识;通过国际合作和协作网建设,实现了信息、人员和植物遗传资源的交流与交换;通过各种国家计划和项目的实施,建立和完善了植物遗传资源保护体系,实现了植物遗传资源的安全保存和可持续利用,为中国乃至世界植物育种和粮食安全发挥了较大作用。(1)对主要粮食和农业植物野生种进行了系统调查和编目,建立了116个原生境保护点,包括野生稻、野生大豆、小麦野生近缘植物、野生蔬菜等,有效遏制了野生植物遗传资源的快速灭绝现象。(2)建成和完善了1座国家长期库、1座国家复份库、10座国家中期库、29座省级中期库、32个国家种质资源圃(含2个试管苗库),另外7个种质圃正在建设中。基本形成了较为完善的国家植物遗传资源保护体系,长期保存植物遗传资源397067份。(3)繁殖更新了286604份植物遗传资源,充实了中期库,极大地提高了植物遗传资源分发和供种能力。仅2001-2007年就向全国2650个单位,提供了13.2万份次植物遗传资源。(4)国家投资1.8亿元人民币,于2003年建成了"作物基因资源与基因改良国家重大科学工程",为植物遗传资源具有重大应用前景新基因的基因型鉴定、发掘提供了条件平台。(5)通过植物遗传资源的深入鉴定与评价,创造了一大批优异种质,培育了大量植物新品种并应用于生产,提高了植物遗传资源的利用率。同时,中国政府十分重视植物遗传资源的多样性利用,通过不同作物间作套种、同一作物不同品种混合种植,保护了品种的多样性,减少了病虫杂草危害。(6)通过加强植物遗传资源的管理,实现了国内植物遗传资源的共享,扩大了对外交流与交换,为中国乃至世界粮食安全、国民经济又快又好地发展、减少贫困、增加农民收入做出了较大贡献。尽管中国在粮食和农业植物遗传资源保护和利用方面取得了显著成绩,但还面临许多挑战。需要加强与其他国家和国际组织的合作,获得国外植物遗传资源和相关技术;继续进行植物遗传资源,特别是野生植物遗传资源、边远地区古老农家品种的调查及考察与收集,进一步建设和完善植物遗传资源保护体系,实现本国植物遗传资源的全面保护;系统深入地鉴定评价已保存的植物遗传资源,提供育种家利用,拓宽育种材料的遗传基础;实现更加充分的资源共享和利益分享,进一步提高资源利用效率。

福建茶树遗传资源的多样性和品种创新

福建茶树遗传资源丰富,茶树品种区域特征明显.本文全面介绍了福建茶树品种创新利用的现状,指出保护茶树遗传资源的多样性,积极开展茶树种质的创新与利用研究,是实现福建茶业可持续发展的关键.

披碱草属植物分类和遗传多样性的研究现状

披碱草属Elymus是小麦、大麦的近缘属,同时蕴藏着丰富的优良基因,是改良小麦、大麦和黑麦的最有前途的植物。披碱草属植物也是草原和草甸的重要组成成分,具有极高的饲用价值和重要的水土保持功能,我国具有丰富的披碱草属资源,但对其的研究和利用却十分匮乏。现从国内外分类系统的不统一和遗传多样性方面进行阐述,为充分开发利用我国丰富的披碱草属植物资源提供信息。

国际水稻信息系统及其应用

作为提供全球不同作物种质资源、作物改良和评价信息的综合管理系统———国际作物信息系统(InternationalCrop Information System,简称ICIS)的一个重要子系统, IRIS (International Rice Information System,简称IRIS)提供了水稻种质系谱、田间试验、分子标记、结构和功能基因组数据以及环境数据。IRIS的数据结构设计使数据库可以储存多语种的信息。目前已有3000多份有中文名称和育种地点等信息的国内品种系谱数据存入中心数据库。用户可以通过单机或因特网(www.iris.irri.org)对数据库进行访问查询。