Analysis of antioxidant prenylflavonoids in different parts of Macaranga tanarius,the plant origin of Okinawan propolis

Objective:To analyze the antioxidant prenylilavonoids in different parts of Macaranga tanarius(M.tanarius)(Euphorbiaceae)including the leaf,petiole,stem,leaflet,flower and fruit(only in female plant),and to evaluate their antioxidant properties.Methods:Methanol extracts of each part of M.tanarius were prepared and five prenylilavonoids in them were quantitatively analyzed using HPLC.The fruits from female plant were further separated into seed,pericarp,and glandular trichome.After the quantitative analyses of prenylflavonoids in each part of M.tanarius,antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-l-picryI-hydrazyl(DPPH)radical scavenging assay.Results:The leaf of M.tanarius contained two prenylflavonoids as main components in both male and female plants.Both flowers(male and female)contained five kinds of prenylflavonoids.In the petiole,stem and leaflet of both male and female plants,the prenylflavonoids were not delected or their amounts were very low.Five kinds of prenylflavonoids were detected in the seed,pericarp and glandular trichome of female M.tanarius.In particular,the glandular trichome had the highest level of total prenylflavonoids(235 mg/g of fresh plant).DPPH radical scavenging activity of all parts was more than 30%.Conclusions:We found that different parts of M.tanarius contained antioxidant prenylflavonoids.In particular,not only the glandular trichome but also the leaf contained prenylflavonoids,which indicated that M.tanarius may be developed as a functional plant,because the leaves of this plant can be easily collected.

Determination of Indoxacarb Residue in Foodstuffs of Plant and Animal Origin by GC-ECD and LC-MS/MS

An effective method for the trace analysis of indoxacarb residue in foodstuffs of plant and animal origin [grapefruit, ginger, fresh soybean, bamboo shoot, qing-gen-cai （cruciferous vegetable）, chicken, fish, and pork] was developed using gas chromatography （GC-ECD） and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry （LC-MS/MS）. Samples were extracted using acetone and n-hexane mixed solvent （1：2, v/v） and then purified using solid-phase extraction （SPE） columns. The extracts were analyzed using GC-ECD and LC-MS/MS. The multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） scheme used involved transitions of the precursor ions to selected two product ions in which one pair for identification was m/z 529 → 293 and another pair for quantification was m/z 529 → 249. The detection limits （LODs） of the method were 0.0015 and 0.0006 mg kg^-1, and the quantification limits （LOQs） were 0.005 and 0.002 mg kg^-1 for GC-ECD and LC-MS/MS, respectively. The relative standard deviations （RSDs） of recovery for indoxacarb were lower than 15% in 10 types of agro-products. Ten repetitive determinations of recovery achieved good reproducibility for indoxacarb and the recovery ranged from 72.08 to 113.74%. The proposed procedure was applied to the analysis of several real samples of different origin from Fujian Province, China, and 299 samples were screened for indoxacarb residue, of which 5 positive samples were found.

Origins and evolution of plant diversity in the Hengduan Mountains, China

1.Introduction The Hengduan Mountains region(HDM)in southwest China,one of the earth's 34 biodiversity hotspots,is characterized by its unique geology,dramatic topography,a climate where snow and below freezing temperatures can occur on any day of the year,by its location at elevations averaging between(1400e)2000 and4500(e5300)meters above sea level(m a.s.l.),and by one of

Comparative Analysis of the Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequences of Four Origin Plants of Lonicerae Flos(Lonicera;Caprifoliaceae)

Lonicerae Flos(LF)derived from the dried flower buds or opening flowers of four Lonicera plants(Lonicera macranthoides,L.hypoglauca,L.confusa,and L.fulvotnetosa),is a popular traditional Chinese medicine.Because the four origin plants are very similar in morphology,it is difficult to control the quality of LF in actual production.Over the past decade,many reports have pointed out the differences among them,including the botanical characteristics and active ingredients.However,there is still a lack of rapid methods that can be applied to the identification of the four origins.In this study,comparative analysis of the four chloroplast genomes was performed,and they showed low diversity(Pi=0.00267),three variation hotspots regions(rbcL-accD,rps12-ndhF and rps12-trnN-trnG)were identified as potentially molecular marker of highly informative.Meanwhile,the most obvious difference in SSR comparative analysis is reverse and complement repeats were only identified in L.confusa and L.hypoglauca,respectively.Lastly,the phylogenetic tree showed that L.confusa is more closely related to L.fulvotnetosa,while L.macranthoides is closer to L.hypoglauca.This study systematically revealed the differences among the four chloroplast genomes,and it provides valuable genetic information for identifying the origin of LF.

Identification of Original Plants, Traits, Microstructure and Powder of Leontopodium franchetii Beauv.

[Objectives] This study aimed to provide experimental data for the identification and application of Leontopodium franchetii Beauv. [Methods] The original plants, traits, microstructure and powder of L. franchetii Beauv. were identified. [Results] The identification characteristics of L. franchetii Beauv. in the original plants, traits and microstructure were obvious. [Conclusions] This study can provide reference for the identification of original plants and herbs and the development of quality standards of L. franchetii Beauv. and provide a basis for further research and development.

吉林省延边州外来入侵种子植物区系研究

本研究采用路线调查和样地调查相结合的调查方法,调查了吉林省延边州内延吉市、图们市等8个市(县)233个样地的入侵种子植物,采用植物区系地理的方法,分析了该种子植物区系特征。结果表明,吉林省延边州外来入侵种子植物16科35属45种,以菊科、豆科等植物为主,一、二年生的草本植物为主,原产地为美洲的植物最多,占55.56%。通过对延边州不同地区群落种子植物属的相似性系数分析,相似性系数最大的为延吉-和龙(95.65%),相似性系数最小的是安图-龙井(80.65%)。

基于DNA特征序列标记的南沙参基原鉴定研究

目的:建立快速、便捷、准确的南沙参及其混伪品特异性DNA特征序列(DSS)标记分子鉴定方法。方法:采用植物叶绿体基因组数据库(CGIR)获取叶绿体基因组序列,采用IdenDSS软件获得待测物种DSS组及其特异性引物对,通过DNA提取、聚合酶链式反应扩增、测序、序列比对验证,检测待测样品的基因组中是否含有目标物种的DSS或其反向互补序列,进行基原鉴定。结果:通过对筛选的5对DSS与南沙参及其混伪品序列的比对验证,最终确定1组可用于南沙参基原鉴定的DSS标记引物,并将该序列上传至中药分子鉴定平台标准数据库中,结合数据库的BLAST功能,可实现南沙参基原的快速、准确鉴定。结论:筛选的DSS标记特异性强、准确度高,可用于南沙参的基原鉴定。

半枫荷类药用植物资源开发及利用

半枫荷是我国少数民族地区广泛使用的一种珍贵药材,在我国主要分布在贵州、广西和广东等地区,具有祛风除湿和活血消肿的独特功效,是一种具有良好发展前景的药用植物资源。本研究总结了半枫荷类药用植物来源的多样性、生态特征、资源分布、化学成分和药理作用,并对其开发利用的前景进行展望,以期为半枫荷的深入研究提供理论基础和参考。

荠的本草考证

荠菜作为药材首载于《名医别录》,是一种历史悠久的药食同源类中药,在中国各地乡间田野均随处可见,其别名众多。荠类中存在名称混用的现象,历代本草中与荠菜混用最多的是菥蓂,荠类中的荠菜Capsella bursa-pastoris(L.)Medic.与菥蓂Thlaspi arvense L.分属十字花科中的两种药用植物,从五代时期,开始有本草将荠菜子与菥蓂子混为一物,导致后续宋、明、清时期的部分本草对其原植物形态描述发生错误,将荠菜与菥蓂混淆,尤其是明代的部分本草更是将荠菜与菥蓂视为一物。对荠菜的基原进行梳理考证,为荠菜制定国家标准奠定基础。

白芍原植物、产地及栽培历史本草考证

白芍为我国常用大宗药材,药用历史悠久,具有柔肝止痛、敛阴止汗、养血调经等功效,临床应用广泛,是风湿类疾病、自身免疫病以及肝病治疗组方中的重要中药之一。在现代医学中,针对白芍的化学成分和药理作用研究日益增多,但对白芍品种、产地及栽培历史的研究较少。经考证发现,早在夏、商、周时期芍药就作为园艺观赏品,在宫廷中种植,早期白、赤芍药不分,各医家用药多以芍药作为统称,至南北朝陶弘景在《本草经集注》中首次提出“赤白”之说,唐宋时期逐步出现白、赤芍药分化。汉魏时期白芍多为野生品,该时期本草典籍中并无芍药植物形态的…描写,至宋朝开始以栽培芍药入药,苏颂的《本草图经》首次详细记载芍药的植物形态。在长期栽培期间,以浙江、安徽、四川及山东所产的杭白芍、亳白芍、川白芍、菏泽白芍品质较佳。白芍用药需求较大,但各地栽培品种混杂,种质退化严重,不利于白芍的现代临床应用。因此,有必要查阅本草典籍及现代研究文献,进一步厘清白芍品种、产地及栽培历史的变迁,正本清源,为白芍的深入研究提供本草学依据。

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定植物源食品中多抗霉素B、四霉素A和申嗪霉素残留量

目的建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定植物源性食品中的多抗霉素B、四霉素A和申嗪霉素残留量的分析方法。方法样品采用乙腈提取,经HLB固相萃取柱净化,Waters BEH HILIC色谱柱分离,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪检测,基质匹配标准曲线外标法定量。结果多抗霉素B、四霉素A和申嗪霉素在5.0~200.0μg/L质量浓度范围内线性关系良好(r^(2)>0.995)。蔬菜、水果中多抗霉素B、四霉素A的定量限均为0.050 mg/kg,申嗪霉素的定量限为0.010 mg/kg。谷物中多抗霉素B、四霉素A的定量限为0.100 mg/kg,申嗪霉素的定量限为0.025 mg/kg。多抗霉素B在0.050~10.000 mg/kg添加水平回收率为80.5%~101.3%,相对标准偏差为0.72%~9.22%,申嗪霉素在0.010~10.000 mg/kg添加水平回收率为70.3%~108.2%,相对标准偏差为1.52%~9.80%,四霉素A在0.050~1.000 mg/kg添加水平回收率为80.4%~107.1%,相对标准偏差为1.45%~9.29%。结论本方法操作简单,准确性好,灵敏度高,可用于植物源性食品中多抗霉素B、四霉素A和申嗪霉素残留量的测定。

Identification of Tibetan and Qiang Edible and Medicinal Herbs Cardamine tangutorum and Cardamine macrophylla

[Objectives]To study the original plants,characters,tissue structure,powder characteristics and thin-layer chromatography(TLC)characteristics of Cardamine tangutorum and Cardamine macrophylla as Tibetan and Qiang edible and medicinal herbs,and to provide the basis for the identification of C.tangutorum and C.macrophylla.[Methods]The identification of C.macrophyll and C.tangutorum was carried out by original plant identification,character identification,microscopic identification and TLC identification.[Results]C.tangutorum and C.macrophylla can be distinguished according to the shape of rhizome and stem,the difference of stem leaves and leaflets,and the difference of flower color;there is no obvious difference between the characteristics of the shape and the powder;the thin layer chromatography shows that in the thin layer chromatography of C.tangutorum and C.macrophylla,spots with the same color are shown on the corresponding positions of the ground part and the reference substance quercetin;the underground part and the position corresponding to the reference substanceβ-sitosterol all show the same color spots.[Conclusions]This study provides a reference for the identification of C.tangutorum and C.macrophylla.

珍稀濒危药用植物贺兰山丁香资源概况、化学成分和药理作用研究进展

目的:综述珍稀濒危药用植物贺兰山丁香的资源概况、用药沿革、化学成分以及药理作用研究进展,以期为其资源保护和可持续利用奠定基础。方法:借助爱如生基本古籍库、中国知网、SciFinder、GeenMedicial等中外文数据库,查阅贺兰山丁香的资源概况、用药沿革、化学成分以及药理作用相关文献资料,梳理归纳,并形成综述。结果:贺兰山丁香是羽叶丁香在贺兰山地区特有变种,是国家三级重点保护珍稀濒危植物,以粗枝和根入蒙药,蒙药名阿拉善-阿嘎如,又名山沉香,用于胸闷气短、心肌缺血等心肺疾病。山沉香富含挥发油类、木质素类、萜类化合物等成分,具有治疗心肌缺血、抗血小板凝集、抗氧化、镇静、镇痛、抗炎、抗菌等药理活性,常作为沉香替代品。结论:珍稀濒危药用植物贺兰山丁香入药历史悠久且疗效确切,亟待开展可持续利用研究。

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定植物性食品中多种有机锡化合物

样品分别经甲酸乙腈(甲酸1%)和甲酸甲醇(甲酸1%)提取,上清提取液经混合盐析试剂除水分层,上清液与水按2∶3(体积比)混合,过膜后上机检测。以0.2 g·L^(-1)乙酸铵水溶液(含0.1%甲酸)-0.1%甲酸乙腈为流动相,在0.3 mL·min^(-1)流速下梯度洗脱,采用苯基色谱柱进行液相分离,正离子模式检测,外标法定量。结果表明,在草莓、苹果、柑橘、葡萄、黄瓜5种基质中,7种有机锡化合物线性关系良好,相关系数均≥0.995;方法检出限为0.2~4μg·kg^(-1),定量下限为0.5~10μg·kg^(-1);在3个浓度添加水平下,7种有机锡化合物的平均回收率为68.1%~103.1%,相对标准偏差为1.00%~11.36%。该方法准确、灵敏、快捷,适用于植物源性食品中多种有机锡化合物的定量分析。

Phylogeny and evolution of charophytic algae and land plants

Charophytic algae and land plants together make up a monophyletic group, streptophytes, which represents one of the main lineages of multicellular eukaryotes and has contributed greatly to the change of the environment on earth in the Phanerozoic Eon. Significant progress has been made to understand phylogenetic relationships among members of this group by phylogenetic studies of morphological and molecular data over the last twenty-five years. Mesostigma viride is now regarded as among the earliest diverging unicellular organisms in streptophytes. Characeae are the sister group to land plants. Liverworts represent the first diverging lineage of land plants. Hornworts and lycophytes are extant representatives of bryophytes and vascular plants, respectively, when early land plants changed from gametophyte to sporophyte as the dominant generation in the life cycle. Equisetum, Psilotaceae, and ferns constitute the monophyletic group of monilophytes, which are sister to seed plants. Gnetales are related to conifers, not to angiosperms as previously thought. Amborella, Nymphaeales, Hydatellaceae, Illiciales, Trimeniaceae, and Austrobaileya represent the earliest diverging lineages of extant angiosperms. These phylogenetic results, together with recent progress on elucidating genetic and developmental aspects of the plant life cycle, multicellularity, and gravitropism, will facilitate evolutionary developmental studies of these key traits, which will help us to gain mechanistic understanding on how plants adapted to environmental challenges when they colonized the land during one of the major transitions in evolution of life.

桃叶释放挥发性有机物成分及变化规律

【目的】探究在生长季桃叶片释放植物源挥发性有机物(BVOCs)成分组成和相对含量的动态变化特征。【方法】采用动态顶空采集法收集叶片释放的BVOCs,结合自动热脱附-气相色谱/质谱联用技术进行BVOCs成分的测定。【结果】在整个生长季(5—10月),桃叶共释放12类266种BVOCs,其中烷烃类(44)、烯烃类(41)和醇类(40)种类数量较多,组分总量从大到小的月份分别为:9月(115)、8月(84)、7月(79)、6月(73)、5月(72)、10月(27),以释放烷烃类、烯烃类、芳香烃类、酯类、醛类、酮类和醇类为主;除5月外,各月烯烃类BVOCs相对含量在一天中表现为上午>下午,其他类别BVOCs相对含量峰值会出现在任意时间点,当烯烃类BVOCs相对含量下降时,烷烃类、芳香烃类、酯类、醛类和醇类也会出现明显变化;桃叶共检测出8类45种有益BVOCs成分,主要包括烯烃类、酯类、醛类和醇类BVOCs,有益组分总相对含量为夏季(39.50%)>秋季(36.71%)>春季(35.99%);一天内各时间点有益成分的相对含量和数量随月份增加呈波动下降趋势,一般在10:00和14:00达到最高值,其中春季(5月)08:00释放有益BVOCs的相对含量为全年同时间点最高(77.85%),释放的主要有益BVOCs成分包括α-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、罗汉柏烯、乙酸乙酯、天然壬醛和庚醛。【结论】桃叶释放BVOCs组分存在明显的季节动态变化性和日变化差异,有益BVOCs成分丰富,且桃树林内最佳游憩时间段为08:00—10:00。

植物源性农产品中花青素含量的研究

采用乙醇盐酸水溶液提取,超高效液相色谱法分析了黑米、红米、紫玉米、红皮马铃薯、甘薯、蓝莓、樱桃、桑葚、红桃及葡萄10种植物源性农产品的花青素种类和含量。结果表明,桑葚的花青素含量最高,不同农产品的花青素种类差异明显,检测出1~5种,蓝莓和葡萄中的花青素种类最多,红米花青素仅含矢车菊色素,矢车菊色素的分布最广,天竺葵色素、飞燕草色素分布最少。

食品中植物源成分分子生物学检测技术及应用研究综述

对食品中植物源成分进行生物学检测是非常重要的,植物性食品是居民膳食结构重要组成部分。近年来,植物性食品出现掺假问题,损害了我国居民的应有权益。对已有的检测技术进行研究,通过分子生物学方法,了解特定的植物种类保守基因,进行植物源性成分监测,是目前食品监管的重要技术手段。通过全新的PCR技术,提供新的检测标准或结合恒温拓增技术,实现现场快筛以及基层实验室检测,为分子生物学检测技术提供新的发展方向。研究中主要对植物源成分检测技术进行研究综述,为后续食品中植物成分的分子学检测技术开发应用提供参考。

《伤寒论》所用药物药性理论及资源特点分析

目的:探讨中医经典著作《伤寒论》所载临床应用中药药性理论和中药资源特点。方法:收集《伤寒论》方剂中所记载的中药,录入MicrosoftExcel2010软件,建立相应数据库,从四气、五味、归经、毒性、炮制等分析所载药性理论,用现代中药资源学方法分析资源特点。结果:113首复方共84味中药,高频中药(频次≥10次)有甘草、大枣、桂枝和生姜等14味药物。寒性药物最多,占44.05%;甘味药物占33.83%;归肺经药物最多,占18.07%;毒性药物使用较少;炮制品也较少;很多药物基原不甚明确。结论:《伤寒论》所载药物90%以上目前临床还在应用,其清热药和补虚药的运用对临床指导意义极大;药物基原不同,功效差异在临床上的应用应深入研究。

土壤起源与宜居地球的形成

在各种成土因素交互作用下,地球土壤起源和演变历经变化的环境和多种成土过程。研究表明最早的古风化壳出现在太古宙;而随着地球生物演进,生物因素加入风化成土作用与成土过程,土壤学家眼中的土壤形成、发育于寒武纪。漫长的地质历史时期不同的成土环境发育有各种类型土壤,这些土壤发育与演化过程又反作用于景观、地形、生态系统、气候系统,改变大气成分组成和地球化学循环,影响、反馈、调节全球或地区的表层系统,土壤圈的形成是宜居地球形成的重要标志。