The Control Efficiency of Plant Alcohol Extracts on the Laboratory Populations of Myzus persicae(Sulzer)and Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach)

The effects of semiochemicals extracted from 63 species of plants, on peach aphid (Myzus per-sicae) and mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi), were studied in laboratory. The deterrent rate, reproduction deterrent index and the interferential index of population control (IIPC) was used to evaluate the efficiency of semiochemicals on population control of the two target aphids. The results showed that the extracts of 34 species of common plants have noticeable effect on both aphid populations, especially, Xanthium sibiricum Petr. Et Widd. and Syngonium podophyllum Schott. These plant extracts could be used to construct the plant pro-tectant to protect crops.

Effect of Antagonists and Plant Extracts in the Control of Protea Wilt (<i>F. oxysporum</i>)

In laboratory experiments were evaluated TRICHOD&reg, FOLIGUARD&reg, Trichoderma sp, and watery extracts of pine, marigold and eucalyptus, respectively, against F. oxysporum. There were no significant differences between TRICHOD&reg and FOLIGUARD&reg. The extract of marigold of 120 g/L was the best result in reducing the area of the colony of F. oxysporum. In field pots experiment were evaluated the extract of marigold (120 g/L), potassium phosphite (400 g/L), TRICHOD and benomyl (1.5 g/L) to control F. oxysporum. Treatments were applied to the soil, 15 days after inoculation with F. oxysporum. The best obtained heights were of 32 cm with extract of marigold 120 g/L, followed by potassium phosphite with 31 cm, and the control reached 26 cm of height. The treatment with an extract of marigold 120 g/L, obtained the best dry weight average of 6.5 g, statistically different from the control. The extract of marigold presented the best efficiency against the disease, because it reduced the length of the vascular symptom in 88.5%;followed by TRICHOD&reg, benomyl and potassium phosphite that showed reductions of 86, 85 and 84 percent, respectively.

A fuzzy logic algorithm derived mechatronic concept prototype for crop damage avoidance during eco-friendly eradication of intra-row weeds

Crop damage during the intra-row weed eradiation is one of the biggest challenges in intercultural agricultural operations.Several available mechanical systems provide effective weeding but result in excess crop damage.On the other hand,chemical based systems have been raising serious environmental and food concerns.This study presents development of a cost-effectivemechatronic prototype for intra-rowweeding operation.The primary focus was on incurring minimal crop damage.The system integrates time of flight and inductive sensing into fuzzy logic algorithm for electronic control of a four-bar linkage mechanism(FBLM).The crank of FBLM was connected to the vertical rotary weed control shaft with weeding blades.The crop sensing triggers the electronic control to laterally shift the control shaft away from crop,proportional to the forward speed and soil conditions.The developed algorithm incorporates varied conditions of soil,forward speed,and plant spacing to calculate dynamic lateral shift speed(SRPM).The prototype was evaluated to determine the relationships between the operating conditions and electronic control parameters.Moreover,the plant damage was assessed under varied conditions of plant spacing,forward speeds,soil cone index,operational depth and electronic control parameters.The derived SRPM was established as the ultimate governing factor for avoiding crop damage that varied significantlywith electronic response time and soil strength(P<0.05).Plant damage increased significantly under higher forward speeds and lower plant spacing(P<0.05).Preliminary field evaluation of the developed prototype showed a significant potential of this system for effective control on weeds(>65%)and crop damage(<25%).

Toxicity and sub-lethal effect of endemic plants from family Anacardiaceae on oviposition behavior of Aedes albopictus

Objective: To evaluate the lethal concentration, oviposition deterrence and ovicidal activity of acetone extracts of Melanochyla fasciculiflora(M. fasciculiflora) leaf and Gluta renghas(G. renghas) leaf against Aedes albopictus(Ae. albopictus). Methods: To determine the lethal concentration of Anacardiaceae, ten test concentrations of the extracts ranging from 200 to 650 mg/L were selected for larvicidal bioassays and 25 early fourth instar larvae were exposed to the extracts for 24 h. The sub-lethal concentrations used for oviposition deterrence was the value of LC25, LC50 and LC75 from above study which is 235 mg/L, 470 mg/L and 705 mg/L for M. fasciculiflora extract and 187.5 mg/L, 375 mg/L and 562.5 mg/L for G. renghas extract, respectively. Twenty gravid Ae. albopictus were allowed to oviposit in different treated concentrations. For oviciding procedure, a total of 300 eggs of Ae. albopictus were soaked in solution with each treated concentration as mentioned above for 24 h. After 24 h, eggs were sieved and soaked in seasoned water, and hatching rates were calculated. For comparison, only seasoned water was used in control experiment.Results: G. renghas demonstrated lower LC50 value of 372.80 mg/L compared to M. fasciculiflora(467.90 mg/L). The activity index of negative oviposition revealed the deterrent effect and thus, caused a remarkable negative response resulting in oviposition of fewer eggs compared with control(without plant extract). The acetone extract of M. fasciculiflora was more effective than G. renghas extract in displaying oviposition deterrence potential since the latter did not possess the deterring effect within the concentration range tested. However, both plant extracts exhibited excellent oviciding effect as 92.33% of eggs failed to be hatched when treated with 705.0 mg/L of M. fasciculiflora and 86.67% with 562.5 mg/L of G. renghas. The oviposition deterrence and percentage of egg mortality were directly proportional to the concentrations of extracts in both plants tested. Conclusions: These results clearly indicate that the acetone extract of G. renghas could be served as potential larvicide, whereas M. fasciculiflora has better sub-lethal effect for oviposition deterrence and against Ae. albopictus as an oviciding agent.

氯酯磺草胺与甲咪唑烟酸复配防除香附子效果及对紫花苜蓿安全性

为明确氯酯磺草胺与甲咪唑烟酸应用于紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)田的可行性,在温室和田间测定了氯酯磺草胺和甲咪唑烟酸复配对香附子(Cyperus rotundus)的防效和紫花苜蓿的安全性。温室试验表明,氯酯磺草胺和甲咪唑烟酸复配对香附子具有很好的防除效果,两者按有效成分用量比1:2~1:4配比对香附子株高和鲜重的共毒系数分别介于131.54~150.46和152.84~180.25,呈明显增效作用,其中1:3的比例配伍的增效最为明显,对紫花苜蓿和香附子之间的株高和鲜重选择性指数分别为1.86和1.56。两地田间试验表明,氯酯磺草胺和甲咪唑烟酸(17.50+52.50)~(25.00+75.00) g·hm^(-2)复配处理对郑州和兰考两地的香附子株防效分别为78.5%~88.5%和82.1%~90.8%、鲜重防效分别为83.4%~92.7%和84.7%~93.6%,增产率分别为28.8%~35.1%和30.5%~38.3%,显著高于氯酯磺草胺和甲咪唑烟酸单用,且避免了单用氯酯磺草胺和甲咪唑烟酸的药害问题,提高了对紫花苜蓿的安全性,表明甲咪唑烟酸和氯酯磺草胺复配可有效防控香附子,对紫花苜蓿的安全性较好,具有良好推广应用前景。

工业广场保护煤柱开采井筒破损致因及防治技术

针对工业广场保护煤柱开采导致井筒破损的问题,以大社煤矿为工程背景,分析工广煤柱开采井筒围岩移动变形特征,揭示井筒破损致因;提出工广内后续工作面开采防治井筒破坏方案,形成相应的施工技术,并成功应用工程实践。研究表明:该矿工广内92606工作面邻近副井,开采引发的井筒竖向附加力是井筒破坏的致因;如不提前采取防治措施,后续92606外工作面开采,将导致副井井筒发生二次破坏;研究提出的不停产单卸压槽防治方案,具有不影响矿井生产、卸压率高、施工简单、成本低等优点。采用壁后注浆、开切卸压槽、架设密集井圈等技术,顺利完成了该矿不停产防治副井井筒破损工程。监测表明,该井筒竖向和环向应力,均小于井壁极限.承载力,处于安全状态,运行良好,达到了预期效果。

四种植物提取物及其组合物抑制皮脂分泌的功效

以淡竹叶、柳兰、红葡萄和胀果甘草这4种植物提取物为研究对象,通过体外皮脂腺细胞模型和在体测试对其进行功效研究。通过CCK-8法检测各植物提取物对皮脂腺细胞活性的影响,用尼罗红染色法检测提取物对皮脂腺细胞中脂质含量的影响。再将4种植物提取物进行复配,研究植萃组合物对皮脂腺细胞皮脂分泌的抑制效果,并与异维A酸进行功效比较。最终经人体测试证实了该组合物具有控油功效,可应用于控油化妆品的开发。

植物提取物0.3%SN-016水剂防治根结线虫生物活性测定

为了筛选高效、低毒、安全、无残留、环境友好型的新型植物源杀线虫剂,潍坊植物病原线虫联合研究团队项目组进行了植物提取物0.3%SN-016水剂(AS)防治根结线虫生物活性测定。项目组采用“Z”字形五点采样法,在试验地采集黄瓜根结线虫、番茄根结线虫、西瓜根结线虫土样。在实验室,项目组采用离心悬浮法,结合卡勃(Cobb)过筛分离法,分离出南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita Chitwood)侵染性二龄幼虫。测定结果表明:在处理1(浓度8 g/L))、处理2(浓度4 g/L)、处理3(浓度2 g/L)、处理4(浓度1 g/L)、处理5(浓度0.5 g/L)中,侵染性二龄幼虫死亡率平准值分别为97.18%、81.74%、44.39%、14.62%、8.81%。指出了在处理1(浓度8 g/L))和处理2(浓度4 g/L)中,侵染性二龄幼虫的死亡率平准值分别为97.18%、81.74%,这表明植物提取0.3%SN-016水剂(AS)对黄瓜根结线虫、番茄根结线虫、西瓜根结线虫侵染性二龄幼虫有良好的生物活性。

某核电厂大规模抽汽供热工况下汽轮机再热调节阀节流运行振动响应特性分析

为评估汽轮机再热调节阀在节流工况下能否长期运行,进行了试验验证,试验时,在热网循环水流量、汽轮机高排压力维持在合理范围内的基础上,通过关小再热调节阀开度,逐步增大抽汽流量至不同平台,在每个平台上至少稳定10min,收集振动数据进行分析。研究结果表明,管道、阀门振动加速度值整体随着阀门开度的减小而增大,节流工况下阀门振动相比全开非节流工况明显增加。因此,无法得出汽轮机再热调节阀在试验工况下可长期节流运行的结论。

五维植萃协同祛痘技术的应用

本研究开发了五维植萃协同祛痘技术,利用白柳树皮提取物、赤松叶提取物、黄花蒿提取物、香橙果提取物、柑橘果提取物五种植物制得祛痘凝露,从控油杀菌抑菌、抗炎消肿和舒缓方面对各种类型的痘痘进行改善｡经过功效测试结果,研究所制凝露保留了较强的祛痘功效,效果温和不刺激皮肤,具有一定的保湿修护舒缓能力,可为敏感肌使用,为新型祛痘护肤品的应用提供了基础依据。

4种草原有毒植物粗提液对温室葡萄病虫害的防治效果

为了保护生态环境和提高果品质量安全,作者在甘肃省天祝县温室栽培条件下研究4种草原有毒植物狼毒、熏倒牛、互叶醉鱼草和醉马草粗提液对葡萄常见病虫害霜霉病、白粉病、灰霉病和短须螨、桃蚜、白粉虱防治效果的影响。结果表明,喷施狼毒、熏倒牛、互叶醉鱼草和醉马草粗提液后均极显著降低霜霉病、白粉病、灰霉病的病斑数和病斑直径,降低短须螨、桃蚜、白粉虱的虫口密度。但不同粗提液的防治效果差异较大,狼毒粗提液对霜霉病的防治效果最好,熏倒牛对白粉病的防治效果最好,互叶醉鱼草对灰霉病的防治效果最好。狼毒和互叶醉鱼草粗提液均能彻底杀灭短须螨、桃蚜、白粉虱,虫口密度为0。

植物提取物的质量控制

概述了植物提取物行业的国内外现状 ,并比较和分析了美国市场上畅销的前 2 0位植物提取物的产品质量控制现状。对 6个提取物品种的分析表明 ,造成植物提取物质量水平差异的主要原因有两个 ,即提取物原料使用的品种差异和不同公司提取分离的工艺差异。目前我国植物提取物的质量控制水平与国外大公司相比还不够高 ,应以色谱技术及色谱指纹图谱技术为手段 ,快速提升我国植物提取物的质量控制水平。

利用植物控制鼠害的应用研究现状及展望

鼠类主要以植物为食,而植物对鼠类的取食也具有一定的抵抗作用,这种作用主要表现在驱避、毒杀和使鼠类产生不育作用。植物对鼠类的驱避作用可使其避免害鼠的危害,毒杀和不育作用可使鼠类种群数量减少,从而减轻对植物自身的危害。本文主要对植物的这3种作用进行介绍,并分析了植物次生代谢物在鼠害防治中的发展趋势和应用前景。

中药细辛提取物对番茄灰霉病菌的抑菌作用及防病效果研究

测定了中药细辛的乙醇提取物对番茄灰霉病菌室内抑菌作用和对番茄灰霉病的温室防治效果。在室内抑菌作用试验中，分别测试了细辛提取物对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长、分生孢子产生和分生孢子萌发的抑制作用。结果表明，细辛提取物对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的抑制作用均与浓度呈正相关。细辛提取物稀释100～600倍均对番茄灰霉病菌分生孢子的产生具有显著的抑制作用，但抑制作用与浓度没有正相关关系。在温室盆栽试验中，细辛提取物50倍的处理对番茄灰霉病的保护防治效果达到77．62％，与化学药剂处理达到同一显著水平，其治疗防治效果也达到了52．18％。

3种植物提取物对锯谷盗的控制作用

研究了辣椒、柑桔皮、臭椿皮乙醚提取物在一定浓度(以丙酮为溶剂,1∶15配制成溶液,V/V)下对锯谷盗的驱避、触杀、熏蒸、种群抑制等作用.结果表明,3种植物提取物对锯谷盗成虫均具有较强的驱避效果、一定的触杀作用和很好的熏蒸作用,但对锯谷盗幼虫的驱避作用较弱.三者之间的熏蒸活性由强到弱依次为:臭椿皮提取物>辣椒提取物>柑桔皮提取物;对锯谷盗当代成虫和子代幼虫的种群抑制率达到了100%,均具有较强的杀蛹作用.

中药丁香提取物对番茄灰霉病菌抑制作用及生防效果

试验测定了中药丁香的甲醇提取物对番茄灰霉病菌室内抑菌作用和对番茄灰霉病的温室防治作用。室内抑菌试验采用菌丝干重法测试结果表明,提取物在20 000μg/mL和10 000 μg/mL两个浓度下对灰霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用均达到了80％以上,5 000μg/mL浓度下抑制作用迅速下降到35．37％。在抑制分生孢子产生的测试中,浓度为10 000μg/ mL的处理完全抑制了分生孢子的产生,浓度为5 000μg/mL的处理也表现出显著的抑制产孢作用,抑制率达到85．40％, 而进一步稀释的处理则没有表现出显著抑制作用。采用生长速率法测试了丁香提取物对番茄灰霉病菌菌丝生长的抑制中浓度,结果表明其抑制中浓度为3 292．38μg/mL。在温室盆栽试验中,浓度为20 000μg/mL的处理对番茄灰霉病的保护防治效果达到86．45％,与化学药剂处理达到无显著差异,浓度为10 000μg/mL的处理在保护作用测试中也表现出了显著的防治效果。

知母提取物对马铃薯晚疫病菌的抑制作用及防病效果

本研究测试了知母提取物对马铃薯晚疫病菌菌丝生长、游动孢子释放、休止孢萌发和孢子囊直接萌发的抑制作用。结果表明,知母的水提取物对菌丝生长、游动孢子释放和休止孢萌发的抑制中浓度分别为1.91 mg/mL、1.23 mg/mL和1.04 mg/mL;对孢子囊直接萌发也具一定的抑制作用,在10.00 mg/mL浓度下,抑制率达72.89%。离体叶片测试发现,浓度高于0.5%的知母提取物对马铃薯晚疫病具有显著的防治效果。盆栽植株测试结果表明,1%的知母提取物对马铃薯晚疫病的保护效果达70%以上,防效优于离体叶片试验结果,且持效期可达5 d。2%和1%的知母提取物对马铃薯晚疫病的治疗效果不明显。

几种植物乙醇提取物对螺旋粉虱的生物活性

采用玻管药膜法和田间试验研究飞机草、青葙、假蒟等6种植物叶片的乙醇提取物对螺旋粉虱的生物活性。结果表明,各供试提取物均对螺旋粉虱表现出一定的生物活性,其中以飞机草和青葙的活性最高,其LC50分别为753.40,999.81mg/kg,其余4种提取物对螺旋粉虱的活性大小依次为:假蒟>菠萝蜜>含羞草>桃金娘。田间试验结果表明,飞机草和青葙提取物对螺旋粉虱成虫均具有较高活性,在50倍浓度处理下,飞机草和青葙提取物的防效均在75%以上。

草兔对幼树的选择危害及其防治技术研究

调查了黄土高原退耕还林区草兔(Lepuscapensis)对常见造林树种的危害程度与危害症状,并采取不同防治措施进行了防治效果试验。结果表明,草兔主要危害郁闭前的幼树,在调查的26种树木中,7种危害严重,10种危害中等,9种危害较轻。防治试验结果表明,春季用牛油或废柴油涂干处理的苗木被害率较对照降低50.2%或48.7%;造林时对裸根苗用多效抗旱驱鼠剂150倍水溶液兑成泥浆蘸根,苗木被害率降低32.3%;苗木生长期用多效抗旱驱鼠剂400～500倍水溶液叶面喷施、篱障阻隔、阻隔与药泥蘸根或阻隔与叶面喷施相结合,均对草兔危害有一定的防治作用,各处理苗木被害率分别较对照降低了25.5%,63.0%,80.2%和74.5%。其中以篱障阻隔与药剂泥浆蘸根造林技术相结合对草兔的预防效果最好。

多种植物乙醇提取物对桃蚜和萝卜蚜试验种群的控制作用

测定了 6 3种植物茎叶或果实的乙醇提取物 (浓度 0 .0 1gDW·ml-1)对桃蚜Myzuspersicae(Sulzer)和萝卜蚜Lipaphiserysimi(Kaltenbach)的忌避作用。结果表明 ,大多数试验植物的乙醇提取物对桃蚜和萝卜蚜均有明显的忌避效果。其中 ,苍耳XanthiumsibiricumPetr.etWidd .提取物对桃蚜和萝卜蚜的忌避率分别为 0 .4 81和0 .5 5 7,产后代数比对照降低 39%和 6 3.5 % ,桃蚜、萝卜蚜的种群趋势指数仅为对照的 2 9.1%和 11.3% ;白蝴蝶Syngonium podophyllumSchott .植株提取物对桃蚜和萝卜蚜的忌避率分别为 0 .4 5 2和 0 .6 15 ,产后代数比对照降低2 4 .5 %和 6 4 .1% ,桃蚜和萝卜蚜的种群趋势指数仅为对照的 33.3%和 14 .9%。对蚜虫有较好的控制效果。