Polyploidy Induction and Morphological Characteristics in the Asiatic Hybrid Lily(Lilium spp.cultivar dazzling)

The Asiatic hybrid lily cultivar Lilium dazzling(family Liliaceae)is a perennial herbaceous bulbous plant with bright yellow flowers of ornamental values.It also shows resistance to diseases and abiotic stress,making it an ideal parent for breeding studies.This study established a sterile culture system using scales of dazzling lily as explants to induce polyploidy.Adventitious buds growing to 1 cm were treated with different concentrations of colchicine(125,250 and 500μmol·L-1),pendimethalin or trifluralin(100,200 and 300μmol·L-1,respectively)for 12,24 and 36 h.Flow cytometry and chromosome counting were used to identify ploidy,and the phenotype of the polyploids was examined by stomatal observation and leaf index determination.With increasing mutagen concentration and exposure time,the mortality and mutagenic rate increased.The optimal treatment group was:300μmol·L-1 trifluralin for 12 h,which resulted in 15.55%mortality rate and 42.22%induction rate.The polyploid plants showed a significant increase in stomata length,leaf length and leaf width,with a decrease in stomatal density compared with the control plants.This study provided a basis for polyploid breeding.

Collision detection of virtual plant based on bounding volume hierarchy: A case study on virtual wheat

Visualization of simulated crop growth and development is of significant interest to crop research and production. This study aims to address the phenomenon of organs cross-drawing by developing a method of collision detection for improving vivid 3D visualizations of virtual wheat crops. First, the triangular data of leaves are generated with the tessellation of non-uniform rational B-splines surfaces. Second, the bounding volumes（BVs） and bounding volume hierarchies（BVHs） of leaves are constructed based on the leaf morphological characteristics and the collision detection of two leaves are performed using the Separating Axis Theorem. Third, the detecting effect of the above method is compared with the methods of traditional BVHs, Axis-Aligned Bounding Box（AABB） tree, and Oriented Bounding Box（OBB） tree. Finally, the BVs of other organs（ear, stem, and leaf sheath） in virtual wheat plant are constructed based on their geometric morphology, and the collision detections are conducted at the organ, individual and population scales. The results indicate that the collision detection method developed in this study can accurately detect collisions between organs, especially at the plant canopy level with high collision frequency. This collision detection-based virtual crop visualization method could reduce the phenomenon of organs cross-drawing effectively and enhance the reality of visualizations.

Prediction of bedload transport inside vegetation canopies with natural morphology

Due to vegetation drag and vegetation-generated turbulence,bedload transport in vegetated channels is more complicated than that in nonvegetated channels.It is challenging to obtain accurate predictions of bedload transport in vegetated channels.Previous studies generally used rigid circular cylinders to simulate vegetation,and the impact of plant morphology on bedload transport was typically ignored;these methods deviate from natural scenarios,resulting in prediction errors in transport rates of more than an order of magnitude.This study measured bedload transport rates inside P.australis,A.calamus and T.latifolia canopies and in arrays of rigid cylinders for comparison.The impact of plant morphology on bedload transport in vegetated channels was examined.Inside the canopies of natural morphology,the primary factor driving bedload transport is the near-bed turbulent kinetic energy(TKE),which consists of both bed-generated and vegetation-generated turbulence.A method was proposed to predict the near-bed TKE inside canopies with natural morphology.For the same solid volume fraction of plants,the transport rate inside canopies with a natural morphology is greater than or equal to that within an array of rigid cylinders,depending on the plant shape.This finding indicates that plant morphology has a significant impact on transport rates in vegetated regions and cannot be ignored,which is typical in practice.Four classic bedload transport equations(the Meyer-Peter-Müller,Einstein,Engelund and Dou equations),which are suitable for bare channels(no vegetation),were modified in terms of the near-bed TKE.The predicted near-bed TKE was inserted into these four equations to predict the transport rate in canopies with natural morphology.A comparison of the predictions indicated that the Meyer-Peter-Müller equation had the highest accuracy in predicting the transport rate in vegetated landscapes.

华南双季超高产水稻抽穗期理想株型结构研究

对华南稻区新育成的超高产杂交稻组合粤杂122、丰优428、泗优998、培杂67和超高产常规稻品种广超3号、胜泰1号等6个材料抽穗期的主要形态性状进行了差异显著性测验及对产量的通径分析,提出了华南双季稻超高产育种抽穗期理想形态指标分别为:早季株高90～105 cm;每蔸茎数11～12条;剑叶长35～40 cm;剑叶宽2.1～2.2 cm;倒2叶长、宽为46～50 cm和1.8～2.1 cm;倒3叶长、宽为59～64 cm和1.4～1.9 cm;剑叶开张角7°～14°;倒2叶、倒3叶开张角为18°和20°～33°.晚季株高95～100 cm;每蔸茎数9～15条;剑叶长30～41 cm;剑叶宽1.8～2.0 cm;倒2叶长、宽为53～61 cm、1.3～1.8 cm;倒3叶长、宽为52～58 cm、1.2～1.5 cm;剑叶开张角9°～19°;倒2叶、倒3叶开张角为15°～37°、16°～49°.同时测定了参试材料的主要生理性状,并对华南双季稻超高产育种抽穗期的适宜生理指标进行了探讨.

Rejuvenating soybean(Glycine max L.)growth and development through slight shading stress

The impact of increased shading stress on agronomic traits,photosynthetic performance and antioxidants activities in leaves of two soybeans cultivars(D16 and E93)was studied.Soybean seedlings were grown in pots and exposed to no shade(S0),slight shade(S1),moderate shade(S2),and heavy shade(S3).Our findings showed that under the S3 in both cultivars,leaf fresh weight(LFW),specific leaf area(SLA)and leaf thickness decreased signifiantly,accompanied by a reduction in photochemical parameters including the maximum quantum yield(Fv/Fm)and electron transport rate(ETR).Furthermore,compared to SO,S1 significantly increased the ETR,sucrose content and the activity of catalase(CAT)in both D16 and E93 cultivars while S2 and S3 decreased the activity.However,under all treatments of shading stress,the antioxidant activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and peroxidase(POD)were lowered in both cultivars.Such morphological and physiological plasticity to adapt S1 compensates for the decrease in biomass and leads to seed weight compared to that obtained with an amount of normal light.Through configuring the space in the intercropping systems,S1 could be helpful for optimum growth and yield.Redesigning photosynthesis through S1 for the intercropping systems could be a smart approach.

The effect of artificial solar spectrum on growth of cucumber and lettuce under controlled environment

Light-emitting diodes(LEDs)have been widely applied in the controlled environment agriculture,which are characterized by relatively narrow-band spectra and energetical efficiency.Most recently,the spectrum of Sunlike LEDs has been engineered and it closely resembles solar spectrum in the range of photosynthetic active radiation(PAR,400–700 nm).To investigate how plant growth responses to the spectrum of Sunlike LEDs,cucumber and lettuce plants were cultivated and their responses were compared with the conventional white LEDs as well as composite of red and blue LEDs(RB,R/B ratio was 9:1).We observed that although Sunlike LEDs resulted in a longer stem in cucumber,dry weight and leaf area were similar as those under RB LEDs,and significantly higher than those under white LEDs.Moreover,cucumber leaves grown under Sunlike and white LEDs showed higher photosynthetic capacity than those grown under RB LEDs.For lettuce,plants grown under Sunlike LEDs showed larger leaf area and higher dry weight than the other two treatments.However,the leaf photosynthetic capacity of lettuce grown under Sunlike LEDs was the lowest.In this context,the spectrum induced plant functions are species-dependent.Furthermore,the three types of LEDs show distinct light spectra and they are different in many aspects.Therefore,it is difficult to attribute the different plant responses to certain specific light spectra.We conclude that plants grown under Sunlike LEDs exhibit larger leaf area,which may be due to some specific spectrum distributions(such as more far-red radiation),and consequently are favorable for light interception and therefore result in greater production.

Advances and Prospects in Breeding Japonica Rice for Super High Yield inthe Northern China

In this paper, advances and prospects in breeding japonica rice for super high yield in the northern China were analyzed comprehensively in terms of breeding theories, techniques and practices. The author holds that developing and spreading super rice is an important way to enhance the overall yielding ability of japonica rice and attaining immense expansion of rice production. After theories and technical guidelines for super rice breeding were formulated, which involved the creation of new plant morphology and strong hybrid vigor through crossing indica with japonica subspecies, the optimization of combination of desirable traits via multiple crossing or backcrossing, the assemblage of favorable genes and the integration of ideal plant morphology with the utilization of vigor-major breakthroughs have been made in conventional breeding of japonica super rice. A batch of new super rice varieties marked by superior rice quality and high disease resistance, such as Shennong 265, Shennong 606, and Jijing 88, etc., have been developed and released. In comparison with the advancement in conventional breeding ef super rice, progress in hybrid japonica super rice breeding is slower because of climatic and ecological constraint in northern China. Therefore, solving the contradictions between vigor and growth duration, between yield and rice quality, and boosting vastly seed production are still serious challenges for breeders of hybrid japonica rice. Physiological and genetic problems in japonica super rice breeding are also discussed in this paper.

Studies on Biomass Yield, Morphological Characteristics and Nutritive Quality of Napier Cultivars under Two Different Geo-Topographic Conditions of Bangladesh

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of Napier cultivars in terms of forage yield, plant morphology and nutrient contents under two different agro-ecology and geo-topographic conditions. Three Napier cultivars being conserved by Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), namely-BLRI-Napier 1, (BN-1), BLRI-Napier 3 (BN-3) and Merkeron (BN-5) were selected to cultivate in severe drought prone areas (called Barind) and non-drought area at Savar (Modhupur terrace). Stem cuttings were planted in rows apart from 70 cm and 35cm spacing between plants. Data of 6 consecutive harvests from a period of approximately one year were collected and analyzed statistically by “R” software. The results showed that cultivar and location had a significant (P < 0.001) effect on biomass yield, plant height and leaf-stem ratio (LSR), while number of tillers were significantly varied with locations. BN-3 yielded the highest biomass (33.32 t/ha/harvest) at non-drought location (42.98 t/ha/harvest). The highest plant height was obtained in BN-1 (171.2 cm) at non-drought location (174.6 cm). Number of tillers per hill ranged from 25.4 to 26.3 among cultivars (P > 0.05) and the highest tillers were found at non-drought location (28.1 no). The best LSR was estimated from BN-5 (0.86) at drought location (0.95). The proximate analysis showed that CP, ADF and NDF in whole plant were varied significantly (P < 0.001), being the highest contents in BN-1 (10.69%, 46.20% and 54.58%, respectively). On the other hand, DM and ash contents did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) among cultivars which ranged from 15.80% to 17.13% and 13.10% to 14.58%, respectively. The highest CP content in whole plant was obtained at non-drought location (11.89%), while the lowest ash (10.57%) and NDF (52.71%) contents were obtained at the same location. The highest CP contents in leaf were found at non-drought (15.03%) and the lowest ash (9.86%) at the same location. The highest CP contents (5.90%) in stem were found at non-drought location, while the lowest ash (11.28%) and NDF (54.59%) contents were obtained at the same location. Finally, the experiment reveals the superiority in biomass yield and nutritional quality (in terms of CP content) with the ranking orders of BN-3 > BN-1 > BN-5 and BN-1 > BN-3 > BN-5. Therefore, it may be concluded that BN-1, BN-3, and BN-5 cultivars were well adapted in both drought and non-drought conditions, although performance showed better in later conditions. However, in terms of forage yield and overall nutrient composition, the performance of BN-3 was the best irrespective of locations.

Inheritance of the Anatomy--Morphological Structure of the Stalk by Interspecific Hybrids of the Glycine L.

The research focuses on the study of anatomical and morphological stalk structure ofsoya interspecific hybrids of the third generation （F3） between （Glycine max （L.） Merr.） and G. soja Sieb. et Zucc. in comparison with parent plant species. The parent plant species and interspecific hybrids were sowed and grew under similar conditions. The similarity of the anatomic structure of stalks of cultivated plants and Glycine soja （wild soya） proves the hypothesis the studied species have the same origin. However, the obtained results show the considerable degree of phylogenetic dissociation between the studied soya species. Interspecific hybrids inherit from G. soja the ability to high intensive growth. The G. soja use in practical selective breeding is of great interest.

Plant-soil feedback during biological invasions:effect of litter decomposition from an invasive plant(Sphagneticola trilobata)on its native congener(S.calendulacea)

Plant invasions can affect soil properties in the invaded habitat by altering the biotic and abiotic nature of soils through positive or negative plant–soil feedback.Litter decomposition from many invasive species enhanced soil nutrients,thereby decreasing native plant diversity and leading to further plant invasions.Here,we examined the impact of litter decomposition from an invasive plant(Sphagneticola trilobata)in a range of soils at varying depths on growth and physiology of its native congener(Sphagneticola calendulacea).We added litter from S.trilobata to each soil type at different depths(0,2,4 and 6 cm).Plants of S.calendulacea were grown in each treatment,and morphological and physiological parameters were measured at the end of the growing period.All soils treated with litter displayed increases in soil nutrients at depths of 2 and 4 cm;while most growth traits,leaf chlorophyll and leaf nitrogen of S.calendulacea decreased at the same soil depths.Therefore,litter decomposition from invasive S.trilobata resulted in a positive plant–soil feedback for soil nutrients,and a negative plant–soil feedback for growth in native S.calendulacea.Our findings also suggest that the effects of litter decomposition from an invasive plant on soils and native species can vary significantly depending on the soil depth at which the litter is deposited.Future studies should focus on plant–soil feedback for more native and invasive species in invaded habitats,and the effects of invasive litter in more soil types and at greater soil depths.

Asymmetric Ridge–Furrow and Film Cover Improves Plant Morphological Traits and Light Utilization in Rain-Fed Maize

Light is one of the most important natural resources for plant growth. Light interception （LI） and use efficiency （LUE） are often affected by the structure of canopy caused by growing pattern and agronomy managements. Agro-nomy practices, such as the ridge-furrow system and plastic film cover, might affect the leaf morphology and then light transmission within the canopy, thus change light extinction coefficient （k）, and LI and LUE. The objective of this study is to quantify LI and LUE in rain-fed maize （Zea Mays L.）, a major cropping system in Northeast China, under different combinations of ridge-furrow and film covering ratios. The tested ridge-furrow system （DRF： ＂double ridges and furrows＂） was asymmetric and alternated with wide ridge （0.70 m in width and 0.15 m in height）, narrow furrow （0.10 m）, narrow ridge （0.40 m in width and 0.20 m in height）, and narrow furrow （0.10 m）. Field ex-periments were conducted in 2013 and 2014 in Jilin Province, Northeast China. Four treatments were tested： no ridges and plastic film cover （control, NRF）, ridges without film cover （DRF0）, ridges with 58% film cover （DRF58）, and ridges with 100% film cover （DRFl00）. DRF0 significantly increased LI by 9% compared with NRF, while film cover showed a marginal improvement. Specific leaf area in DRF experiments with film cover was significantly lower than in NRF, and leaf angle was 16% higher than in NRF, resulting in a 4% reduction in k. LUE of maize was not increased by DRF0, but was significantly enhanced by covering film in other DRF experiments, especially by 22% in DRF100. The increase of LUE by film cover was due to a greater biomass production and a lower assimilation portioning to vegetative organs, which caused a higher harvest index. The results could help farmers to optimize maize managements, especially in the region with decreased solar radiation under climate change.