Status, Impact and Management of Certain Alien Plant Pests Proven to Be Invasive to Thailand＇s Ecology

Introduction of foreign plants and animals into Thailand＇s ecology has a long history, some arrived accidentally and others had a purpose. As global commerce increases, the issue of invasive alien species has become more urgent in Thailand. These agents are increasingly seen as a threat not only to biodiversity and ecosystem, but also to economic development and human well-being. They reduce yields of agricultural crops, forests and fisheries, decrease water availability, cause costly land degradation, block transport routes and contribute to the spread of disease. It is clear that since trade will not stop, dangerous alien species need to be controlled and managed and the strategies and control measures are to prevent, eradicate, contain, or effectively control the invaders. Implementation of these measures requires appropriate legislation, regulation and procedures. The impact of some invasive alien pests and their management on the agricultural sector of Thailand are presented.

Construction of Early-warning Model for Plant Diseases and Pests Based on Improved Neural Network

By studying principles and methods related to early-warning model of plant diseases and using PSO method, parameter optimization was conducted to backward propagation neural network, and a pre-warning model for plant diseases based on particle swarm and neural network algorithm was established. The test results showed that the construction of early-warning model is effective and feasible, which will provide a via- ble model structure to establish the effective early-warning platform.

Application of Biological Pesticides in Medicinal Plants

At present, the excessive application of traditional chemical pesticides, serious pesticide residue pollution and destruction of the ecological balance in China have become important factors affecting the quality and safety of medicinal material. Biological pesticides are rapidly developed due to their characteristics of high efficiency, low toxicity and residue. This study aimed to introduce the specific property of biological pesticides, review the classification of biological pesticides and their application in medicinal plants, analyze the problems in the production and utilization process of biological pesticides, and forecast the developmental prospect.

Plant Resistance to Pest and Research Progress of Its Genetic Improvement

Pest damage is a significant factor that cuts agricultural production, and cultivation of pest-resistant varieties is the most economic and effective approach of controlling pest damage. Plant pest resistance includes antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance. Current popular methods for the genetic improvement of crop pest resistance are traditional breeding method, transgenic breeding, and molecular mark-assisted breeding. This paper introduced major mechanisms and genetic bases of plant pest resistance, ＂and reviewed research progress of domestic and international genetic improvement of plant pest resistance, analyzed the problems and its de- velopment prospects.

Management of pests and diseases of tropical sericultural plants by using plant-derived products: a review

Host plants of domesticated silkworms in tropical countries are attacked by an array of insect pests, disease pathogens and nematodes. In order to reduce resulting plant damage, chemicals have been extensively used. In recent years, products extracted/isolated from 47 plant species have been tested as replacements for or to minimize the use of hazardous chemicals. Bioefficacy of the extract in water or chemical solvent, crude seed/leaf oil, and cake is discussed, and integrated management of major and occasional pests and plant diseases is proposed in sericultural plants in order to produce chemical-free foliage.

The Potential of Using Indigenous Pesticidal Plants for Insect Pest Control to Small Scale Farmers in Africa

Pesticidal plants are scientifically proven for their effectiveness in controlling insect pests. Their activity is enhanced by active compounds contained, which are known for their repellant and antifeedant potentials to the insects. Use of pesticidal plants by local small scale farmers has been a point of concern following information that majority of farmers do not widely use pesticidal plants despite of an indigenous knowledge that they possess. Improvement of the technologies used by local farmers in previous times, that are easy and effective need to help farmers abstain from the use of synthetic pesticides that are detrimental to the environment and to their own health. This paper reviews the potentiality of pesticidal plants to small holder farmers. It also gives the status of pesticidal plants use, their possible effectiveness against insect pests, persistence as well as the knowledge that indigenous people possess in their use. Again, the paper suggests the need for more instrumental research on practical improvement of indigenous knowledge on the use of pesticidal plants with scientific evidences.

基于CFD的玉米田间吊喷装置仿真设计与试验

为了改善玉米作物生长至中后期时中下层叶片雾滴沉积效果差,不同冠层雾滴分布不均导致植株叶片整体雾滴覆盖率低,喷施农药方式不佳造成药害和环境污染的问题,设计了一种玉米田间吊喷装置。利用数学理论几何关系结合Fluent软件确定了关键参数,即吊杆长度为1950 mm、侧下喷头距吊杆底端高度为50 mm、侧上喷头距植株顶端高度为50 mm、侧下喷头与水平方向上夹角为38.8°、侧上喷头与水平方向上夹角为43.7°。利用Design-Expert软件以吊杆侧上喷口处压强、吊杆侧下喷口处压强、机具行进速度为试验因素,以叶片平均雾滴覆盖率Y为试验指标设计三因素三水平正交试验,经方差分析后得到影响雾滴覆盖率大小因素主次顺序:行进速度>侧下压强>侧上压强。经田间试验后得到最终组合参数为机具行进速度0.8 m/s,侧上压强0.7 MPa,侧下压强0.5 MPa,雾滴覆盖率为26.54%,上、中、下层叶片雾滴覆盖率分别为28.32%、23.54%、27.75%,模型仿真与田间试验相对误差为5.05%。研究结果可为玉米植保机械的研发提供参考。

Development of Marker-Free Transgenic Cry1Ab Rice with Lepidopteran Pest Resistance by Agrobacterium Mixture-Mediated Co-transformation

CrylAb gene was transformed into four rice varieties, Zhejing 22, Zhejing 27, Jiahua 1 and Xiushui 63 mediated by Agrobacterium-mixture co-transformation. Rice genotype had an important effect on callus induction and transformation efficiency. Different mixtures of Agrobacterium strains （EHA105 and EHA101） contained Hpt and CrylAb genes resulted in different frequencies of resistant calli. There was no correlation between the frequency of transformants with the ratio of the Agrobacterium strain mixture contained Hpt and CrylAb genes. A total of 509 transgenic plants were obtained from the four rice varieties, and 272 T2 progenies were analyzed for CrylAb and Hpt genes. PCR analysis revealed that 412 regenerated plants were Hpt positive （80.94%）, 62 plants were also CrylAb co-transformants （15.05% in total frequency）, and 42 plants among the 272 T2 progenies were CrylAb positive but Hpt negative. This suggests that marker-free transgenic plants could be produced by co-transformation mediated by mixed Agrobacterium strains with the selectable marker gene and target gene Southern blot analysis of five independent marker-free T2 transgenic lines co-transformed from Zhejing 22 showed that CrylAb gene had been inserted into rice genome with a single copy. The transgenic plants showed significantly stronger resistance to lepidopteron than the non-transgenic plants under no application of insecticides against lepidopteron.

Effects of silicon amendment on the occurrence of rice insect pests and diseases in a field test

Rice is one of the most important staple foods for the world population,but it is attacked by a number of destructive pests.While evidence from greenhouse and laboratory tests has shown that silicon（Si）amendment can confer enhanced resistance to pests in rice,few studies have directly demonstrated the Si-mediated protection from pests in a field situation.In this study,field plots with silicon amendments at 0,75,150 and 300 kg SiO2 ha-1 in early-and late-season rice were employed to evaluate the effects of silicon amendment on the occurrence of major insect pests and diseases and rice yield.Compared with the control plots without silicon amendment,plant damage by stem borer and leaf folder and population size of planthopper were significantly lower in three to five of the seven monitoring observations in each season in the plots amended with 300 kg SiO2 ha-1.The disease index of rice blast in the early-season rice was lower in the plots amended with Si at 300 kg SiO2 ha-1 than in the control plots,while Si protection from rice blast in the late-season rice and from rice sheath blight in the early-season rice were not apparent.An insignificant increase of rice yield by 16.4%（604 kg ha-1）was observed in the plots amended with 300 kg SiO2 ha-1 over the control plots.Our results indicate that Si amendment at 300kg SiO2 ha-1 can provide substantial protection from some of the rice pests under field conditions.These findings support the recommendation of silicon amendment as a key component of integrated management of rice pests.

Botanicals and plant strengtheners for potato and tomato cultivation in Africa

This review provides a summary of botanicals and plant strengtheners that have potential uses for disease and pest management in potato and tomato cultivation in African.We discuss their possible use to prevent major diseases and pests which infest potato and tomato,such as early and late blight,bacterial wilt,potato tuber moth,and tomato leafminer.There are several examples of the successful uses of botanicals for pathogen and pest control relevant for different African climatic conditions;however,most of these studies have been conducted in vitro and often lack field verification.Plant strengtheners(substances that induce and improve crop resistance,yield,and quality)are little studied and used in Africa in comparison to North America and Europe.The possible benefits of using botanicals and plant strengtheners instead of conventional pesticides are discussed here in relation to human health and the environment as well as their modes of action and accessibility to farmers.Lack of knowledge of the composition and active ingredients of extracts,environmental concerns,uncertainties regarding stability and formulation,lack of legislation and limited support from governments,hamper the development of botanicals and plant strengtheners for use in sustainable African agriculture.

Main Diseases and Pests of Jujube and Control Strategies in Shanxi

The main diseases and pests in the major growing area of jujube in Shanxi Province in recent years are investigated and studied,and several main diseases and pests are described.Based on the green prevention and control concept of crop diseases and pests proposed by the Ministry of Agriculture of China,the prevention and control of jujube diseases and pests are expounded from the perspectives of strengthening forecast,agricultural management,biological control and chemical control,in order to provide scientific basis for green development of jujube industry.

Main Pests and Diseases of Zingiberaceae and Their Control

The primary diseases affecting Zingiberaceae plants include ginger plague, spot blotch, anthracnose, leaf spot, leaf blight, and soft rot. Insect pests that pose a threat to these plants encompass root-knot nematode disease, drilling bugs, beet nightshade moths, mesquite, thrips, and aphids. This article aims to summarize the defining features of the principal pests and diseases as well as their control methods. The intention is to offer theoretical support for the preservation of ginger plants.

2023年茶树病虫害防控研究进展

文章系统综述了2023年茶树病虫害防控研究进展。国内外取得的主要研究进展包括,挖掘出一批茶树主要病虫害的高效微生物防控资源和天敌昆虫,解析了我国茶园重大害虫茶小绿叶蝉的求偶振动通信,鉴定出高效调控茶树-灰茶尺蠖、茶树-茶小绿叶蝉-寄生蜂间互作关系的化学信息,建立了茶树病虫害快速识别的多种模型。这些结果将为今后茶树病虫害高效绿色防控技术的创新研发提供有力支撑。

基于元学习的植物虫害识别原型网络VGG-ML

[目的]为解决使用深度学习技术对植物虫害识别时依赖大量训练样本的问题,本文基于元学习的思想设计一个VGG原型网络(VGG-meta learning,VGG-ML),用于在小样本背景下植物虫害种类识别。[方法]采用VGG16作为嵌入单元提取虫害样本特征与类别特征,为提高网络对于新类别的识别能力,采用训练集与测试集异域方式进行模型训练,以解决在小样本情况下植物虫害识别准确率低、新类别虫害无法识别的问题。将测试集划分为支持集(获取类原型)与查询集(样本原型),以欧式距离度量样本原型与类原型之间的相似性,从而判定样本所属类别。[结果]以公开数据集IP102中玉米、甜菜、苜蓿等11种植物的蚜虫、黏虫、跳甲等24类农业虫害图片作为训练数据,以稻纵卷叶螟、稻叶毛虫、亚洲稻螟、稻瘿蚊、稻秆蝇、稻水象甲、稻叶蝉、稻苞虫8类常见的水稻虫害作为测试数据,在5-way、1-shot与5-way、5-shot情况下VGG-ML识别准确率分别为67.98%与81.5%,与原始原型网络相比提高3.53与4.4百分点。5-way、5-shot试验与基于迁移学习的ResNet50与VGG16网络对比,准确率分别提高28.65与25.94百分点。[结论]VGG-ML在进行小样本植物虫害类型识别时有效可靠,可适用于小样本植物识别问题。

脉动燃烧器研究进展及其在病虫害防治中的应用

目前,Helmholtz型脉动燃烧器被广泛应用且前景良好。其具有环保节能、燃烧效率高、传热特性佳、热效率高以及排放污染少等诸多优点。将Helmholtz型脉动燃烧器应用于病虫害防治装备的研制,对稳定作物生产、提高作物品质、增加种植效益以及发展科学植保和绿色植保具有重要意义,有助于保障生态可持续。概述Helmholtz型脉动燃烧器的工作原理,梳理脉动燃烧器的研究发展现状,总结Helmholtz型脉动燃烧器在病虫害防治方面的应用研究。目前便携式脉动燃烧病虫害防治装备存在人机工程学缺陷、土壤蒸汽消毒机热动力源耦合关系不明确、脉动燃烧机理研究不够深入且脉动燃烧器结构简单、装备智能化程度低等问题。提出应用现代化技术研究脉动燃烧机理,研制脉动燃烧病虫害防治装备新型结构与机型,运用智能化、现代化技术开发大型车载式病虫害防治机械,发展脉动燃烧病虫害防治机械智能控制模块的发展对策。

玉米中后期病虫害控害增效药剂组合筛选

为了一体化防控玉米中后期病虫害,在玉米大喇叭口期至抽雄期,应用植保无人机,优化广谱、内吸传导性强、持效期长的杀菌剂与杀虫剂,并与微肥、飞防增效剂混配,开展了玉米中后期病虫害控害增效药剂组合筛选试验。结果表明,17%唑醚·氟环唑悬浮剂900 mL/hm^(2)+40%氯虫·噻虫嗪水分散粒剂180 g/hm^(2)+氨基酸液肥495 mL/hm^(2)+迈飛飞防专用增效剂300 mL/hm^(2)组合、43%唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂360 mL/hm^(2)+40%氯虫·噻虫嗪水分散粒剂180 g/hm^(2)+氨基酸液肥495 mL/hm^(2)+迈飛飞防专用增效剂300 mL/hm^(2)组合,对玉米大斑病、灰斑病的防治效果为79.8%~88.2%,对玉米螟、双斑萤叶甲的防治效果为92.3%~94.3%,增产率达15.2%,一次施药可达到防病、防虫、增产的效果。

基于迁移学习的植物病虫害细粒度分类

植物病虫害识别是农业生产中的一个重要问题。通过人工识别与传统计算视觉的方式在实际应用中有着一定的局限性,所以有必要研究基于卷积神经网络的植物病虫害分类算法。为了探讨卷积神经网络对于植物病虫害细粒度分类的应用,基于现有的部分植物病虫害数据图像数据,融合区分性区域注意力机制与通道间的注意力机制模型来评测此数据集,结果表明,融合注意力机制后相比于原始模型其分类性能有所提升,Top-1准确率提升了1.9%。为了进一步探究注意力机制对于卷积神经网络的影响,可视化了卷积神经网络关注的区域,注意力机制使得网络在细粒度分类任务中更关注于目标的区分性特征区域。

无人机植保在水稻病虫害防治中的实践与研究

为探寻更科学的水稻植保方式,在水稻病虫害防治过程中合理施用农药,减少水稻农药残留超标,提高水稻的产量和质量,本研究团队在合作企业的协助下,以乡镇合作社或个人承包的稻田为试验样本,合理设计施药方式及参数,通过多组对照农田的试验,发现其中一组无人机植保的水稻,在较少的药剂使用情况下,取得了较好的病虫害防治效果。

基于捕食性天敌及害虫种群动态筛选功能植物的研究

新兴的生态调控技术是利用非作物植物进行天敌生境管理的重要措施。为筛选出适宜增效捕食性天敌的功能植物,进而提高天敌对农林生态系统害虫的控制能力,本文通过追踪调查15种功能植物与对照杂草区域内节肢动物群落时序动态,比较了捕食性天敌及植食性害虫的累积量、益害比以及优势天敌类群与主要害虫关联性、时序动态变化。结果显示,绿豆Vigna radiata、紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa、蓖麻Ricinus communis、芥蓝Brassica alboglabra、罗勒Ocimum basilicum、芝麻Sesamum indicum上捕食性天敌累积量、益害比高于其他植物,且与主要害虫的关联性和时序变化关系明确,有益于优势天敌中华通草蛉Chrysoperla sinica、异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis等种群,可以作为捕食性天敌的生境管理功能植物。本研究为今后进一步更好的筛选出应用于田间保护性生物防治的植物提供基础以及新思路。

植保无人机对水稻病虫害防治应用效果分析

植保无人机通过搭载各类传感器和作业设备,实现对农田作物的病虫害监测、识别和防治,与传统人工施药和检测方式相比,植保无人机具有作业效率高、作业范围广、作业精度高等优点,正逐渐在农业生产中发挥重要作用。该文通过对植保无人机在水稻病虫害防治中的应用效果进行综述分析,总结了现存问题,并对未来发展趋势进行展望,得到植保无人机在病虫害防治过程中具有作业效率高、施药精准、环境友好等特点,可为实现精准农业、提高农业产值提供参考。