Effects of warming and clipping on plant and soil properties of an alpine meadow in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China

Climate warming and livestock grazing are known to have great influences on alpine ecosystems like those of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau （QTP） in China. However, it is lacking of studies on the effects of warming and grazing on plant and soil properties in these alpine ecosystems. In this study, we reported the related research from manipulative experiment in 2010-2012 in the QTP. The aim of this study was to investigate the individual and combined effects of warming and clipping on plant and soil properties in the alpine meadow ecosystem. Infrared radiators were used to simulate climate warming starting in July 2010, while clipping was performed once in Octo- ber 2011 to simulate the local livestock grazing. The experiment was designed as a randomized block consisting of five replications and four treatments： control （CK）, warming （W）, clipping （C） and warming＋clipping combination （WC）. The plant and soil properties were investigated in the growing season of the alpine meadow in 2012. The results showed that W and WC treatments significantly decreased relative humidity at 20-cm height above ground as well as significantly increases air temperature at the same height, surface temperature, and soil temperature at the depth of 0-30 cm. However, the C treatment did not significantly decrease soil moisture and soil temperature at the depth of 0-60 cm. Relative to CK, vegetation height and species number increased significantly in W and WC treatment, respectively, while vegetation aboveground biomass decreased significantly in C treatment in the early growing season. However, vegetation cover, species diversity, belowground biomass and soil properties at the depth of 0-30 cm did not differ significantly in W, C and WC treatments. Soil moisture increased at the depth of 40-100 cm in W and WC treatments, while belowground biomass, soil activated carbon, organic carbon and total nitrogen increased in the 30-50 cm soil layer in W, C and WC treatments. Although the initial responses of plant and soil properties to experimental warming and clipping were slow and weak, the drought induced by the down- ward shift of soil moisture in the upper soil layers may induce plant belowground biomass to transfer to the deeper soil layers. This movement would modify the distributions of soil activated carbon, organic carbon and total nitrogen However, long-term data collection is needed to further explain this interesting phenomenon.

Ecological stoichiometric comparison of plant-litter-soil system in mixed-species and monoculture plantations of Robinia pseudoacacia,Amygdalus davidiana,and Armeniaca sibirica in the Loess Hilly Region of China

We examined how afforestation patterns impact carbon(C),nitrogen(N),and phosphorus(P)stoichiometry in the plant-litter-soil system.Plant leaf,branch,stem,and root,litter,and soil samples were collected from mixedspecies plantations of Robinia pseudoacacia with Amygdalus davidiana(RPAD),R.pseudoacacia with Armeniaca sibirica(RPAS),and monocultures of R.pseudoacacia(RP),A.davidiana(AD),and A.sibirica(AS)in the Loess Hilly Region.The results showed that in mixed-species plantations,R.pseudoacacia had lower leaf N and P concentrations than in monocultures,while both A.davidiana and A.sibirica had higher leaf N and P concentrations.Soil P limited tree growth in both afforestation models.Mixing R.pseudoacacia with A.davidiana or A.sibirica reduced N-limitation during litter decomposition.Average soil total N and P concentrations were higher in RPAS than in RPAD,and both were higher than the corresponding monocultures.The average soil C:N ratio was the smallest in RPAS,while the average soil C:P ratio was larger in RPAS than in RP.A positive correlation between N and P concentrations,and between C:N and C:P ratios,was found in litter and all plant organs of mono-and mixedstands.Alternatively,for N concentration and C:N ratio,the correlations between plant(i.e.,leaf,branch,root)and litter and between plant and soil were inverse between plantation types.RPAD has an increased litter decomposition rate to release N and P,while RPAS has a faster rate of soil N mineralization.RPAD was the best plantation(mixed)to improve biogeochemical cycling,as soil nutrient restrictions,particularly for P-limitation,on trees growth were alleviated.This study thus provides insights into suitable tree selection and management by revealing C:N:P stoichiometry in the plant-litter-soil system under different afforestation patterns.

Degradation leads to dramatic decrease in topsoil but not subsoil root biomass in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau, China

Understanding the effects of degradation on belowground biomass(BGB)is essential for assessment of carbon budget of the alpine meadow ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau,China.This ecosystem has been undergoing serious degradation owing to climate change and anthropogenic activities.This study examined the response of the vertical distribution of plant BGB to degradation and explored the underlying mechanisms in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau.A field survey was conducted in an alpine meadow with seven sequential degrees of degradation in the Zoige Plateau on the Tibetan Plateau during the peak growing season of 2018.We measured aboveground biomass(AGB),BGB,soil water content(SWC),soil bulk density(SBD),soil compaction(SCOM),soil organic carbon(SOC),soil total nitrogen(STN),soil total phosphorus(STP),soil available nitrogen(SAN),and soil available phosphorus(STP)in the 0-30 cm soil layers.Our results show that degradation dramatically decreased the BGB in the 0-10 cm soil layer(BGB0-10)but slightly increased the subsoil BGB.The main reason may be that the physical-chemical properties of surface soil were more sensitive to degradation than those of subsoil,as indicated by the remarked positive associations of the trade-off value of BGB0-10 with SWC,SCOM,SOC,STN,SAN,and STP,as well as the negative correlation between the trade-off value of BGB0-10 and SBD in the soil layer of 0-10 cm.In addition,an increase in the proportion of forbs with increasing degradation degree directly affected the BGB vertical distribution.The findings suggest that the decrease in the trade-off value of BGB0-10 in response to degradation might be an adaptive strategy for the degradation-induced drought and infertile soil conditions.This study can provide theoretical support for assessing the effects of degradation on the carbon budget and sustainable development in the alpine meadow ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau as well as other similar ecosystems in the world.

Response of plant physiological parameters to soil water availability during prolonged drought is affected by soil texture

Soil water deficit is increasingly threatening the sustainable vegetation restoration and ecological construction on the Loess Plateau of China due to the climate warming and human activities.To determine the response thresholds of Amygdalus pedunculata(AP)and Salix psammophila(SP)to soil water availability under different textural soils,we measured the changes in net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci),leaf water potential(ψw),water use efficiency(WUE)and daily transpiration rate(Td)of the two plant species during soil water content(SWC)decreased from 100%field capacity(FC)to 20%FC in the sandy and loamy soils on the Loess Plateau in the growing season from June to August in 2018.Results showed that Pn,Gs,WUE and Td of AP and SP remained relatively constant at the beginning of soil water deficit but decreased rapidly as plant available soil water content(PASWC)fell below the threshold values in both the sandy and loamy soils.The PASWC thresholds corresponding to Pn,Gs and Ci of AP in the loamy soil(0.61,0.62 and 0.70,respectively)were lower than those in the sandy soil(0.70,0.63 and 0.75,respectively),whereas the PASWC thresholds corresponding to Pn,Gs and Ci of SP in the loamy soil(0.63,0.68 and 0.78,respectively)were higher than those in the sandy soil(0.58,0.62 and 0.66,respectively).In addition,the PASWC thresholds in relation to Td and WUE of AP(0.60 and 0.58,respectively)and SP(0.62 and 0.60,respectively)in the loamy soil were higher than the corresponding PASWC thresholds of AP(0.58 and 0.52,respectively)and SP(0.55 and 0.56,respectively)in the sandy soil.Furthermore,the PASWC thresholds for the instantaneous gas exchange parameters(e.g.,Pn and Gs)at the transient scale were higher than the thresholds for the parameters(e.g.,Td)at the daily scale.Our study demonstrates that different plant species and/or different physiological parameters exhibit different thresholds of PASWC and that the thresholds are affected by soil texture.The result can provide guidance for the rational allocation and sustainable management of reforestation species under different soil conditions in the loess regions.

不同干扰强度高原鼠兔对高寒草甸土壤温室气体通量变化的影响

高原鼠兔通过取食植物、排泄粪尿及掘土等行为对土壤理化性质及土壤微生物产生广泛干扰,进而可能会影响高寒草甸土壤温室气体排放。本研究选择高密度组(H)、低密度组(L)、对照组(CK)3种鼠兔干扰强度的高寒草甸为研究对象,揭示温室气体排放速率对不同高原鼠兔干扰强度的响应规律及主要调控因素。结果表明,H组高寒草甸土壤CO_(2)排放速率为596.66 mg·(m^(2)·h)^(-1),显著低于CK组的695.45 mg·(m^(2)·h)^(-1)(P<0.05)。高原鼠兔干扰强度、地上生物量、土壤pH和土壤含水量是影响CO_(2)排放速率的主要调控因素。H组高寒草甸CH_(4)吸收速率为-43.46mg·(m^(2)·h)^(-1),显著低于L组的4.92mg·(m^(2)·h)^(-1)(P<0.05),H和L组高寒草甸N_(2)O排放速率分别为8.03、-2.39μg·(m^(2)·h)^(-1),均显著高于CK组的-16.69μg·(m^(2)·h)^(-1)(P<0.05)。土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量、pH和含水量是影响CH_(4)吸收和N_(2)O排放的重要因素。因此,高原鼠兔干扰强度是影响温室气体排放速率的因素之一,进一步研究高原鼠兔对高寒草甸土壤温室气体排放速率的影响具有重要意义。

青藏高原高寒草地不同植物功能群与土壤碳同位素特征及影响因素

青藏高原海拔高、面积广,是全球范围内最典型的高寒地区之一,探究青藏高原高寒草地植物和土壤碳稳定同位素组成(δ^(13)C)特征及其控制要素,对深刻理解高寒生态系统碳循环过程具有重要意义。研究采集并测定了青藏高原不同区域135个草地样点中的植物和土壤碳稳定同位素自然丰度,探讨了不同植物功能群和表层(0—10 cm)土壤δ^(13)C特征及其与气候、土壤因素的关系。结果表明:(1)杂类草δ^(13)C显著低于禾本科、莎草科和豆科植物δ^(13)C(P<0.05)。表层土壤δ^(13)C与禾本科、莎草科、豆科植物δ^(13)C呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与杂类草δ^(13)C无显著相关关系,且表层土壤δ^(13)C对三种植物功能群δ^(13)C的敏感性为禾本科>豆科>莎草科。(2)在影响禾本科、莎草科、豆科植物和表层土壤δ^(13)C的环境因子中,气候因子的相对贡献率均大于土壤因子,气候因子中太阳辐射相对贡献率最大,杂类草δ^(13)C与气候和土壤因子均不存在显著相关关系。研究表明,太阳辐射是决定高寒草地生态系统植物和表层土壤δ^(13)C的主要因子。研究可为青藏高原高寒草地植物和土壤δ^(13)C特征与有机碳动态循环提供数据支撑和理论参考。

植被与土壤特征对青藏高原不同程度退化草地的响应

高寒草地作为青藏高原高寒生态系统的重要组分之一,其退化已严重影响到高原的可持续发展和草地恢复重建。搜集了2004—2022年间关于青藏高原高寒草地退化的64篇研究结果,包含土壤有机碳、生物量和多样性指数等16个指标的1403组数据,运用meta分析解析了草地退化对土壤理化性质、植被生产力和物种多样性的影响,并对重度退化草地的土壤理化性质和植物生物量进行线性回归分析。结果表明:随着草地退化的加剧,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、有效氮、有效磷、有效钾、土壤含水量、地上生物量、地下生物量和植被高度显著下降;土壤容重显著上升;土壤pH、全钾在各个退化阶段没有明显差异;Shannon多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Margalef丰富度指数整体呈下降趋势。土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、有效氮、有效磷、有效钾和土壤含水量与地上生物量、地下生物量存在显著的正相关;土壤容重与地上生物量、地下生物量呈显著的负相关;土壤pH与地上生物量、地下生物量呈负相关。因此,青藏高原高寒草地退化通过改变土壤理化性质而改变地上群落多样性和生物量,为阐明植被与土壤特征对草地退化的响应机制以及高寒退化草地的恢复提供了科学依据。

高原鼠兔干扰对高寒草甸植物物种多样性与土壤生态化学计量比间关系的影响

植物物种多样性和土壤生态化学计量比间的关系,是草地植物群落结构维持的关键。高原鼠兔干扰虽被证实能够影响植物物种多样性、土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷的含量,但是否影响高寒草甸植物物种多样性和土壤生态化学计量比间的关系,尚不清楚。本研究以甘南和青海湖流域为对象,采用配对设置样地的方法,分析了高原鼠兔干扰对高寒草甸植物物种多样性和土壤生态化学计量比间关系的影响。结果表明:高原鼠兔干扰显著增加了物种丰富度指数、土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量,以及土壤C∶N和C∶P(P<0.05),但没有显著影响物种多样性指数、物种均匀度指数和土壤N∶P。高原鼠兔干扰增加了物种丰富度指数和物种多样性指数与土壤C∶N间的正相关性(P<0.05),减弱了物种丰富度指数与土壤C∶P间的正相关性(P<0.01);物种多样性指数与土壤C∶P间的关系从高原鼠兔未干扰生境的对数关系转变为干扰生境的二次函数关系(P<0.05),而物种丰富度指数与土壤N∶P间的关系从高原鼠兔未干扰生境的不显著相关,改变为干扰生境的显著负相关二次函数(P<0.01);物种多样性指数与土壤N∶P间的关系从未干扰生境的显著正相关二次函数(P<0.05),变为干扰生境的不显著相关,这确证了高原鼠兔干扰能够改变植物物种多样性与土壤生态化学计量比间的关系,为全面解释高原鼠兔干扰下草地植物群落结构的维持提供了基础信息。

Soil water depletion depth by planted vegetation on the Loess Plateau

Evapotranspiration of much planted vegetation exceeds precipitation, and this can deplete soil water and cause a deep dry layer in the soil profile, which is a serious obstacle to sustainable land use on the Loess Plateau, China. This study aimed to determine water depletion depth of planted grassland, shrub, and forest in a semiarid area on the Loess Plateau. Soil moisture of five vegetation types was measured to >20 m in depth. The vegetation types were crop, natural grasse, seven-year-old planted alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), 23-year-old planted caragana (Caragana microphylla Lam.) shrub, and 23-year-old planted pine (Pinus tabulaeformis L) forest land. Through comparing moisture of planted alfalfa grass, caragana shrub, and pine forest to crop and natural grassland, the depth and amount of soil water consumed by grassland, caragana brush and pine forest was determined. The depth of soil water depleted by alfalfa, caragana brush, and pine forest reached 15.5, 22.4 and 21.5 m, respectively.

EFFECTIVENESS OF PLANT ROOTS TO INCREASE THE ANTI-SCOURABILITY OF SOIL ON THE LOESS PLATEAU

The recent study results show that the intensification ability of plant roots to the anti-scourability of soil mainly depends on the distribution and twining of effective root density in the soil profile, and the physical basis of effective root density is the number of

白草塬植被恢复后沟头草本植物多样性与土壤因子的关系

[目的]探究黄土塬沟头在植被恢复后的草本植物多样性变化与土壤因子间的关系,为该区沟头水土保持效益评估提供科学依据。[方法]以农地沟头为对照,选择不同植被恢复年限(5,13,18,22 a)的白草塬草地沟头,调查和测定了各植被恢复年限沟头的草本植物多样性和表层土壤(0—10 cm和10—25 cm)的土壤性质因子。[结果]随植被恢复年限的增长,Patrick丰富度指数呈现先增大后稳定的变化趋势;Shannon-Wiener指数呈现持续上升的趋势,植被恢复18 a和22 a时的Shannon-Wiener指数高于恢复13 a,但没有显著性差异;Pielou均匀度指数呈现增加—降低—再增加的波动趋势,且在恢复22 a时达到最大值(0.89)。白草塬沟头0—10 cm和10—25 cm的土壤容重均在恢复22 a时达到最小值,较农地分别显著降低13.1%和17.8%(p<0.05);0—10 cm和10—25 cm的土壤有机质含量、水稳性团聚体含量、团聚体平均重量直径和饱和导水率均随植被恢复年限的增加而显著增加,两土层的土壤因子在各植被恢复年限上呈现出显著性差异。相关性分析显示草本植物多样性指标与容重间呈负相关关系,与土壤有机质、水稳性团聚体、团聚体平均重量直径以及饱和导水率呈显著正相关(p<0.05)。冗余分析表明土壤团聚体含量与草本植物多样性变化密切相关。[结论]植被恢复显著提高了沟头草本植物多样性,可改善表层土壤性质,在稳固沟头过程发挥重要作用。

PRELIMINARY STUDY ON MECHANISM OF PLANT ROOTS TO INCREASE SOIL ANTISCOURIBILITY ON THE LOESS PLATEAU

The effects of the root system of trees, shrubs and grasses on the hydraulic andphysical properties of soil and their interrelation with increasing soil anti--scouribility byroots are quantitatively demonstrated in this paper for the first time. Based on the analysisof the leading factors of roots to increase the soil anti--scouribility, a mathematical modelon increasing soil anti-scouribility by roots is established. The value in application of themodel is to explain the mechanism of roots to increase the soil anti-scouribility and toevaluate the increasing effects of soil anti-scouribility by roots in different layers of soilThe calculated results of the values in soil anti--scouribility intensified by roots at variousintensities of rainfall and slopes of the model have higher precision, all of the meanmaximum deviations between the estimated and observed values being less than 1.417 s/g.

不同种植方式下黄土塬区土壤水分变化特征

【目的】从土壤水分变化的角度探究不同种植方式对黄土塬区水资源的影响,以期为雨养旱作农业的可持续发展、水资源的高效利用以及水分管理措施的改进提供理论依据。【方法】选取长武塬区三种不同种植方式下的土壤水分为研究对象,通过对2014—2017年对0~300 cm土层土壤含水量进行监测,分析单作小麦、单作玉米和小麦-玉米轮作三种种植方式下0~300 cm土壤剖面水分垂直分布特征、土壤水分季节变化特征和土壤干燥化指数。【结果】结果表明:(1)不同种植方式下,剖面上的土壤水分垂直分布动态表现出一定的层次性,活跃层分别为单作玉米0~60 cm,单作小麦0~30 cm,麦玉轮作0~10 cm,最大耗水深度从大到小依次为麦玉轮作,单作小麦和单作玉米。(2)三种种植方式都将在大量消耗期内引发土壤含水量下降,生育期内平均月储水量从大到小依次为单作玉米(607.7 mm),单作小麦(554.5 mm)和麦玉轮作(474.6 mm)。(3)三种种植方式都将造成短期土壤干燥化,其中麦玉轮作干燥化指数最高,为187.5,其次是单作小麦186.5,最低是单作玉米162.3。【结论】研究认为,不同种植方式下土壤水分的垂直分布动态表现出一定的层次性,且土壤水分具有明显的季节性波动变化特征,相比降雨和含水量变化,储水量变化更为滞后;土壤干燥化指数能够反映不同种植方式的水分利用状况,且受降雨量的影响较大,麦玉轮作方式将最不利于土壤水分的恢复。因此,在黄土塬区开展农业生产时,应合理选择种植方式,减少对土壤水分的消耗和破坏,以达到高效利用水资源的目的。

木里煤矿生态环境修复治理模式

木里煤矿位于青海省海西州木里镇,区域属于高寒草甸覆盖区,生态环境脆弱,为了解决高原高寒矿区生态脆弱、敏感,易遭破坏且难于恢复问题,采用以渣山地形地貌重塑技术、高原湖泊水系连通技术、冻土层保护、稀缺煤炭资源保护技术、土壤重构技术、自然生态集排水系统构建技术、高原植被重建技术为核心的高原高寒煤矿开采生态环境修复治理技术,对木里煤矿区露天采坑、渣山及裸露煤层进行了修复治理,实现了2 a复绿,这种集合了水系连通、土壤重构、封填煤层重塑冻土层及草七步法的高原高寒煤矿开采区生态环境修复治理模式对于高海拔高寒矿山环境修复具有重要实践意义。

黄土高原旱地苹果园生草对土壤养分的影响

对黄土高原渭北旱地苹果园生草土壤养分测定结果表明:生草能提高0～60cm土层有机质含量,种植禾本科牧草有机质年积累0.1%,豆科牧草年积累0.15%;随着生草年限的增加较深土层土壤有机质也趋于增加。生草对N、P、K营养的影响主要表现在0～40cm土层,生草的前期土壤养分消耗大于积累,全N、全P、全K的演变呈现“S”型的演变过程,生草能提高0～40cm土层水解N、速效P及速效K含量,黑麦草活化P的作用大于白三叶,而白三叶活化N的作用大于黑麦草。随着生草年限的增加,苹果产量及品质得到提高。

若尔盖高原湿地土壤-植物系统有机碳的分布与流动

湿地碳素变化对全球气候变化的影响一直是国内外湿地研究的热点。国内对沼泽湿地碳循环的研究主要集中在三江平原,其它地区则鲜见报道。若尔盖高原位于全球气候变化最敏感的区域之———青藏高原的东北部,冷湿的气候条件下沼泽十分发育,泥炭贮量丰富,沼泽面积和泥炭资源贮量均居中国首位。为了评估该区湿地;在全球气候变化中的作用,作者以该区分布最为广泛的 3种沼泽植物群落——木里苔草(Carex muliensis)群落、乌拉苔草(Carex meyeriana)群落和藏嵩草(Kobresia tibetica)群落以及最为典型的3种湿地土壤——泥炭土、泥炭沼泽土和草甸沼泽土为对象,采用田间腐解试验方法,系统研究了高原湿地植物——土壤系统中有机碳的分布与流动,其目的在于:1)探明该区湿地土壤有机碳的数量与分布状况;2)了解植物碳在向土壤流动过程中的消失与残留情况。结果表明,若尔盖高原湿地土壤的有机碳含量一般较高且随土层加深而降低;在植物由活体—立枯—残落物的不同阶段,植物不同化学组分中碳的消失率各异,其中易分解组分碳的消失率最大(3种群落分别为61.37％、69.59％和66.34％),木质素碳的消失率(44.53％～52.98％)略大于纤维素碳的消失率(38.23％～43.86％),3种群落植物碳的总消失率分别为53.8％、60.03％和55.18％;3种群?

西藏高原土壤－植物系统元素分布特征研究

讨论了西藏高原３６种元素的植物含量水平及其在土壤－植物系统的分布特征、影响因素．利用吸收系数和统计分析的方法，定量描述了植物对土壤不同元素的吸收、富集能力．研究结果表明，在西藏高原的土壤－植物系统中，亲硫元素和碱金属、碱土金属元素的生物地球化学行为较亲铁元素活跃，植物元素的类型划分和元素的地球化学行为密切相关．

高原鼠兔干扰对高寒草甸植物多样性与土壤养分间关系的影响

高原鼠兔干扰虽然能够改变高寒草甸植物多样性与土壤养分含量,但植物多样性与土壤养分间的关系对高原鼠兔干扰的响应尚不清晰。利用高原鼠兔有效洞口密度将高原鼠兔干扰程度划分为T_1(7个/625 m^2)、T_2(12个/625 m^2)、T_3(22个/625m^2)、T_4(38个/625 m^2)4个水平,运用RDA冗余分析法研究了高原鼠兔不同干扰程度下高寒草甸植物多样性与土壤养分间的关系。结果表明:随着高原鼠兔干扰水平的增加,优势种高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)的重要值先增加后降低,而伴生种小花草玉梅(Anemone rivularis var.flore-minors)和莓叶委陵菜(Potentilla fragarioides)的重要值先降低后增加;当高原鼠兔干扰水平从T_1到T_2时植物多样性指数变化不显著,而高原鼠兔干扰程度超过T_2时则植物多样性指数具有降低趋势;土壤全氮和硝态氮含量随高原鼠兔干扰水平增加而降低,而土壤铵态氮含量则降低后增加,土壤有机碳和全磷先增加后降低;多样性指数与0—10cm土壤深度硝态氮、10—20cm土壤深度全钾间的相关性从T_1到T_3时为正相关,而到T_4时则变为负相关,而与0—10cm土壤深度全氮的相关性则表现T_1到T_3时为负相关,T_4时为正相关,与铵态氮间相关性只有T_1时为负相关,这说明高原鼠兔干扰改变了植物多样性与土壤养分间的关系,其变化阈值介于T_2和T_3。

青藏高原高寒草甸的植被退化与土壤退化特征研究

对青藏高原典型高寒草甸在不同退化程度下植物群落、生物量和土壤特征的研究结果表明,随着高寒草甸退化程度加大,植被盖度、草地质量指数和优良牧草地上生物量比例逐渐下降,草地间的相似性指数减小,而植物群落多样性指数和均匀度指数在中度退化阶段最高,随着退化程度加大,呈单峰式曲线变化规律。地上总生物量在轻度退化阶段最高,在极度退化阶段最低,随着退化加剧,杂草生物量显著增加,而莎草和禾草生物量显著减少。地下总生物量(0～40cm)、莎草和禾草地下生物量随着草地退化程度的加重而递减,杂类草地下生物量的变化则是逐渐上升,至极度退化阶段有所降低。随着退化程度加剧,分布在各层的植物根系量越来越少,地下根系具有浅层化特点。各类群地上、地下生物量之间均为正相关,达到显著水平。随着草地退化程度的加大,土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾和交换性锰的含量以及土壤坚实度、湿度都减小,土壤容重增加。土壤速效氮含量在极度退化阶段不能满足植物生长的需要。随高寒草甸退化程度加大,有机质含量在表层土壤中流失严重。在各个退化阶段,有效锌和交换性锰的含量均能满足植物生长的需求,而有效铜含量偏低,对牧草生长不利。随着植被的退化演替,土壤退化越来越严重,土壤越来越贫瘠化。

青藏高原“黑土滩”退化草地植物和土壤对秃斑面积变化的响应

在青藏高原典型"黑土滩"区对93个秃斑块及周边的土壤和植被特征以及变化规律进行了调查分析。结果表明,高寒草地草毡层消失后形成的"黑土滩"秃斑在草地中形成一个"负肥力岛",秃斑块内土壤养分低于秃斑周边有草皮层覆盖的草地,其中全氮、铵态氮、有机碳差异显著;同时秃斑内pH显著高于秃斑块外水平,秃斑块是草地养分流失的通道。当秃斑面积大于5m2时,秃斑块与周边景观异质性降低。秃斑内植物物种饱和度为20～25种,显著低于有草毡层覆盖的草地。秃斑内主要毒杂草铁棒锤和细裂叶莲蒿与秃斑块面积呈线性正相关,鼠洞个数与秃斑块面积亦呈线性正相关。