Construction of Larger Area Density-Uniform Plasma with Collisional Inductively Coupled Plasma Cells

The plasma density and electron temperature of a multi-source plasma system composed of several collisional inductively coupled plasma （ICP） cells were measured by a doubleprobe. The discharges of the ICP cells were shown to be independent of each other. Furthermore, the total plasma density at simultaneous multi-cell discharge was observed to be approximately equal to the summation of the plasma density when the cells discharge separately. Based on the linear summation phenomenon, it was shown that a larger area plasma with a uniform density and temperature profile could be constructed with multi-collisional ICP cells.

Pleural effusion,ascites,colon ulcers and hematochezia:What we can learn from the diagnostic process of a patient with plasma cell myeloma:A case report

BACKGROUND Plasma cell myeloma(PCM)is characterized by hypercalcemia,renal impairment,anemia,and bone destruction.While pleural effusion,ascites,abdominal pain,and bloody stool are common manifestations of lung disease or gastrointestinal disorders,they are rarely observed in patients with PCM.CASE SUMMARY A 66-year-old woman presented with complaints of recurrent chest tightness,wheezing,and abdominal bloating accompanied by bloody stools.Computed tomography revealed pleural effusion and ascites.Pleural effusion tests showed inflammation,but the T-cell spot test and carcinoembryonic antigen were negative.Endoscopy showed colonic mucosal edema with ulcer formation and local intestinal lumen stenosis.Echocardiography revealed enlarged atria and reduced left ventricular systolic function.The diagnosis remained unclear.Further testing revealed elevated blood light chain lambda and urine immunoglobulin levels.Blood immunofixation electrophoresis was positive for immunoglobulin G lambda type.Smear cytology of the bone marrow showed a high proportion of plasma cells,accounting for about 4.5%.Histopathological examination of the bone marrow suggested PCM.Flow cytometry showed abnormal plasma cells with strong expression of CD38,CD138,cLambda,CD28,CD200,and CD117.Fluorescence in situ hybridization gene testing of the bone marrow suggested 1q21 gene amplification,but cytogenetic testing showed no clonal abnormalities.Colonic mucosa and bone marrow biopsy tissues were negative for Highman Congo red staining.The patient was finally diagnosed with PCM.CONCLUSION A diagnosis of PCM should be considered in older patients with pleural effusion,ascites,and multi-organ injury.

Gastromegaly infiltrated with plasma cells： a new feature of organomegaly in patients with POEMS syndrome

Organomegaly is a major component of POEMS syndrome （an acronym of polyneuropathy,organomegaly, endocrinopatfiy, M protein, and-skin changes）, which is a rare multisystem disorder of unknown pathogenesis, In patients with POEMS syndrome, the organs involved in organomegaly usually are the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes,a-4 Three studies have reported the frequencies of hepatomegaly as 25%, 68%, and 78%; of splenomegaly as 22%, 52%, and 35%;

VAMP2 is implicated in the secretion of antibodies by human plasma cells and can be replaced by other synaptobrevins

The production and secretion of antibodies by human plasma cells(PCs)are two essential processes of humoral immunity.The secretion process relies on a group of proteins known as soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors(SNAREs),which are located in the plasma membrane(t-SNAREs)and in the antibody-carrying vesicle membrane(v-SNARE),and mediate the fusion of both membranes.We have previously shown that SNAP23 and STX4 are the t-SNAREs responsible for antibody secretion.Here,using human PCs and antibody-secreting cell lines,we studied and characterized the expression and subcellular distribution of vesicle associated membrane protein(VAMP)isoforms,demonstrating that all isoforms(with the exception of VAMP1)are expressed by the referenced cells.Furthermore,the functional role in antibody secretion of each expressed VAMP isoform was tested using siRNA.Our results show that VAMP2 may be the v-SNARE involved in vesicular antibody release.To further support this conclusion,we used tetanus toxin light chain to cleave VAMP2,conducted experiments to verify co-localization of VAMP2 in antibody-carrying vesicles,and demonstrated the coimmunoprecipitation of VAMP2 with STX4 and SNAP23 and the in situ interaction of VAMP2 with STX4.Taken together,these findings implicate VAMP2 as the main VAMP isoform functionally involved in antibody secretion.

Physiological and druggable skipping of immunoglobulin variable exons in plasma cells

The error-prone V(D)J recombination process generates considerable amounts of nonproductive immunoglobulin(Ig)pre-mRNAs.We recently demonstrated that aberrant Ig chains lacking variable(V)domains can be produced after nonsense-associated altered splicing(NAS)events.Remarkably,the expression of these truncated Ig polypeptides heightens endoplasmic reticulum stress and shortens plasma cell(PC)lifespan.Many questions remain regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying this new truncated Ig exclusion(TIE-)checkpoint and its restriction to the ultimate stage of B-cell differentiation.To address these issues,we evaluated the extent of NAS of Ig pre-mRNAs using an Ig heavy chain(IgH)knock-in model that allows for uncoupling of V exon skipping from TIE-induced apoptosis.We found high levels of V exon skipping in PCs compared with B cells,and this skipping was correlated with a biallelic boost in IgH transcription during PC differentiation.Chromatin analysis further revealed that the skipped V exon turned into a pseudo-intron.Finally,we showed that hypertranscription of Ig genes facilitated V exon skipping upon passive administration of splice-switching antisense oligonucleotides(ASOs).Thus,V exon skipping is coupled to transcription and increases as PC differentiation proceeds,likely explaining the late occurrence of the TIE-checkpoint and opening new avenues for ASO-mediated strategies in PC disorders.

Application of platelet-rich plasma with stem cells in bone and periodontal tissue engineering

Presently, there is a high paucity of bone grafts in the United States and worldwide. Regenerating bone is of prime concern due to the current demand of bone grafts and the increasing number of diseases causing bone loss. Autogenous bone is the present gold standard of bone regeneration. However, disadvantages like donor site morbidity and its decreased availability limit its use. Even allografts and synthetic grafting materials have their own limitations. As certain specific stem cells can be directed to differentiate into an osteoblastic lineage in the presence of growth factors(GFs), it makes stem cells the ideal agents for bone regeneration.Furthermore, platelet-rich plasma(PRP), which can be easily isolated from whole blood, is often used for bone regeneration, wound healing and bone defect repair. When stem cells are combined with PRP in the presence of GFs, they are able to promote osteogenesis. This review provides in-depth knowledge regarding the use of stem cells and PRP in vitro, in vivo and their application in clinical studies in the future.

From Myeloma to Plasma Cell Leukemia, Persistent Inequalities

Multiple myeloma (MM) is both a complex and heterogeneous disease. Cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities lead to resistance to treatment and transformation to plasma cell leukemia, which is defined by the presence in circulating blood of plasma cells over 2 G/L, or more than 20% of leukocytes. It is an uncommon hematological malignancy with a poor prognosis. Against this backdrop, we report an observation of multiple myeloma transformed into plasma cell leukemia diagnosed at the Hôpital Principal de Dakar (HPD) that occurred on a 64-year-old man with a history of thyroidectomy followed for multiple myeloma presenting with Salmon et Durie stage IIIA and ISS stage I. Despite a marked improvement in management strategy, myeloma remains an almost invariably incurable disease. However, the development of genetic and molecular biomarkers is necessary to improve its prognosis.

Comprehensive Study of SF_6/O_2 Plasma Etching for Mc-Silicon Solar Cells

The mask-free SF6/O2 plasma etching technique is used to produce surface texturization of mc-silicon solar cells for efficient light trapping in this work. The SEM images and mc-silicon etching rate show the influence of plasma power, SF6/O2 flow ratios and etching time on textured surface. With the acidic-texturing samples as a reference, the reflection and IQE spectra are obtained under different experimental conditions. The IQE spectrum measurement shows an evident increase in the visible and infrared responses. By using the optimized plasma power, SF6/O2 flow ratios and etching time, the optimal etticiency of 15.7% on 50 × 50mm2 reactive ion etching textured mc-silicon silicon solar ceils is achieved, mostly due to the improvement in the short-circuit current density. The corresponding open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current density and fill factor are 611 m V, 33.6 mA/cm2, 76.5%, respectively. It is believed that such a low-cost and high-performance texturization process is promising for large-scale industrial silicon solar cell manufacturing.

Bortezomib-Induced Bilateral Eye Swelling and Cutaneous Adverse Reaction in a Patient with Plasma Cell Leukemia—A Case Report

Bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, is an established therapy against plasma cell leukemia—a variant of plasma cell dyscrasias. Its most frequent side effects have been listed as peripheral neuropathy, neuropathic pain, thrombocytopenia, and gastrointestinal problems. Allergic skin reaction is a rarely documented side effect in patients receiving bortezomib-based chemotherapy. A combination therapy consisting of intravenous bortezomib, oral Revlimid tablets, and oral dexamethasone tablets has been prescribed for the patient after his recent diagnosis of plasma cell leukemia. While receiving his third treatment cycle, he developed an allergic reaction (skin rash) involving the neck, and wrists, and mild bilateral eye swelling. The infusion was stopped immediately and then ciprofloxacin ophthalmic solution and oral diphenhydramine 25 mg were prescribed to the patient with significant improvement in his clinical condition. He was temporarily taken off bortezomib. At a follow-up visit a week later, a significant improvement was noticed in his condition. Rash had reduced on neck and wrists, and eye swelling had reduced as well. As of the time of writing this case report, he has been temporarily taken off bortezomib, but other medications in the treatment regimen were continued as prescribed.

Multiple Myeloma: Modification and Adaptation of Plasma Cell Morphology Algorithm for the Prognosis of Congolese Patient

Objectives: To determine the multiple myeloma (MM) prognostic formulas applicable in Congolese with many aberrant and/or immature plasma cells according to GOASGUEN’s plasma cell morphology algorithm (PMA). Methods: The prospective, observational and descriptive study was carried out at the Ngaliema Clinic in Kinshasa from July 2016 to December 2019. The variables studied were the plasma cell types and the prognosis groups according to GOASGUEN and ZANDECKI. The nucleolus, the chromatin and the N/C ratio of 2 for each plasma cell encountered in multiple myeloma are examined in order by asking three successive questions as follows: 1) Is the nucleolus present? If yes, we denote 1;if not, note 0;2) Is the chromatin thin? If yes, we score 1;if not we score 0;3) The N/C ratio is greater than 6, if so, 1 is noted;if not, we note 0. We obtain a number with 3 successive digits preceded by the letter P for each plasma cell. Results: The overall rate of immature plasma cells and aberrant plasma cells in MM among Congolese was high at 26.6%. Their integration in the prognostic formulas showed for group A" = 22 patients, group B" = 5 patients and group C" = 32 patients. Examination of plasma cell types in the deceased showed that 14/17 had a P001 plasma cell count ≥ 15%. Conclusion: The high rate of aberrant and/or immature plasma cells, the P001 plasma cell type at a rate ≥ 15%, found mostly in group C" with poor prognosis, are responsible for the aggressive nature of MM in Congolese Blacks.

Refractory gastric ulcer with abundant IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration: A case report

We describe a 77-year-old man with refractory gastric ulcer that worsened after Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy.Pathology showed marked infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells in the gastric lesions,which led us to suspect IgG4-related sclerosing disease.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first report of IgG4-related gastric ulcer without the main manifestation of autoimmune pancreatitis.

B cells in pancreatic cancer stroma

Pancreatic cancer is a disease with high unmet clinical need.Pancreatic cancer is also characterised by an intense fibrotic stroma,which harbours many immune cells.Studies in both human and animal models have demonstrated that the immune system plays a crucial role in modulating tumour onset and progression.In human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma,high B-cell infiltration correlates with better patient survival.Hence,B cells have received recent interest in pancreatic cancer as potential therapeutic targets.However,the data on the role of B cells in murine models is unclear as it is dependent on the pancreatic cancer model used to study.Nevertheless,it appears that B cells do organise along with other immune cells such as a network of follicular dendritic cells(DCs),surrounded by T cells and DCs to form tertiary lymphoid structures(TLS).TLS are increasingly recognised as sites for antigen presentation,T-cell activation,Bcell maturation and differentiation in plasma cells.In this review we dissect the role of B cells and provide directions for future studies to harness the role of B cells in treatment of human pancreatic cancer.

Venetoclax in combination with chidamide and dexamethasone in relapsed/refractory primary plasma cell leukemia without t(11;14):A case report

BACKGROUND Conventional therapies for primary plasma cell leukemia(pPCL)are usually ineffective,with a short remission time with the use of multiple myeloma medications,showing aggressiveness of pPCL.B-cell lymphoma-2 inhibitor venetoclax is usually used for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma(RRMM)with t(11;14).There are very few studies published on the use of venetoclax in pPCL without t(11;14).Similarly,histone deacetylase inhibitors are considered effective for the treatment of RRMM,but there are no reports on their use in pPCL.CASE SUMMARY A 57-year-old woman with severe anemia,thrombocytopenia,multiple bone destruction,impaired renal function,and 42.7%of peripheral plasma cells is reported.After multiple chemotherapy regimens and chimeric antigen receptor Tcell treatment,the disease progressed again.The patient had very good partial response and was maintained for a long time on venetoclax in combination with chidamide and dexamethasone therapy.CONCLUSION The success of venetoclax-chidamide-dexamethasone combination therapy in achieving a very good partial response suggested that it can be used for refractory/relapsed pPCL patients who have been exhausted with the use of various drug combinations and had poor survival outcomes.

Effect of Cold Plasma on Cell Viability and Collagen Synthesis in Cultured Murine Fibroblasts

An argon atmospheric pressure plasma jet was employed to treat L929 murine fibroblasts cultured in vitro.Experimental results showed that,compared with the control cells,the treatment of fibroblasts with 15 s of plasma led to a significant increase of cell viability and collagen synthesis,while the treatment of 25 s plasma resulted in a remarkable decrease.Exploration of related mechanisms suggested that cold plasma could up-regulate Cyclin D1 gene expression and down-regulate p27 gene expression at a low dose,while it could down-regulate Cyclin D1 expression and up-regulate p27 expression at a higher dose,thus altering the cell cycle progression,and then affecting cell viability and collagen synthesis of fibroblasts.

Cytotoxicity of Modified Nonequilibrium Plasma with Chlorhexidine Digluconate on Primary Cultured Human Gingival Fibroblasts

The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity of modified nonequilibrium plasma with chlorhexidine digluconate（CHX） on human gingival fibroblasts（HGFs）, and to evaluate the biosecurity of modified nonequilibrium plasma with 2% CHX as a new method of root canal treatment. Tissue samples taken from human gingiva were primarily cultured and passaged. Cells from passages 3–7 were used. HGFs were treated by modified nonequilibrium plasma with 2% CHX for 0 min（control group）, 30 s, 1 min, 1.5 min, 3 min, 5 min, and 10 min, respectively, and then they were incubated for 0, 24, and 48 h. After that, cell counting kit-8（CCK-8） assay was applied to analyze the cytotoxicity of modified nonequilibrium plasma with 2% CHX on HGFs. There was no significant difference between the 0 h group treated with the modified nonequilibrium plasma for 1 min and the control group（P〉0.05）. However, there were significant differences between all the other treated groups and the control group（P〈0.05）. When treated for 1.5 min or shorter, the cell viability was obviously increased; while treated for 3 min or longer, it was obviously reduced. Moreover, when successively cultured for 0, 24, and 48 h, cell viability was decreased at first and then increased in the 3-min-treated and 5-min-treated groups. The modified nonequilibrium plasma with 2% CHX was of no influence on cell viability in 1.5 min treatment, and it could be safely used on root canal treatment.

Platelet-rich plasma,an adjuvant biological therapy to assist peripheral nerve repair

Therapies such as direct tension-free microsurgical repair or transplantation of a nerve autograft,are nowadays used to treat traumatic peripheral nerve injuries（PNI）,focused on the enhancement of the intrinsic regenerative potential of injured axons.However,these therapies fail to recreate the suitable cellular and molecular microenvironment of peripheral nerve repair and in some cases,the functional recovery of nerve injuries is incomplete.Thus,new biomedical engineering strategies based on tissue engineering approaches through molecular intervention and scaffolding offer promising outcomes on the field.In this sense,evidence is accumulating in both,preclinical and clinical settings,indicating that platelet-rich plasma products,and fibrin scaffold obtained from this technology,hold an important therapeutic potential as a neuroprotective,neurogenic and neuroinflammatory therapeutic modulator system,as well as enhancing the sensory and motor functional nerve muscle unit recovery.

Selinexor, Carfilzomib, Pomalidomide, and Dexamethasone as a Salvage Regimen for Refractory and Relapsed Multiple Myeloma with Plasma-Cell Leukemia Transformation: A Case Report and Literature Review

Refractory and relapsed multiple myeloma (RRMM) with plasma-cell leukemia (PCL) transformation is highly aggressive and resistant to conventional therapy. Novel therapeutics are needed for RRMM-transformed PCL. Selinexor [an oral exportin 1 (XPO1) inhibitor], carfilzomib (a second-in-class proteasome inhibitor), pomalidomide (third generation of immunomodulatory drug) are usually used for RRMM, but there are no reports on their application in PCL transformation. We describe a 62-year-old male initially diagnosed with MM IgD-lambda type with complex karyotype and extramedullary plasmacytoma in 2020, and relapsed after five months of autologous stem cell transplantation. Despite the use of various therapies, the patient rapidly developed into PCL over a 4-month period. The patient was started on selinexor, carfilzomib, pomalidomide, and dexamethasone (XKPd) combination as a salvage regimen in July 2021. He achieved fast response in first cycle. Then, he fulfilled third cycle of consolidation treatment and got four-month remission. The success of XKPd therapy in achieving a good response suggests its utility in RRMM transformed-PCL patients, who have exhausted various combinations of drug regimens and have historically poor survival outcomes.

Development of plasma cell dyscrasias in a patient with chronic myeloid leukemia:A case report

BACKGROUND Chronic myeloid leukemia(CML)is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder.Plasma cell dyscrasias are a rare heterogeneous group of hematological disorders.The co-occurrence of CML and plasma cell dyscrasias in the same patient is an extremely rare incident and has been reported in several cases in the literature.CASE SUMMARY In the present report,we described a rare case of the co-occurrence of CML and plasma cell dyscrasias in a 48-year-old man,and we discussed the reason why monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance progressed to smoldering multiple myeloma and eventually to multiple myeloma while being treated with dasatinib for CML.The tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment and cytogenetic change may contribute to this phenomenon,and clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential may lead to both CML and multiple myeloma cells in a patient.Future studies are warranted to further explain the hidden reasons.CONCLUSION This case highlights that gene translocation may contribute to initiation and sustainability of clonal proliferation.Moreover,the treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitor and cytogenetic change may contribute to progression from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to smoldering multiple myeloma and eventually to multiple myeloma.

PRIMARY PLASMA CELL LEUKEMIA(A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF 44 CASES)

Four cases of primary plasma cell leukemia (PPCL) admitted to Zhongshan Hospital from 1959 to 1987 are reported with a review on additional 40 cases reported in China. Comparing with the 57 cases of multiple myeloma (MM) treated in our hospital, the following features were observed in PPCL: (1) The age was younger, with a mean of 45.2 years, 34.1% of the patients were under 40 years. (2) Onset was abrupt. Duration from onset to diagnosis was 2 months or less in 77% patients but never beyond 6 months. (3) 81.8% patients had liver enlargement, 59.1% splenomegaly and 61.4% sternum tenderness. (4) All patients showed marked anemia with an average hemoglobin of 65 g/L. BPC count was less than 100 × 109/L in 76% patients and WBC was more than 10×109/L in 77%. (5) Plasma cell number in the marrow was markedly increased with an average of 69%, of which the blast cells and immature forms were predominant. (6) No destruction of bones was shown on X-ray film in 68.3% patients. (7) The response to chemotherapy was poor with a total response rate of 18% and a mean survival of 2 months. All the above-mentioned clinical features were significantly different from those of MM. In addition, these two diseases were also different in cytology, cytogenetics and ultrastructure. Therefore, PPCL should be considered as a special type of acute leukemia distinct from MM. High dose of alkylating agents in combination with autologous bone marrow transplantation might improve the prognoses.

Plasma Cell Leukemia: A Case Report and Literature Review

<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Plasma cell leukemia is a rare malignant hemopathy, characterized by a peripheral plasma cell proliferation of more than 20% of the leukocyte formula. A few rare cases have been described. From which we report a case of plasma cell leukemia in a 52-year-old Nigerien subject initially in a coma, whose anemia led to the diagnosis in the Onco-Hematology department of the National Hospital of Niamey and the evolution was marked by clinical and biological remission after 3 cures of CTD, but died in an infectious picture after 6 cures.