Consumer willingness to pay for plastic bags levy and willingness to accept eco-friendly alternatives in Botswana

Plastic bags, though commonly used for packaging of goods, are highly durable and non- biodegradable. Plastic bag litter serves as a negative environmental externality detrimental to animal health and natural beauty of the environment. In an effort to curtail the excessive use of plastic bags in Botswana, the government introduced a plastic levy targeted at consumers at retail points. This study uses primary data collected from 367 respondents randomly selected from six geospatially and purposively selected shopping malls to determine the consumers＇ willingness to pay （WTP） for continued plastic bag usage and their willingness to accept （WTA） to shift to eco-friendly alternatives. The results of the study revealed that open dumping and burning of plastic litter are more common in Maun than in Gaborone, It also showed that there is a significant relationship between the level of education and W＇FP. Further, there is a significant variation in income and education in respect to environmental awareness. The government should improve its efforts of sensitizing the public about the improper disposal of plastic bags.

Effect Analysis About Suffocating the Larva of Bactrocera minax with No-insecticide Plastic Bags

[Objective] The aim of this study was to select an efficient and non-pol-luting method to kil the larva of fruit fly in citrus. [Method] The larvae of Bactrocera minax in citrus fruits were suffocated using plastic bags with or without a certain concentration of pesticide. Then, the mortality of in different treatments was measured 24, 48, 60, 240 and 480 h later. Final y, variance analysis was carried out. [Result] There was no significant difference in the mortality between the two treatments： suffocating the larvae with sealed plastic bags containing no or a certain concentration of pesticide 5 d. later. The former had high mortality, but also was economic and without any pol ution. The orange maggots were more easier to be kil ed in sealed plastic bags. [Conclusion] Suffocating orange maggots with no-insec-ticide plastic bag is economic, efficient and has no pol ution to the environment.

An Analysis of the Impact of Charging for Plastic Shopping Bags to Retailers in Japan

In accordance with a revision of the Containers and Packaging Recycling Law, there is an accelerating trend towards charging for plastic shopping bags （PSBs） in Japan for the purpose of reducing their discharge. The objectives of this research were to gauge, by means of a questionnaire survey, the opinions of retailers with regard to charging for PSBs, and to consider future directions for reducing the quantity of waste discharged. A questionnaire survey on charging for PSBs was conducted for retail stores in Shizuoka City. The survey was carried out in two phases. The results of the first phase （August to October 2008） showed that supermarkets were generally positive, while conversely other retailer types were negative. The results of the second phase （November to December, 2010）, targeting only supermarkets that had introduced charging after the first survey, showed that there was no major confusion and the shift proceeded relatively smoothly. In addition, the number of customers did not decline on account of charging, and the ratio of shoppers bringing their own reusable ＂eco bags＂ jumped dramatically. On these accounts, it is evident that charging for PSBs is an effective means of reducing usage of PSBs. The authors view it as important for the relevant governmental agencies to work towards promoting charging at retailers and simultaneously repeatedly explaining to consumers the necessity for charging.

Eco-friendly concept:female clothing design inspired by plastic bag's pattern

Environment is facing lots of problems mainly caused by plastic bags.Plastic bags have very harmful effect on environment as they don't dispose of.Recycling is a process in which the waste material can be reused and re-created to give it a new look which also saves money and make environment eco-friendly.This study focuses on conveying eco-friendly fashion concept to the consumers.Inspired by plastic bags'shape and patterns,the author creates a new method of pattern making for female clothing which decorated on different materials.Through design practices and draping experiments,a new ready-to-wear collection shows the more possibility of eco-friendly idea in fashion industry.

Households’ Willingness-to-Pay to Reduce the Use of Plastic Bags: Case Study in Viet Nam

This study used the Binary Logistic regression model to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) to reduce the use of plastic bags in the daily life of people in the Linh Nam ward. This study notes that households with higher incomes and higher levels of education tend to be more willing to pay. In addition, those who do not have access to information about the harmful effects of plastic bags and receive a higher proposed price often refuse to pay.

Travels of 3 plastic bags

You’ve bought what you need.The grocery cashier asks,"Will that be paper or plastic?You reply"Plastic,please."This seems like a simple question and there are plenty of reasons we choose plastic:easier to carry,lighter than paper bags,possibly less damaging to the environment,less expensive to the shop owners,able to be used as trash bag。

Research on utilizing recycled plastic to make environment-friendly plywood

In our study, we replaced traditional adhesives with compounds made with recycled plastic shopping bags in order to make hot-melt plywood using various amounts of plastic film, different hot-pressing temperatures and hot-pressing times. All three variables have an effect on the intensity and water-resistance of plywood. The results show that the bonding strength of plywood does not increase with increasing amounts of plastic film. When the hot-pressing temperature is increased to 150℃, the bonding strength does not necessarily increase any further. At a hot-pressing time of 6 min, the bonding strength reaches a maximum, after which it will decrease. The optimum hot-pressing parameters are as follows： 100 g·m^-2 of recycled plastic, a hot-pressing temperature of 150℃ and a hot-pressing time of 6 min. This study puts forward a new idea of making use of plastic waste, which, ultimately, may solve the problem of formaldehyde emission without damaging the environment. It has enormous potential market applications.

基于多元分析的快递塑料包装袋样本光谱鉴别

为建立一种区分现场快递塑料包装袋物证的分类模型,利用X射线荧光光谱仪对39个不同颜色、不同公司的快递塑料包装袋样本进行检验。根据外表面颜色不同将39个样本初步分为3类;根据X射线荧光光谱仪测定的样本无机元素含量利用系统聚类进行进一步分组;通过判别分析构建分类模型,模型对已知样本归类准确率达100%。通过多元线性回归分析对分类结果进行检验,分类结果与判别分析结果一致。将2个未知样本代入模型进行验证,模型实现了100%的正确归类。

塑料温室空调-风袋系统通风过程数值模拟与分析

【目的】验证塑料温室空调-风袋系统的降温、除湿性能,分析空调系统开启后温室内温湿度均一性水平。【方法】以湖北省十堰地区的塑料温室为研究对象,在现场实测的基础上结合已有的理论模型,建立了空温室和食用菌温室两种瞬态计算流体力学仿真模型,对空调-风袋系统开启后温室内温度和水蒸气的分布进行研究。【结果】模型经实测验证,模拟值和实测值的相对误差在12.5%以内,归一化均方根差值小于0.011。模拟结果表明,空温室平均温度可在5 min内由26℃降至22℃,食用菌温室平均温度在50 min内由26℃降至24℃以下,并保持稳定;两种温室温度的不均匀系数平均为0.0062和0.0073,水蒸气质量分数的不均匀系数平均为0.0087和0.0102。【结论】空调-风袋系统可以满足食用菌初秋时节养菌阶段的温度要求,且温室内温湿度均一性好;模拟结果可为传感器布局提供参考依据。

流动注射偶合化学发光法快速测定食品塑料袋中可浸出有机化合物的总量

建立一种食品包装袋中可浸出有机物质总量的新型分析方法。以食品塑料袋为样品,经超声波浸提后,用微波压力密闭快速消解浸提液,利用鲁米诺-过氧化氢-铬偶合流动注射化学发光体系进行测定。结果表明:有机物相当于铬(Ⅲ)的线性范围为1.154×10-10～1.154×10-5mol/L(1/3Cr3+),铬(Ⅲ)检出限为4.476×10-11mol/L(1/3Cr3+),RSD为3.1%(n=3)。该法灵敏度高,操作简便、测定快速、成本低廉,利于普及推广。

食品塑料袋中重金属元素溶出量的快速质谱分析

利用带八极杆碰撞/反应池(ORS)和屏蔽炬技术的电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)直接测定食品塑料袋中Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Sn、Sb、Pb等多种重金属元素的溶出量。通过向碰撞池中引入氢气和氦气消除多元素分子离子的干扰,以50μg/L的Ge、In、Tb为内标元素校正基体干扰和漂移。该方法对10种待测元素的检出限在0.003～0.153μg/L之间,相对标准偏差在0.70%～2.51%之间,样品的加标回收率在90.0%～106.0%之间,该方法简便,快速,结果准确可信。

SPE结合GC-MS定性定量测定一次性塑料血袋水浸提液中的还原物质

A method was established for qualitative and quantitative determination of the reducing substances from plastic blood bags aqueous extract.The samples were extracted with a solid-phase extraction procedure,dichloromethane qua extract solvents,and were measured with GC-MS.With this method,we determined several reducing substances from plastic blood bags aqueous extract and fixed quantify on DEHP (di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate),one of the dominating reducing substances.The method was simple and can be used for the quality control of plastic blood bags.

改良CO_(2)输送与全自动注射系统在血液透析动静脉通路造影的运用研究

目的探索构建CO_(2)气体输送系统并联合全自动高压注射系统在血液透析动静脉通路(arteriovenous access,AVA)CO_(2)造影的运用。方法用飞利浦Allura Xper FD10数字剪影血管造影机,将医用无菌塑料袋CO_(2)气体输送系统连接Medrad Mark V ProVis自动高压注射系统,对33例尿毒症患者AVA进行血管造影术,对可获得清晰血管影像时CO_(2)使用剂量、注射速度、摄像频率、副反应等技术参数进行观察和记录。结果33例患者安全完成既定198次造影检查,31例患者执行了腔内治疗,2例完成开放手术治疗;AVA常见外周血管使用CO_(2)5~20ml/次,速度5~10ml/s;中心静脉60~80ml/次,速度25~30ml/s可以获得清晰影像;仅1例患者造影部位出现疼痛数字评价量表(numeric rating scale,NRS)6级疼痛,其余患者无任何不良反应。结论本研究所构建CO_(2)塑料袋气体输送系统简便安全,结合全自动高压注射系统可以自动精准注射CO_(2),减少医护人员射线暴露,对有残余肾功能和碘剂过敏AVA患者提供了安全可靠的血管造影手段,可以推广。

儿科临床开放式和封闭式输液使用的对比实验

目的:对开放式和封闭式输液的微生物和微粒污染状态进行对照比较。方法:按中国药典不溶性微粒和微生物法进行测定。结果:两种输液中微生物污染无显著差异。但不溶性微粒污染有显著差异。结论:封闭式输液在微粒污染方面明显少于开放式输液。

高速纸塑复合袋制筒机的传动系统设计

为解决目前纸塑复合袋制筒机生产的产品种类尺寸单一的问题,对制筒机传动系统进行研究设计。通过对纸塑复合袋制筒的工艺过程分析,设计了高速纸塑复合袋制筒机的纯机械传动系统原理模型及该系统相关调整方案。通过计算分析,确定了该传动系统所有传动比和椭圆齿轮的尺寸并进行传动系统详细设计,利用solidworks软件对该传动系统进行运动仿真验证,证明了该传动系统中送纸棍、印版滚筒和刺孔滚筒的速度一致性,很好地保证了系统的协调性和稳定性。

高活性固体物料密闭转运方式的探讨

根据职业暴露等级OEB及职业暴露限值OEL确定污染控制方案及措施,高活性物料以及普通物料运送方式和接口方法分析,近年出现的采用抛弃型塑料袋运送物料系统(可以达到OEB2级)和采用抛弃型密闭塑料袋运送物料系统(可以达到OEB5级)分析,从而对高活性固体物料密闭转运方式提出参考建议。

The mechanical properties of plastic evidence bags used for collection and storage of drug chemicals relevant to clandestine laboratory investigations

The effectiveness of three types of plastic bags used by the New South Wales Police Force for the storage of clandestine drug evidence has been investigated through a comparison of mechanical properties.The tensile and tear properties of“as received”low-density polyethylene(LDPE)and poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC)bags do not show major differences such that one type would be favoured over the other.However,the mechanical properties of the bags once exposed to a range of chemicals routinely collected as drug evidence have been shown to be influenced as a result of different chemical interactions.Although an interaction of reagents/solvents with an additive within the LDPE bags is proposed to influence the mechanical properties of the bags,the change in properties has been shown to be less severe than that observed for the PVC bag,where softening and damage of the bags results due to absorption of reagents.

Gene-modified leucoconcentrate for personalized ex vivo gene therapy in a mini pig model of moderate spinal cord injury

We previously demonstrated that gene-modified umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells overexpressing a combination of recombinant neurotrophic factors are a promising therapeutic approach for cell-mediated gene therapy for neurodegenerative diseases,neurotrauma,and stroke.In this study,using a mini pig model of spinal cord injury,we proposed for the first time the use of gene-modified leucoconcentrate prepared from peripheral blood in the plastic blood bag for personalized ex vivo gene therapy.Leucoconcentrate obtained from mini pig peripheral blood was transduced with a chimeric adenoviral vector(Ad5/35 F)that carried an enhanced green fluorescent protein(EGFP)reporter gene in the plastic blood bag.The day after blood donation,the mini pigs were subjected to moderate SCI and four hours post-surgery they were intravenously autoinfused with gene-modified leucoconcentrate.A week after gene-modified leucoconcentrate therapy,fluorescent microscopy revealed EGFP-expressing leucocytes in spinal cord at the site of contusion injury.In the spleen the groups of EGFP-positive cells located in the lymphoid follicles were observed.In vitro flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy studies of the gene-modified leucoconcentrate samples also confirmed the production of EGFP by leucocytes.Thus,the efficacy of leucocytes transduction in the plastic blood bag and their migratory potential suggest their use for temporary production of recombinant biologically active molecules to correct certain pathological conditions.This paper presents a proof-of-concept of simple,safe and effective approach for personalized ex vivo gene therapy based on gene-modified leucoconcentrate autoinfusion.The animal protocols were approved by the Kazan State Medical University Animal Care and Use Committee(approval No.5)on May 27,2014.

基于系统动力学的塑料袋使用模型仿真研究

塑料袋造成的环境污染问题是目前全世界面临的最严重的环保问题之一,针对塑料袋使用情况,采用系统动力学的方法,运用Vensim软件进行建模仿真,分析了影响塑料袋使用情况的主要因素,并对影响塑料袋使用的三个关键常量进行了仿真模拟分析,得到了以下仿真结果提高环保宣传力度,可以有效的减少人们使用塑料袋的意愿,从而减少塑料袋的使用量;改变塑料袋税率对塑料袋使用量的影响不明显;限制塑料袋厚度,能够提高塑料袋的再利用率,从而减少塑料袋的使用和废弃。

纸塑复合袋磁力纠偏系统设计及多因素下形变影响分析

目的针对纸塑复合袋在传输过程中褶皱、跑偏等问题,提出一种基于磁力压紧装置的纸塑复合袋纠偏系统。方法首先根据磁力压紧纠偏原理设计一套纠偏系统;然后基于显式动力学有限元接触理论,对不同影响因素下纸塑复合袋的形变进行有限元仿真分析;最后搭建实验平台,并测量纸塑复合袋的形变,验证仿真结果。结果在此计算工况下得到了较优方案,纸塑复合袋与皮带间的动摩擦因数为0.25,磁压力为7 N,皮带间的间距为476 mm。结论实验平台得到的结果与仿真结果基本一致。根据实验结果改进的磁力纠偏系统能够应用于纸塑复合袋的纠偏,满足工业生产需求。