Buried straw layer and plastic mulching increase microflora diversity in salinized soil

Salt stress has been increasingly constraining crop productivity in arid lands of the world. In our recent study, salt stress was aleviated and crop productivity was improved remarkably by straw layer burial plus plastic iflm mulching in a saline soil. However, its impact on the microlfora diversity is not wel documented. Field micro-plot experiments were conducted from 2010 to 2011 using four tilage methods： （i） deep tilage with plastic iflm mulching （CK）, （i） straw layer burial at 40 cm （S）, （ii） straw layer burial plus surface soil mulching with straw material （S＋S）, and （iv） plastic iflm mulching plus buried straw layer （P＋S）. Culturable microbes and predominant bacterial communities were studied; based on 16S rDNA, bacterial com-munity structure and abundance were characterized using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and polymerase chain reaction （PCR）. Results showed that P＋S was the most favorable for culturable bacteria, actinomyces and fungi and induced the most diverse genera of bacteria compared to other tilage methods. Soil temperature had signiifcant positive correlations with the number of bacteria, actinomyces and fungi （P〈0.01）. However, soil water was poorly correlated with any of the microbes. Salt content had a signiifcant negative correlation with the number of microbers, especialy for bacteria and fungi （P〈0.01）. DGGE analysis showed that the P＋S exhibited the highest diversity of bacteria with 20 visible bands folowed by S＋S, S and CK. Moreover, P＋S had the highest similarity （68%） of bacterial communities with CK. The major bacterial genera in al soil samples wereFirmicutes,Proteobacteria andActinobacteria. Given the considerable increase in microbial growth, the combined use of straw layer burial and plastic iflm mulching could be a practical option for aleviating salt stress effects on soil microbial community and thereby improving crop production in arid saline soils.

Effects of soil moisture on cotton root length density and yield under drip irrigation with plastic mulch in Aksu Oasis farmland

Effects of soil moisture on cotton root length density (total root length per unit soil volume) and yield under drip irrigation with plastic mulch were studied through field experiments. The results indicate that spatial distributions of root length density of cotton under various water treatments were basically similar. Horizontally, both root length densities of cotton in wide and narrow rows were similar, and higher than that between mulches. Vertically, root length density of cotton decreased with increasing soil depth. The distribution of root length density is different under different irrigation treatments. In conditions of over-irrigation, the root length density of cotton between mulches would increase. However, it would decrease in both the wide rows and narrow rows. The mean root length density of cotton increased with increasing irrigation water. Water stress caused the root length density to increase in lower soil layers. There is a significant correlation between root length density and yields of cotton at the flower-boll and wadding stages. The regression between irrigation amount and yield of cotton can be expressed as y = -0.0026x2+18.015x-24845 (R2 = 0.959). It showed that the irrigation volume of 3,464.4 m3/hm2 led to op-timal root length density. The yield of cotton was 6,360 .8 kg/hm2 under that amount of irrigation.

Effects of plastic mulching film-induced leaf burning on seedling growth in tobacco cultivation:Different findings beyond conservation view

Solving high-temperature plastic mulching film-induced leaf burning in the first week during tobacco cultivation would take much time and effort. In the present study, the growth as well as the leaf sugar and nicotine contents of seedlings with or without leaf burning induced by high-temperature plastic mulching film were tested at two independent sites in 2015 and 2016 to identify the influence of leaf burning on seedling growth. The results showed that the growth of seedlings with leaf burning was improved with increased leaf area, leaf number and plant height compared to those without leaf burning, combined with an increased seedling survival rate at two sites in two years. In seedlings with leaf burning, the contents of fructose and glucose increased and peaked at 11：00 and 13：00 in the leaf and root, respectively, with an increased root nicotine content beginning at 13：00, highlighting the signalling role of sugars. Activities of antioxidant enzymes including peroxidase （POD）, superoxide dismutase （SOD） and catalase （CAT） were all increased in seedlings with leaf burning. More plant biomass was allocated to roots in seedlings with leaf burning with increased root volume compared to control seedlings, which might facilitate the absorption of water and nutrients from the soil. Our findings demonstrate that high-temperature plastic mulching film-induced leaf burning not inhibited but benefited seedling survival and growth, suggesting that the time and labour-consuming manual plucking of burnt leaves can be avoided during tobacco cultivation.

Reducing water and nitrogen inputs combined with plastic mulched ridge-furrow irrigation improves soil water and salt status in arid saline areas,China

Plastic mulched ridge-furrow irrigation is a useful method to improve crop productivity and decrease salt accumulation in arid saline areas.However,inappropriate irrigation and fertilizer practices may result in ecological and environmental problems.In order to improve the resource use efficiency in these areas,we investigated the effects of different irrigation amounts(400(I1),300(I2)and 200(I3)mm)and nitrogen application rates(300(F1)and 150(F2)kg N/hm^(2))on water consumption,salt variation and resource use efficiency of spring maize(Zea mays L.)in the Hetao Irrigation District(HID)of Northwest China in 2017 and 2018.Result showed that soil water contents were 0.2%-8.9%and 13.9%-18.1%lower for I2 and I3 than for I1,respectively,but that was slightly higher for F2 than for F1.Soil salt contents were 7.8%-23.5%and 48.5%-48.9%lower for I2 than for I1 and I3,but that was 1.6%-5.5%higher for F1 than for F2.Less salt leaching at the early growth stage(from sowing to six-leaf stage)and higher salt accumulation at the peak growth stage(from six-leaf to tasseling stage and from grain-filling to maturity stage)resulted in a higher soil salt content for I3 than for I1 and I2.Grain yields for I1 and I2 were significantly higher than that for I3 and irrigation water use efficiency for I2 was 14.7%-34.0%higher than that for I1.Compared with F1,F2 increased the partial factor productivity(PFP)of nitrogen fertilizer by more than 80%.PFP was not significantly different between I1F2 and I2F2,but significantly higher than those of other treatments.Considering the goal of saving water and nitrogen resources,and ensuring food security,we recommended the combination of I2F2 to ensure the sustainable development of agriculture in the HID and other similar arid saline areas.

The first factor affecting dryland winter wheat grain yield under various mulching measures: Spike number

Water is the key factor limiting dryland wheat grain yield.Mulching affects crop yield and yield components by affecting soil moisture.Further research is needed to determine the relationships between yield components and soil moisture with yield,and to identify the most important factor affecting grain yield under various mulching measures.A long-term 9-yearifeld experiment in the Loess Plateau of Northwest China was carried out with three treatments:no mulch (CK),plastic mulch (M_(P)) and straw mulch (M_(S)).Yield factors and soil moisture were measured,and the relationships between them were explored by correlation analysis,structural equation modeling and significance analysis.The results showed that compared with CK,the average grain yields of M_(P) and M_(S) increased by 13.0and 10.6%,respectively.The average annual grain yield of the M_(P) treatment was 134 kg ha^(–1) higher than the M_(S) treatment.There were no significant differences in yield components among the three treatments (P<0.05).Soil water storage of the M_(S) treatment was greater than the M_(P) treatment,although the differences were not statistically signifiant.Soil water storage during the summer fallow period (SWSSF) and soil water storage before sowing (SWSS) of M_(S) were significantly higher than in CK,which increased by 38.5 and 13.6%,respectively.The relationship between M_(P) and CK was not statistically significant for SWSSF,but the SWSS in M_(P) was significantly higher than in CK.In terms of soil water storage after harvest (SWSH) and water consumption in the growth period(ET),there were no signi?cant differences among the three treatments.Based on the three analysis methods,we found that spike number and ET were positively correlated with grain yield.However,the relative importance of spike number to yield was the greatest in the M_(P )and M_(S) treatments,while that of ET was the greatest in CK.Suifcient SWSSF could indirectly increase spike number and ET in the three treatments.Based on these results,mulch can improve yield and soil water storage.The most important factor affecting the grain yield of dryland wheat was spike number under mulching,and ET with CK.These findings may help us to understand the main factors influencing dryland wheat grain yield under mulching conditions compared to CK.

Improving maize growth and development simulation by integrating temperature compensatory effect under plastic film mulching into the AquaCrop model

Temperature compensatory effect, which quantifies the increase in cumulative air temperature from soil temperature increase caused by mulching, provides an effective method for incorporating soil temperature into crop models. In this study, compensated temperature was integrated into the AquaCrop model to investigate the capability of the compensatory effect to improve assessment of the promotion of maize growth and development by plastic film mulching(PM). A three-year experiment was conducted from2014 to 2016 with two maize varieties(spring and summer) and two mulching conditions(PM and non-mulching(NM)), and the AquaCrop model was employed to reproduce crop growth and yield responses to changes in NM, PM, and compensated PM. A marked difference in soil temperature between NM and PM was observed before 50 days after sowing(DAS) during three growing seasons. During sowing–emergence and emergence–tasseling, the increase in air temperature was proportional to the compensatory coefficient, with spring maize showing a higher compensatory temperature than summer maize. Simulation results for canopy cover(CC) were generally in good agreement with the measurements, whereas predictions of aboveground biomass and grain yield under PM indicated large underestimates from 60 DAS to the end of maturity. Simulations of spring maize biomass and yield showed general increase based on temperature compensation, accompanied by improvement in modeling accuracy, with RMSEs decreasing from 2.5 to 1.6 t ha^(-1)and from 4.1 t to 3.4 t ha^(-1). Improvement in biomass and yield simulation was less pronounced for summer than for spring maize, implying that crops grown during low-temperature periods would benefit more from the compensatory effect. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of the temperature compensatory effect to improve the performance of the AquaCrop model in simulating maize growth under PM practices.

Can soil organic carbon sequestration and the carbon management index be improved by changing the film mulching methods in the semiarid region?

Plastic film mulching has been widely used to increase maize yield in the semiarid area of China.However, whether long-term plastic film mulching is conducive to agricultural sustainability in this region remains controversial.A field experiment was initiated in 2013 with five different film mulching methods:(i) control method, flat planting without mulching (CK),(ii) flat planting with half film mulching (P),(iii) film mulching on ridges and planting in narrow furrows(S),(iv) full film mulching on double ridges (D), and (v) film mulching on ridges and planting in wide furrows (R).The effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) content, storage, and fractions, and on the carbon management index (CMI)were evaluated after nine consecutive years of plastic film mulching.The results showed that long-term plastic film mulching generally maintained the initial SOC level.Compared with no mulching, plastic film mulching increased the average crop yield, biomass yield, and root biomass by 48.38, 35.06, and 37.32%, respectively, which led to the improvement of SOC sequestration.Specifically, plastic film mulching significantly improved CMI, and increased the SOC content by 13.59%, SOC storage by 7.47%and easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC) by 13.78%on average,but it reduced the other labile fractions.SOC sequestration and CMI were improved by refining the plastic film mulching methods.The S treatment had the best effect among the four mulching methods, so it can be used as a reasonable film mulching method for sustainable agricultural development in the semiarid area.

Agricultural water conservation in China:plastic mulch and traditional irrigation

Plastic mulch is commonly used with micro-irrigation in developed countries;however,Chinese farmers use plastic mulch on a vast scale independent of micro-irrigation.For the past three decades,China’s land area in plastic mulch has exceeded the world’s total land area in micro-irrigation.We report results from the water-scarce region of Minqin County,where 87%of Chinese farmers interviewed responded that they use plastic mulch to conserve water and 53%to increase yields.Survey results indicated the desire to conserve water through the use of plastic mulch to be statistically equivalent to the desire to increase yields.Responses to interviews and surveys indicate that farmers perceive water savings of 24-26%when plastic mulch is used.Interview and survey responses suggest farming families are shifting to purchasing wheat from outside the region;a potential import of"virtual water"into this water-scarce region.

Effects of plastic film mulching on soil greenhouse gases(CO2,CH4 and N2O) concentration within soil profiles in maize fields on the Loess Plateau,China

To better understand the effects of plastic film mulching on soil greenhouse gases（GHGs） emissions,we compared seasonal and vertical variations of GHG concentrations at seven soil depths in maize（Zea mays L.） fields at Changwu station in Shaanxi,a semi-humid region,between 2012 and 2013.Gas samples were taken simultaneously every one week from non-mulched（BP） and plastic film-mulched（FM） field plots.The results showed that the concentration of GHGs varied distinctly at the soil-atmosphere interface and in the soil profile during the maize growing season（MS）.Both carbon dioxide（CO_2） and nitrous oxide（N_2O） concentrations increased with increasement of soil depth,while the methane（CH_4）concentrations decreased with increasement of soil depth.A strong seasonal variation pattern was found for CO_2 and N_2O concentrations,as compared to an inconspicuous seasonal variation of CH_4 concentrations.The mean CO_2 and N_2O concentrations were higher,but the mean CH_4 concentration in the soil profiles was lower in the FM plots than in the BP plots.The results of this study suggested that plastic film mulching significantly increased the potential emissions of CO_2and N_2O from the soil,and promoted CH_4 absorption by the soil,particularly during the MS.

Mulching with plastic film improved the root quality of summersown sweet potato(Ipomoea batatas(L).Lam.)in northern China

The root quality of sweet potato cultivated during the summer season is poor in northern China;thus,this study was conducted to determine whether root quality could be improved through mulching with plastic film(MPF).The effect of MPF on root starch and its composition,the activity of starch synthesis enzymes,and other quality-related parameters were investigated in two purple flesh sweet potato cultivars,Jishu 18 and Ayamurasaki(Aya).The results indicated that root dry matter,anthocyanin content,adenosine triphosphate(ATP),and starch content were higher in both cultivars under the MPF treatment than those under the control treatment.The root adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase/uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase(ADPGPPase/UDPGPPase)activity and adenosine triphosphatease(ATPase)activity were increased using MPF.However,under the MPF treatment,the amylose content,soluble sugar content,and granule-bound synthase(GBSS)activity increased in Jishu 18 but decreased in Aya,and the amylopectin content,protein content,and soluble starch synthase(SSS)activity decreased in Jishu 18 but increased in Aya.Therefore,MPF seems benifit to improve the quality of sweet potato,but the effects of this treatment condition may be dependent on the cultivar.

Cotton's Water Demand and Water-Saving Benefits under Drip Irrigation with Plastic Film Mulch

The primary purpose of this research was to give suitable irrigation program according to the growth period and water requirement.A cotton field experiment with mulched drip irrigation was conducted at the National Field Observation and Research Station for Oasis Farmland Ecosystem in Aksu of Xinjiang in 2008.Water balance method was adopted to study the water requirement and water consumption law of cotton under mulched drip irrigation in Tarim Irrigated Area.Statistical analysis of experimental data of irrigation indicates that the relationship between yield of cotton and irrigation presents a quadratic parabola.We fit the model of cotton water production on the basis of field experimental data of cotton.And the analysis on water saving benefit of cotton under mulched drip irrigation was done.Results indicate that water requirements for the irrigated cotton are 543 mm in Tarim Irrigated Area.The water requirements of seedling stage is 252 mm,budding stage is 186 mm,bolling stage is 316 mm and wadding stage is 139 mm.the irrigation amount determines the spatial distribution of soil moisture and water consumption during cotton life cycle.However,water consumption at different growth stages was inconsistent with irrigation.Quantitatively,the water consumed by cotton decreases upon the increase of irrigation amount.From the perspective of water saving,the maximal water use efficiency can reach 3 091 m3/ha.But the highest cotton yield needs 3464 m3/ha irrigation water.In summary,compared to the conventional drip irrigation,a number of benefits in water saving and yield increase were observed when using plastic mulch.At the same amount of irrigation,the cotton yield with plastic mulch was 30.2% higher than conventional approaches,and the efficiency of water utilization increased by30.2%.While at the same yield level,29.3% water was saved by using plastic mulch,and the efficiency increased by 41.5%.

Effects of Ridge-Mulching with Plastic Sheets for Rainwater-Harvesting Cultivation on WUE and Yield of Winter Wheat

A field experiment was conducted in a manural loesial soil in middle of Shaanxi Province ofChina, a sub-humid area prone to drought, to study the effects of rainwater-harvestingcultivation on water use efficiency (WUE) and yield of winter wheat. Ridge-furrow tillage wasused, the ridge being mulched by plastic sheets for rainwater harvesting while seeding in thefurrows. Results showed that from sowing to reviving stage of winter wheat, water stored in 0-100 cm layer was significantly decreased whereas that in 100-200 cm layer did not change.Compared to the non-mulching, plastic mulch retained 6.5 mm more water as an average of the twoN rate treatments, having a certain effect on conservation of soil moisture. In contrast, atharvest, water was remarkably reduced in both the 0-100 cm and the 100-200 cm layers, andmulched plots consumed 34.8 mm more water as an average of the two treatments: low N rate (75kg N ha-1) with low plant density (2 300 000 plants ha-1) and high N rate (225 kg N ha-1)with highplant density (2 800 000 plants ha-1), in 0-200 cm layer than those without mulching, the formerbeing beneficial to plants in utilization of deep layer water. Mulching was significant inharvesting water and in increase of yield. Mulched with plastic sheets, biological and grainyields were 22.5 and 22.6% higher for the average of the high N rate than for the low N rate,and the high N rate with low plant density was 29.8 and 29.1% higher in both biological andgrain yields than that of the low N rate with low plant density. With high N rate and high plantdensity, the mulched biological and grain yields were 39.5 and 28.9% higher than the correspondingtreatments without mulching. Of the treatments, that with high N rate and low plant density wasthe highest in both biological and grain yields, and the water use efficiency reached 43.7 kgmm-1 ha-1 for biological yield and 22 kg mm-1 ha-1 for grain yield, being the highest WUE reportedin the world up to now.

Effects of Plastic Film Mulching on Soil Carbon Fixation Capacity and Fertility Level in Eastern Qinghai

[Objectives]To explore the effects of single application of chemical fertilizers on soil carbon fixation capacity and soil fertility under plastic film mulching conditions in eastern Qinghai,and to provide a theoretical basis for realizing the sustainable development of film mulching planting method in this area.[Methods]The effects of single application of chemical fertilizer cultivation mode under film mulching conditions on the soil organic carbon(SOC),labile organic carbon(LOC),carbon management index(CMI),extractable humus carbon(CHE),humic acid carbon(CHA),and fulvic acid carbon(CFA)in the cultivated layer(0-20 cm)were studied through three consecutive years of field experiments on dryland maize farmland in the eastern Qinghai.[Results]Under the film mulching condition,the SOC,LOC and CMI of the single application of chemical fertilizer cultivation mode were lower than that of the open field control.CHE,CHA and CFA increased with the increase of planting years,but the degree of increase was generally less than that of the open field control.With the increase of planting years,by 2020,the soil LOC/SOC value of film mulching decreased by 4.97%compared with before the start of the experiment,while the open field control increased by 1.11%;the organic carbon oxidation stability coefficient(KOS)of the film mulching was higher than that of the open field control;the soil CHA/CFA value and PQ value were higher than that of the open field control.[Conclusions]Under the condition of single application of chemical fertilizers,the continuous film mulching cultivation mode reduces the soil carbon fixation capacity,and soil organic carbon tends to be stable,which is not conducive to biological utilization and could reduce the soil fertility and degrade the soil quality,causing adverse effects on the stability of crop yield and sustainable production in the long run.

Better tillage selection before ridge–furrow film mulch can facilitate root proliferation, and increase nitrogen accumulation,translocation and grain yield of maize in a semiarid area

Plastic film mulch systems are used widely in arid areas, and the associated tillage measures affect soil properties, root and crop growth, and nutrient uptake. However, much debate surrounds the most suitable tillage method for plastic film mulch systems. We conducted a two-year field experiment to explore the impact of three tillage treatments-rotary tillage before ridge–furrow plastic film mulch(MR), no-tillage before ridge–furrow plastic film mulch(MZ), and plow tillage before ridge–furrow plastic film mulch(MP)-on soil total nitrogen, available nitrogen, root stratification structure,nitrogen transfer and utilization, and maize yield. The results showed that MP had better soil quality than either MR or MZ over 2019 and 2020, with higher nitrate-nitrogen and total nitrogen in the 0–40 cm soil layer. MP improved the soil physicochemical properties more than the other treatments, producing significantly higher root numbers and root biomass for the aerial and underground nodal roots than MR and MZ. At harvest, MP had the highest root biomass density,root length density, and root surface area density in the different soil layers(0–20, 20–40, and 0–40 cm). Significant correlations occurred between root biomass and aboveground nitrogen accumulation during maize growth. During grain filling, MP had the greatest nitrogen transfer amount, significantly increasing root and aboveground nitrogen transfer by 19.63–45.82% and 11.15–24.56%, respectively, relative to the other treatments. MP significantly produced 1.36–26.73%higher grain yields and a higher grain crude protein content at harvest than MR and MZ. MP also had higher values for the nitrogen harvest index, nitrogen uptake efficiency, and partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer than MR and MZ.In conclusion, plow tillage combined with a ridge–furrow plastic film mulch system facilitated maize root development and improved nitrogen utilization, thereby increasing maize yield more than the other treatments.

我国典型区域农户地膜应用与回收处理行为的调查研究

地膜是我国重要的农业生产资料,其残留污染的有效防控对于促进我国农业绿色发展具有重要意义。农户是地膜残留污染防控的基本单元,其行为直接影响防控成效。本研究采用互联网发放调研问卷的方式,在我国新疆、山东和湖北3个地膜使用具有代表性的省(自治区),对农户的地膜购买、使用、回收和处理行为开展调研,共收集389份有效调查问卷;使用二元Logistic回归分析方法,进一步研究了影响农户回收与处理地膜的因素。结果表明:调研农户中有85.9%的农户地膜购买渠道为农资零售店,且购买时有68.3%的农户主要关注地膜质量,53.2%的农户关注地膜价格;调研农户中有64.5%的农户在购买地膜时通过其拉伸强度来判断质量,但只有49.5%的农户了解新国标对地膜厚度的规定。在新疆地膜主要用于棉花、瓜类和玉米,作物地膜覆盖率分别为96.3%、48.3%和96.0%;在山东地膜主要用于花生和瓜类,作物地膜覆盖率分别为72.9%和92.3%;在湖北地膜主要用于瓜类和烟草,作物地膜覆盖率分别为40.1%和100%。地膜使用的主要驱动因素为提高收入,在新疆还有增温与保水、在山东有增温、在湖北则有控草等差异化的因素。人工回收是3个省份主要的回收方式,残膜回收率超过80%的农户仅有45.7%,回收的主要影响因素为农户的生态环境保护意识。网点回收是主要的残膜处理方式,占47.8%;塑料对环境的影响和投入成本是影响农户残膜处理行为的主要因素。农户年龄、家庭人口和不回收是否会影响耕种在5%水平上显著正向影响农户的回收行为;学历为高中以上人数、农业收入、是否会受到处罚在5%水平上显著正向影响农户的处理行为,是否有回收网点在1%水平上显著正向影响农户的处理行为。研究表明,农资零售店是调研区域农户购买地膜的主要渠道,调研区域的主要覆膜作物为棉花、瓜类、玉米和烟草,人工回收是主要的回收方式,并主要通过网点回收进行处理。此外,3个省份农户对地膜的科学认知水平还有待进一步提高,学历、农业收入、监管和是否设置回收网点会显著影响农户的处理行为。

覆盖对旱地玉米土壤温度及产量的影响

【目的】探究覆盖对旱地春玉米土壤温度和产量的影响。【方法】在陇中半干旱地区设置秸秆带状覆盖(SM)、白膜双垄沟覆盖(BM)及露地无覆盖(CK)3个栽培处理,分析不同覆盖措施对春玉米土壤温度、干物质积累及产量的影响。【结果】覆盖对春玉米全生育期土壤温度有明显的调控作用,与CK相比,SM处理降低了苗期~成熟期0~25 cm土壤温度0~1.1℃,而BM处理则增温0.2~3℃,并且SM和BM处理各生育时期的降幅和增幅均在苗期最大。各土层间,SM处理0~25 cm土层平均较CK降低0.6℃,以10 cm土层降幅最大;而BM平均增温0.6℃,以25 cm土层增幅最大。覆盖处理能显著增加春玉米单株干物质积累量和籽粒产量,与CK相比,SM和BM处理玉米单株干物质积累量分别增加32.4%和34.6%,籽粒产量分别提高13.4%和48.9%。相关分析发现,玉米籽粒产量与穗粒数显著正相关(r=0.771*),即覆盖主要通过影响穗粒数来提高玉米产量。【结论】地膜和秸秆带状覆盖均能调控春玉米全生育期土壤温度,并能显著增加干物质积累量和产量,而秸秆带状覆盖能提高废旧秸秆资源利用率,可作为旱地玉米绿色可持续生产的栽培技术。

魔芋优质轻简高效栽培实用技术

魔芋大多集中种植于我国的云贵川渝地区及邻近的湖北、陕西等偏远山区,耕地单块面积小,地形情况复杂,存在栽培管理粗放、机械化应用率低、用工多、生产成本高等问题。集成旋耕机整地、起垄机起垄、履膜机覆膜、手动施肥器追肥等魔芋生产中主要工序机械化,在提高生产效率和减轻劳强度方面具有重要意义;同时通过在厚5~10μm的地膜上覆厚度为3~5 cm的土,让魔芋从膜中自然钻出,省去破膜和后期除草工序,大幅度减少了用工成本,667 m^(2)用工量由原来的20个减至10个左右。

施氮对农用地膜表面微生物群落特征的影响

【目的】农用地膜表面是塑料降解菌筛选、动植物病原菌定殖及抗生素抗性基因富集的潜在热点区域,但地膜表面招募微生物的群落基本特征仍不明确,一定程度上限制了我们对地膜表面微生物定殖过程的理解。【方法】本研究基于地膜覆盖和施氮长期定位试验,2021年秋季采集覆膜当季的地膜样品,利用高通量测序分析了地膜表面的细菌与真菌群落特征。【结果】地膜表面细菌以蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)为主,而真菌以座囊菌纲(Dothideomycetes)为主。地膜及土壤表面均产生肉眼可见的绿色絮状微生物菌落,这说明了覆膜对地表微气候的改善有利于地衣系统的发育。施氮间接提高微生物群落α多样性,但不改变β多样性。同时,与对照相比,施氮增加了地膜表面细菌中芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)相对丰度约160%,并分别提高了真菌中银耳纲(Tremellomycetes)和囊担菌纲(Eurotiomycetes)的相对丰度4.8倍和3.9倍。此外,地膜表面的细菌群落比真菌群落对施氮的响应更敏感。【结论】地膜表面是微生物的一个独特生境,施氮可间接影响地膜表面的微生物群落特征。

覆膜垄作对旱地雨养马铃薯田N2O排放的影响

旱地雨养马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)田是一个重要的氧化亚氮(N_(2)O)排放源,是当前农业温室气体排放的研究热点之一。在马铃薯主粮化战略的推动下,马铃薯种植面积不断扩大,覆膜和垄作栽培是其中两种重要的种植方式,但其栽培下的马铃薯田N_(2)O排放规律尚不十分明确。选择内蒙古自治区武川县自然降水条件下的马铃薯田为试验对象,设置平作覆膜、垄作覆膜、平作不覆膜和垄作不覆膜4种处理,采用静态箱(暗箱)-气相色谱法监测N_(2)O的排放通量并分析其排放特征,运用实时荧光定量PCR技术(Real-time quantitative PCR,q-PCR)检测不同时期与N_(2)O排放相关的硝化菌和反硝化菌丰度,并测定相关的土壤要素,进而探究在覆膜和垄作条件下,影响雨养马铃薯田N_(2)O排放特性和规律的微生物机理。结果表明,雨养马铃薯田是N_(2)O排放源,其全生育期内平均N_(2)O累积排放量为N(0.47±0.08)kg·hm^(-2)。N_(2)O排放通量与土壤温度、水分含量之间具有显著的正相关关系(P<0.05)。在整个马铃薯生育期,氨氧化古菌(Ammonia-oxidizing Archaea,AOA)基本起到了控制N_(2)O排放的作用(P<0.05),而不是氨氧化细菌和反硝化菌。覆膜和垄作都可以直接或间接改变土壤物理性质使根际生态微环境发生变化,进而影响硝化菌和反硝化菌的活性,最终使N_(2)O排放发生变化。其中,覆膜垄作处理的N_(2)O累积排放量及排放强度最高,且垄作不覆膜处理的排放最少(P<0.05),累积量达到了0.401-0.515 kg·hm^(-2)。因此,从减排和不减产的角度来看,采用垄作不覆膜的种植方式效果最显著,旨在为旱地农业生产的可持续发展提供理论依据。

Effects of biodegradable mulch on soil water and heat conditions,yield and quality of processing tomatoes by drip irrigation

To combat the problem of residual film pollution and ensure the sustainable development of agriculture in oasis areas,a field experiment was carried out in 2019 at the Wuyi Farm Corps Irrigation Center Test Station in Urumqi,Northwest China.Four types of biodegradable mulches,traditional plastic mulchs and a control group(bare land;referred to as CK)were compared,including a total of six different treatments.Effects of mulching on soil water and heat conditions as well as the yield and quality of processing tomatoes under drip irrigation were examined.In addition,a comparative analysis of economic benefits of biodegradable mulches was performed.Principal component analysis and gray correlation analysis were used to evaluate suitable mulching varieties for planting processing tomatoes under drip irrigation.Our results show that,compared with CK,biodegradable mulches and traditional plastic mulch have a similar effect on retaining soil moisture at the seedling stage but significantly increase soil moisture by 0.5%-1.5%and 1.5%-3.0%in the middle and late growth periods(P<0.050),respectively.The difference in the thermal insulation effect between biodegradable mulch and plastic mulch gradually reduces as the crop grows.Compared with plastic mulch,the average soil temperature at 5-20 cm depth under biodegradable mulches is significantly lowered by 2.04°C-3.52°C and 0.52°C-0.88°C(P<0.050)at the seedling stage and the full growth period,respectively,and the water use efficiency,average fruit yield,and production-investment ratio under biodegradable mulches were reduced by 0.89%-6.63%,3.39%-8.69%,and 0.51%-6.33%(P<0.050),respectively.The comprehensive evaluation analysis suggests that the black oxidized biological double-degradation ecological mulch made from eco-benign plastic is the optimal film type under the study condition.Therefore,from the perspective of sustainable development,biodegradable mulch is a competitive alternative to plastic mulch for large-scale tomato production under drip irrigation in the oasis.