Volatile Oil of Platycladus Orientalis(L.)Franco Leaves Exerts Strong Anti-inflammatory Effects via Inhibiting the IκB/NF-κB Pathway

This study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of volatile oil of Platycladus orientalis(L.)Franco leaves(VOPF)and the underlying molecular mechanisms by using the non-infectious inflammation rat models and infectious inflammation mouse models.Ear swelling and intraperitoneal capillary permeability in mice,and carrageenan-induced toe swelling and cotton ball-induced granuloma in rats were used to reveal anti-inflammatory effects of VOPF.Moreover,the lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced mouse model of acute lung injury was used to explore the anti-inflammatory mechanism of VOPF.The results showed that VOPF could significantly inhibit auricular swelling,intraperitoneal capillary permeability in mice,and reduce granuloma swelling and paw swelling in rats.Furthermore,it significantly alleviated the pathological damage of the lung tissue.In addition,VOPF could reduce the contents of IL-1β and TNF-αand increase the content of IL-10 in the serum.It had little effect on the expression of p65 but reduced the phosphorylation level of p65 and IκB in NF-κB pathway.In conclusion,VOPF has anti-inflammatory effects and the mechanisms involve the down-regulation of the phosphorylation levels of p65 and IκB and blockage of the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Diurnal and seasonal dynamics of soil respiration in a Platycladus orientalis forest stand on the semiarid Loess Plateau, China

Forest ecosystems on China's Loess Plateau are receiving increasing attention because of their special importance in carbon fixation and conservation of soil and water in the region.Soil respiration was investigated in Platycladus orientalis forest stands of the region at diurnal and seasonal scales.The daily and seasonal average values of soil respiration were 2.53μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1)and 3.78μmol·m^(-2)·s^(-1),respectively.On a diurnal and seasonal scale,the variations of soil respiration in the P.orientalis forest show a one-peak pattern.The diurnal dynamics of soil respiration were mainly driven by soil temperature.However,the relationship between soil respiration and soil temperature was not significant,mainly because of the hysteresis effect of soil respiration on soil temperature.Soil moisture plays another dominant role in the ecosystem carbon balance,but was not affected by soil temperature in P.orientalis forest on the semiarid Loess Plateau.

Evapotranspiration estimation of Platycladus orientalis in Northern China based on various models

Platycladus orientalis is one of the most popular afforestation species and greening species for water management in arid and semi-arid regions of northern China. We applied various models to estimate and validate artificial P. orientalis forest evapotranspiration features with the goal of accurately estimating the water use of a P.orientalis plantation. The American Society of Civil Engineers Evapotranspiration–Penman–Monteith model（APM） and FAO56–Penman–Monteith model（FPM） are extensively applied for vegetation evapotranspiration estimation because their reliability has been validated by many scholars. The Priestley–Taylor model（PT） and Hargreaves model（HS） require only the daily maximum temperature,daily minimum temperature and solar radiation to estimate evapotranspiration and are thus widely applied to grasslands but not to forests. We used the Energy Balance Bowen Ratio（EBBR） system to validate the accuracy of the four models. The results indicated that：（1） Compared to the EBBR measurement annual value, APM was the most accurate, followed by FPM, and PT;（2） During the year, the accuracies of the four models varied. APM and FPM underestimated evapotranspiration during June, July and August, whereas PT and HS overestimated evapotranspiration during this period. In the rest of the year, the estimation accuracies were reversed;（3） An analysis of the possible reasons indicated that wind speed, air temperature and precipitation were the most important contributors.High temperatures were measured in June, July and August, which led to an overestimation by PT and HS because these two models only calculated the temperature and radiation without vegetation information. Underestimation also occurred when a low temperature was recorded. Though APM and FPM addressed both meteorological and vegetation factors, slight deviations still existed; and（4） The two models were modified based on EBBR-measured data. Relative humidity was introduced into PT, and parameter ‘‘A’’ in the HS estimation model was amended to1.41. The accuracy of the modified models significantly increased. The study highlighted the application, comparison and improvement of four models in estimating evapotranspiration and offers more approaches to assess forest hydrological functions.

Platycladus orientalis shells promote melanogenesis via p38,AKT and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways

Background:Platycladus orientalis,which has been employed in traditional Chinese medicine for cool blood,antibacterial,promotion of hair growth and therapy of poliosis for centuries.However,there have been few reports focusing on Platycladus orientalis shells treating pigmentary disorders.Methods:In present study,gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was applied to analyzing the volatile composition of Platycladus orientalis shells and cellular metabolism.Experiments in vivo were carried out to evaluate the effect of Platycladus orientalis shells treating pigmentation disorders in C57BL/6J mice.Results:Our results indicated that cedrol occupied the largest percentage in Platycladus orientalis shells(17.1%).Meanwhile,Platycladus orientalis shells up-regulated the content of palmitic acid and increased melanin content and tyrosinase activity.Its mechanism possibly involved in the inhibiting phosphorylation of AKT and β-catenin,increasing phosphorylation of p38 to promote microphthalmia-associated transcription factor expression.The animal experiment also proved that Platycladus orientalis shells promoted melanogensis and hair blacken in C57BL/6J mice.Conclusion:All in all,Platycladus orientalis shells potentially promoted melanogenesis in vitro and in vivo.Cedrol was regarded as the main active substance in Platycladus orientalis shells.Therefore,it could be used for treatment of pigmentary disorders under safe concentration in the prospective application.

Study on the Practical Mature Age of Individual Platycladus orientalis

This study was conducted on the analytic tree and got the fitting empirical equation of tree growth, in which the tree growth rate was used as the variable and time as the independent variable. The arithmetical operation to the function got the mature age of tree growth, and the mature ages of the timer forest, the protection forest and the special-purpose forest of Platycladus orientalis were 71, 111 and 141 a, respectively. In addition, the application as well as the research direction and matters needing attention were proposed.

Advances in Research of Chemical Components and Pharmacological Effects of Platycladus orientalis Leaves

Platycladi Cacumen(Platycladus orientalis leaf)is a traditional Chinese medicine with a variety of medicinal values,and its efficacy has been recorded by many ancient books.Its chemical components mainly include flavonoids,volatile oil,tannins and so on.Pharmacological studies have confirmed that P.orientalis leaves have various pharmacological effects such as antibacterial,anti-oxidant,anti-tumor,hair growth promoting and hemostatic effects.Through review of the research on the chemical components and pharmacological effects of P.orientalis leaves,this study is intended to provide reference for the research,development and utilization of P.orientalis.

不同产地侧柏叶中无机元素的含量测定及评价

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定不同产地侧柏[Platycladus orientalis(L.)Franco]叶中无机元素含量,并进行方法学验证,采用SPSS软件进行聚类分析和主成分分析,对其特征元素进行评价。结果表明,标准样品中26种元素的线性关系良好,相关系数(R^(2))≥0.9953,各元素的检出限在0.0020~4.2226 ng/mL,精密度、稳定性、重复性符合要求,各元素的平均加样回收率在84.1%~123.6%,相对标准偏差在0.7%~4.5%;28批侧柏叶样品中检测出24种无机元素,含量差异较大,其中,侧柏叶样品K、Ca、Mg的含量均超过1000 mg/kg,Cd、As、Hg、Cu含量均在《中华人民共和国药典:一部》规定的限度范围内,Pb含量为0.602~9.337 mg/kg,有6批侧柏叶样品超出限度;主成分分析显示Fe、Ti、Ca、Ni、Al、Mn、Zn、K为侧柏叶的主要特征性元素;聚类分析显示,地理位置相近的产地能较好地聚为一类,表明侧柏叶中无机元素含量存在明显的地域特征。建立的方法操作简便,分析速度快,灵敏度高,可用于侧柏叶中无机元素含量的测定。

Photosynthesis and Water Use Efficiency of Platycladus Orientalis and Robinia Pseudoacacia Saplings under Steady Soil Water Stress during Different Stages of Their Annual Growth Period

A simulated drought experiment was conducted in a rain-free shed to test the physiological response of Platycladus orientalis and Robinia pseudoacacia saplings to steady soil water stress during different stages. The five soil water treatments were： 100%, 87.84%, 70%, 52.16% and 40% of field capacity. The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate of R. pseudoacacia decreased as soil water potential decreased in the range between -0.041 MPa and -0.292 MPa. The threshold value at which the net photosynthetic rate changed significantly was -0.12 MPa. The relationship between net photosynthetic rate of P. orientalis and soil water potential could be described as a quadratic parabola in the range between -0.041 MPa and -0.648 MPa. Analysis of variance showed significant differences in the net photosynthetic rate of P. orientalis between soil water potentials of -0.061 MPa ~, -0.648 MPa. Average water use efficiency （WUE） increased as soil water potential decreased, but the influence mechanism of soil water stress on leaf WUE and photosynthetic rate for the two species were different evidently.

Effects of Ultra-drying on Viability and Physiological Characteristics of Platycladus orientalis Seed from Arid and Semiarid Areas of Northwest China

In order to supply quality seed for vegetation restoration in arid and semiarid areas of Northwest China, the effects of Platycladus orientalis seed storage under ultra-drying and accelerated aging were studied. The seeds were dried from 6.8% to 5.1%, 4.4%, 3.7% and 2.2% MC, respectively, in a desiccator with the silica gel. The germination energy, germination percentage, germination index and vigor index of the seed were investigated. After ultra-drying, groups of seeds were carried on the accelerated aging tests in an oven at 50 oC for 10, 20 and 30 d , respectively, and the physiological indexes, including relative conductivity, dehydrogenase activity and α-amylase activity were tested. The results show that the ultra-dried seeds with 3.7% MC have the highest germination energy, germination percentage, germination index and vigor index. After aging, the dehydrogenase activity and α-amylase activity of the group of seeds of 3.7% MC were higher than those of 6.8%, while the relative conductivity of the group of 3.7% is lower than that of 6.8%. It is feasible to ultra- dry the seeds with 3.7% MC.

Effect of Cryopreservation on Germination of Seeds of Amorpha fruticosa and Platycladus orientalis

In order to explore the feasibility of cryopreservation storage on forest tree seeds, germination of Amorpha fruticosa and Platycladus orientalis seeds with moisture content (MC) changing was tested after storage in liquid nitrogen of -196 oC for 30 d. The results showed that both species of seeds can keep high germination percentage after cryopreservation. For A. fruticosa, the germination percentage of seeds was the highest when 4.1% MC was used for storage, and for P. orientalis it was the highest when 6.0% MC was used for storage. It is feasible for both species of seeds to be stored in liquid nitrogen.

Heavy metal accumulation characteristics and physiological response of Sabina chinensis and Platycladus orientalis to atmospheric pollution

Heavy metal(Cu,Mn,Zn,Pb,and Cd)concentrations were measured in the leaves of Sabina chinensis and Platycladus orientalis collected from urban,suburban,and rural sites in Tianjin,China.Photosynthetic pigment contents,reactive oxygen species content,malondialdehyde(MDA)content and antioxidant enzyme activity were investigated,providing physiological response parameters.Our comparison of the sites revealed that urbanization significantly influenced the heavy metal concentrations in both plant leaves.At the rural site,both plant leaves exhibited the lowest heavy metal accumulation.The highest Cu,Mn,and Zn concentrations were found in S.chinensis leaves from the urban site;the highest Pb and Cd concentrations were found in P.orientalis leaves from the urban site.These results indicate that the urban site contained larger heavy metal concentrations in the plant leaves that may reflect the anthropogenic emission gradient.It is also found that S.chinensis may be used to monitor airborne heavy metal pollution because it is highly quick response to heavy metals,while P.orientalis may be used for mitigation due to its high resistance.The results of this study can contribute to the development of monitoring and environmental management plans by providing information on sensitive and resistant tree species for city greening in North China.

菇渣基质对侧柏和黑松播种出苗与幼苗生长的效应

为探讨菇渣在无纺布容器成型机中作为林木育苗基质应用的可行性,以常用基质草炭为对照,研究了无纺布育苗成型机制的菇渣容器基质的理化性质,及其对侧柏和黑松播种出苗与幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:虽然以菇渣为主的复合容器基质的电导率(>0.283s·m-1)和pH值偏高(>7.06),阳离子交换量较小(<22.8cmol·kg-1),但其基本理化性质适宜作为育苗成型机容器基质使用。同常用基质草炭相比,菇渣复合基质对侧柏(Platy-cladus orientalis)和黑松(Pinus thunbergii)播种出苗率没有影响,但出苗时间晚3～6d,菇渣和草炭混合处理出苗时间早于菇渣,但晚于草炭;不同处理基质的侧柏成苗率差别不显著,但菇渣处理黑松的成苗率显著要低。草炭为主处理的侧柏和黑松的苗高、地径和干质量均高于菇渣,但同两者混合处理差别不显著。不同基质侧柏和黑松的壮苗指数基本一致。因此,在无纺布育苗成型技术中,菇渣基质的育苗效果虽然不如草炭,但可以有选择性的作为林木育苗基质使用。

复合钠盐对侧柏种子萌发的胁迫效应

研究了不同浓度(0、10、20、50、80、100mmol·L-1)复合钠盐(NaCl、Na2CO3和Na2SO4)胁迫对侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)种子萌发的影响。结果表明:盐胁迫显著抑制侧柏种子的萌发,在没有盐分胁迫的条件下萌发率可达100%,但随着盐胁迫浓度的增大,种子萌发率分别为71.11%、48.89%、15.56%和7.78%,而且萌发进程减慢,在100mmol·L-1浓度处理的种子完全不能萌发。侧柏种子萌发对盐胁迫反应极为敏感,盐胁迫降低种子萌发率,延缓种子萌发进程,而且使萌发指数和幼苗活力指数减小,属于盐胁迫反应敏感植物。

郁闭度对风景游憩林林下植被及林内景观的影响

文章试图通过分析郁闭度对林下植被和林内景观的影响,探讨部分群落生态学因子与林内景观美景度的关系,为风景游憩林经营管理提供数量化指标。研究结果表明:所调查风景游憩林侧柏刺槐林的林内景观美景度不高,急需进行人工干预;不同郁闭度类型林下植被的物种组成成分和物种多样性指数均存在差异,郁闭度0.6～0.7时,Simpson指数、Shannon指数和均匀度最大,生态优势度最小;尽管林内景观美景度与郁闭度的关联性不显著,但林下植被物种Simpson指数、Shannon指数、均匀度与美景度标准化值呈显著负相关,生态优势度与美景度标准化值呈显著正相关。综合考虑风景游憩林的多种功能需求,本研究认为风景游憩林侧柏刺槐林的郁闭度以0.6～0.7为宜。

改装简易蒸馏法提取侧柏挥发物的GC-MS分析

The volatiles of Platycladus orientalis L.’s phloem were extracted by a simple distillation technique and a Sohlet’s extraction method,respectively,and analyzed by GC-MS.The results showed that the volatiles consisted of monoterpene,sesquiterpene and ethanols,aldehydes,esters and et al.For extracts by Sohlet’s extraction,the major compounds were the high boiling point chemicals such as ethanols,aldehydes,esters and et al;for extracts by simple distillation method,sesquiterpenes were the major part.The simple distillation method was easy to operate and low-cost,and was suitable for extracting volatiles for forest insect attractant.

接种丛枝菌根真菌对采煤沉陷区侧柏生长的影响

为了提高采煤沉陷区植被覆盖率和退化土壤生产力,增加矿区生态系统的稳定性。通过在采煤沉陷区侧柏[Platycladus orientalis(L.)Franco]根系接种丛枝菌根真菌,研究了两者的共生关系,并研究接种丛枝菌根真菌对侧柏生长的影响以及菌根生态效应。结果表明,接种丛枝菌根真菌提高了侧柏根系的菌丝侵染率,接种区侧柏菌丝侵染率高达75%以上,菌丝密度达到2.26 m/g。接种丛枝菌根真菌促进了侧柏的生长,接种区侧柏株高平均比未接种区高出6.83 cm;接种菌根提高了侧柏根系对土壤中速效磷和速效钾的吸收,改善了侧柏根际的微环境。

侧柏叶中黄酮的抗疲劳作用研究

从侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)叶中提取黄酮,分1.0、2.0 g/kg两个剂量组给小鼠灌胃,30 d后测定小鼠力竭游泳时间、血清尿素氮(BUN)、肝组织丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量。结果表明,与对照组相比,侧柏叶黄酮处理组小鼠力竭游泳时间极显著延长,且高、低剂量组间差异极显著;侧柏叶黄酮高、低剂量组BUN、MDA含量显著下降,SOD含量极显著升高,但高、低剂量组间各项生理指标差异不显著。

垂枝侧柏离体再生体系建立初探

以垂枝侧柏[Platycladus orientalis(L)Francocv Pendula]当年生鳞叶茎段作为外植体,探索灭菌和愈伤组织诱导的最佳条件。结果表明,茎段经1 g/L HgCl2和7.5 g/L多菌灵组合处理8 min,灭菌效果最好,污染率仅为10.8%;愈伤组织诱导的最佳配方是1/2MS+BA 0.1 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L。

四种柏树叶精油成分的比较研究与分类

侧柏属(Platycladus)为单型属,仅侧柏(P.orientalis)一种。主产我国,分布20余省区,并广泛栽培。朝鲜北部有少量分布。该属与崖柏属(Thuja)在长时期内存在着分、合之争,即置侧柏于崖柏属或另立为属,其主要依据为形态特性。作者认为有必要用化学特征为依据,从分子水平进一步加以论证。

侧柏叶枯病的防治试验初报

侧柏Platycladus orientalis（Linn.）Franco又名扁柏、香柏,在中国分布极广,人工栽培范围几遍全国,是优良的园林绿化树种。2011年春季甘谷县天门山景区及一些乡镇侧柏主要栽植区发生了大面积的侧柏叶枯病害,危害树种主要是侧柏、洒金柏;连续3 a蔓延、扩展。危害部位主要在鳞叶及幼枝,罹病植株10~15 d后就会出现大量落叶,枝条干枯,甚至枯死[1]。2014年调查,