Subcellular Distribution and Chemical Forms of Cadmium in the Medicine Food Homology Plant Platycodon grandiflorum(Jacq.)A.DC.

Although Platycodon grandiflorum(Jacq.)A.DC.is a renowned medicine food homology plant,reports of excessive cadmium(Cd)levels are common,which affects its safety for clinical use and food consumption.To enable its Cd levels to be regulated or reduced,it is necessary to first elucidate the mechanism of Cd uptake and accumulation in the plant,in addition to its detoxification mechanisms.This present study used inductively couple plasma-mass-spectrometry to analyze the subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Cd in different tissues of P.grandiflorum.The experimental results showed that Cd was mainly accumulated in the roots[predominantly in the cell wall(50.96%-61.42%)],and it was found primarily in hypomobile and hypotoxic forms.The proportion of Cd in the soluble fraction increased after Cd exposure,and the proportion of insoluble phosphate Cd and oxalate Cd increased in roots and leaves,with a higher increase in oxalate Cd.Therefore,it is likely that root retention mechanisms,cell wall deposition,vacuole sequestration,and the formation of low mobility and low toxicity forms are tolerance strategies for Cd detoxification used by P.grandiflorum.The results of this study provide a theoretical grounding for the study of Cd accumulation and detoxification mechanisms in P.grandiflorum,and they can be used as a reference for developing Cd limits and standards for other medicine food homology plants.

The pharmacological mechanism and molecular details of Platycodon grandiflorum in the treatment of novel coronavirus Pneumonia(COVID-19)

Background:Novel coronavirus pneumonia(COVID-19)has developed as a pandemic of global concern.There is an urgent need to develop effective and safe therapies.Platycodon grandiflorum(PG),one of the most famous traditional Chinese herbs,may be satisfied.In this study,we explored the pharmacological mechanism of PG in the treatment of COVID-19.Method:The active compounds and potential targets were acquired from public databases.The protein-protein interaction,the Gene Ontology,and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes were determined through bioinformatics analysis.Molecular docking and molecular dynamics were performed to further verify the findings.Result:A total of 38 bioactive ingredients and 276 gene targets of PG were identified.There were 78 intersected targets of PG and COVID-19.The network analysis revealed that luteolin,Platycogenic acid A,Platycogenic acid C,Polygalacic acid,and acacetin may be candidate agents.The AKT1,VEGFA,TP53,MAPK3,TNF,IL6,CASP3,EGFR,STAT3,and CCND1 were the important potential drug targets.Gene Ontology terms are involved in biological processes,which are mainly concentrated in inorganic substances and apoptosis,etc.The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway was involved in several aspects,such as Virus infection and immune regulation-related pathways.Molecular docking results showed that compounds of PG are closely bound to related targets.Molecular dynamics further found that Robin,Flavplatycoside,and dimethyl 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosylplatycogenate A can maintain good stability and flexibility in the composite system.Conclusion:PG has multicomponent,multitarget,and multichannel characteristics,which can provide an important theoretical basis to treat patients with COVID-19.

Comparative Study on Seed Traits of Purple Flower Platycodon grandiflorum and White Flower Platycodon grandiflorum

[ Objective] The experiment aimed to carry out investigation and analysis on seed traits of white flower Platycodon grandiflorum and purple flower Platycodon grandif/orum. [Method] 13 white flower Plalycodon grandiflorumand purple flower Platycodon grandiflorumfrom China and foreign countrias were taken as research objects. Their seed traits such as seed length, seed width, thickness of seed and 1 000-grain weight were comparatively analyzed. [ Result] The average seed length, average seed width, average seed thickness and average 1 000-grain weight of white flower Platycodon grandiflorum were all smaller than these of purple flower Platycodon grandiflorum. The seed length of Korean white flower Platycodon grandiflorum was relatively longer and seed lengths of other white flower Platycodon grandiflorum were all shorter than these of purple flower Platycodon grandiflorum. The seed widths of white flower Platycodon grandiflorum were smaller than these of purple flower P/atycodon grandiflorum, except these of Korean white flower Platycodon grandiflorum, Heilongjiang Ning＇an and South Korean Jiangyuan. The 1 000-grain weights of white flower Platycodon grandiflorum were all smaller than these of purple flower Platycodon grandiflorum, except these of Korean Rajin and Sancheng white flower Platycodon grandiflorum. [ Conclusion] The result of this experiment provided reference for rational utilizations of purple flower Platycodon grandiflorum and white flower Platycodon grandiflorum.

Variance Type of Capsule Morphological Characters in Platycodon grandiflorum Population

[ Objective] The aim was to study variance type of capsule morphological characters in Platycodon grandiflorum population, and provide some theoretical basis for seeking to genetic markers which can differentiate different P. grandiflorum and breeding new varieties. [ Method] According to shape morphological characters of capsule from the same population of perennial purple P. gandiflorum, seven types of distinct di- versity capsule were selected, variance analysis and multiple comparison on the length, diameter, length/diameter of the different types of capsule were carried out. [ Result] There is unicolor and bicolor, even trichrome, among main color was brown and purple. Capsule shape was main cone, furthermore, containing long roller type, spheroidicity and sphericity. [ Conclusion] P. gandiflorum capsule was divided into long form, short form and middle type from length/diameter size in perennial culture P. gandiflorum population.

桔梗(Platycodon grandiflorum A.DC)胚胎学研究——Ⅱ.大孢子发生、雌配子体发育、胚及胚乳发育

本文对桔梗(Platycodon grandiflarum A.DC)的大孢子发生、雌配子体发育、胚及胚乳发育进行了较为系统的研究。结果表明,大孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成四个线形捧列或T形排列的大孢子,合点端或珠孔端第三个大孢子具功能,雌配子体发育为蓼型;细胞型胚乳吸器为Codonopsis型。合子休眠期较长,大约在5～8天内进行分裂,胚为茄型。

A new triterpenoid saponin from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum

A new triterpenoid saponin, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl 16-oxo-platycodigenin 28-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-（1 → 3）-β-D-xylopyra- nosyl-（1→4）-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-（1 → 2）-α-L-arabinopyra-nosyl ester, was isolated from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum, together with three known saponins, including platycodin D, deapio platycoside E and platycoside E. The structure of the new compound, named 16-oxo-platycodin D, was elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data.

Platycodon grandiflorum extract represses up-regulated adipocyte fatty acid binding protein triggered by a high fat feeding in obese rats

AIM: To investigate the effect of Platycodon grandi- florum extract (PGE) on lipid metabolism and FABP mRNA expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue of high fat diet-induced obese rats. METHODS: PGE was treated to investigate the inhibitory effect on the pre-adipocyte 3T3-L1 differentiation and pancreatic lipase activity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats with an average weight of 439.03 ± 7.61 g were divided into four groups: the control groups that fed an experimental diet alone (C and H group) and PGE treatment groups that administered PGE along with a control diet or HFD at a concentration of 150 mg/kg body weight (C + PGE and H + PGE group, respectively) for 7 wk. Plasma total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerol (TG) concentrations were measured from the tail vein of rats. Adipocyte cell area was measured from subcutaneous adipose tissue and the fatty acid binding protein (FABP) mRNA expression was analyzed by northern blot analysis. RESULTS: PGE treatment inhibited 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte differentiation and fat accumulation, and also decreased pancreatic lipase activity. In this experiment, PGE signifi cantly reduced plasma TC and TG concentrations as well as body weight and subcutaneous adipose tissue weight. PGE also significantly decreased the size of subcutaneous adipocytes. Furthermore, it significantly repressed the up-regulation of FABP mRNA expression induced by a high-fat feeding in subcutaneous adipose tissue. CONCLUSION: PGE has a plasma lipid lowering-effect and anti-obesity effect in obese rats fed a high fat diet.From these results, we can suggest the possibility that PGE can be used as a food ingredient or drug component to therapeutically control obesity.

A New Sesquiterpene from Transformation of Curdione by Cell Suspension Culture of Platycodon Grandiflorum

A new sesquiterpene was isolated from transformation of curdione by cell suspension culture of Platycodon grandiflorum. The structure of the new compound was elucidated on the basis of spectral methods including 2D NMR.

桔梗(Platycodon grandiflorum(Jacq.)A.DC.)的组织培养和植株再生

为了建立桔梗(Platycodon grandiflorum(Jacq.)A.DC.)的组织培养快速繁殖体系,以桔梗的幼茎和幼叶为外植体,进行愈伤组织及再生芽的诱导。研究结果表明,幼茎较容易脱分化与再分化,发现3种激素组合中6-BA、2,4-D和NAA,MS+6-BA 0.5mg/L+NAA 1.0mg/L为最佳的愈伤组织诱导及芽再生培养基;在3种生长素组合中,IAA、IBA和NAA分别诱导,1/2 MS+NAA 0.1mg/L为最佳,其生根率90%以上。

Enhancement of Power Generation in Microbial Fuel Cells through Supplementation of <i>Platycodon grandiflorum</i>in Doraji Roots

The current study reports the evidence of enhancement in power generation from cellulosic biomass in microbial fuel cell (MFC) systems by supplementing dried Doraji (Platycodon grandiflorum) roots powder. Mediator-less two chamber H-type MFCs were prepared using rumen fluid as anode inocula to convert finely ground pine tree (Avicel) at 2% (w/v) to electricity. Dried Doraji roots were ground to pass 1 mm sieve and added to the anode of MFC at 0.1% w/v dosage for treatment. MFC power and current across an external resistor were measured daily for 10 d. At the end of incubation on d10, collected gases were measured for total gas volume and analyzed for gas composition on gas chromatography. Supplementation of Doraji roots powder to MFC anode chamber increased power generation and CO2 production. Over the 10d experimental period, power density normalized to anode surface area were between 17.0 and 37.7 with average of 32.5 mW/m2 in Doraji MFCs, and between 16.8 and 19.8 with average of 18.2 mW/m2 in control group. CO2 production increased and methane to CO2 ratio decreased in Doraji root treatment comparing to control group. These observations imply that Doraji root components would inhibit methanogenesis and alter microbial fermentation of cellulose compounds favorable to produce bioenergy efficiently in MFC.

Biotransformation and pharmacological activities of platycosides from Platycodon grandiflorum roots

In Northeast China,Goubao pickle is a popular food fermented from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum as the main material,offering a unique flavor and rich nutritional value.Platycosides in roots of P.grandiflorum may play a crucial role in determining the quality of Goubao pickle through microorganism fermentation.However,biotransfermation of platycosides has not been reviewed during fermentation.In this study,we reviewed platycosides in chemical diversity,metabolic processes in vivo,biotransformation of platycosides in vitro,and pharmacological effects.Finally,we also discussed how to improve the bioactive secondary platycosides we desire by regulating enzymes from microorganisms in the future.

Ethnopharmacology,phytochemistry,pharmacology and product application of Platycodon grandiflorum:A review

Platycodonis Radix(Jiegeng in Chinese)is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine used for both medicinal and culinary purposes.Its historical use as an antitussive and expectorant has been extensively documented.Researchers,to date,have identified 219 chemical constituents in Platycodon grandiflorum(Jacq.)A.DC,encompassing 89 saponins,11 flavonoids,21 polysaccharides,14 phenolic acids,six polyacetylenes,five sterols,34 fatty acids,17 amino acids,and 22 trace elements.Jiegeng exhibits diverse pharmacological effects,including antitussive and anti-phlegm properties,anti-cancer activity,anti-inflammatory effects,immune regulation,antioxidant properties,anti-obesity,and antidiabetic effects.Additionally,Jiegeng shows potential in protecting the heart and liver.Beyond its medicinal benefits,Jiegeng is highly esteemed in culinary applications,and its global demand is on the rise.Its utilization has expanded beyond medicine and food to encompass daily necessities,cosmetics,agricultural supplies,and other fields.Currently,there are 18272 patents related to P.grandiflorum.This comprehensive review summarizes the latest research published over the past 20 years,providing a robust foundation for further exploration of the medicinal and health benefits of P.grandiflorum.

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of polysaccharides in the flower of Platycodon grandiflorum by response surface methodology

Platycodon grandiflorum polysaccharides(PGPs)are naturally occurring compounds derived from the flowers of platycodon grandiflorum.the microwave assisted extraction(MAE)of PGPs was studied.A three-level and three-factor Box-Behnken design was used to optimize MAE conditions,and the effects of operating conditions including microwave power(180-540 W),extraction time(20-60 s)and liquid to solid ratio(20-30 v/w)on the extraction yield of PGPs were studied through response surface methodology(RSM).The results showed that the highest yield of PGPs reached 8.35 g/(100 g)at 360 W microwave power,40 s extraction time and 25.2 v/w liquid to solid ratio.The extraction yield of PGPs was significantly affected by liquid to solid ratio(P<0.01),microwave power and extraction time(P<0.05).Compared with the conventional solvent extraction,MAE is more efficient and rapid due to the disruption of the flower tissue microstructure as a result of microwave acoustic cavitation as observed with the scanning electron microscopy(SEM).A macroporous resin,HPD400,was found to be effective for purifying the PGPs extract.

基于无机元素指纹分析的桔梗产地溯源

为比较四川梓潼(SCZT)、云南玉龙(YNYL)、安徽太和(AHTH)、湖北英山(HBYS)、河南桐柏(HNTB)无机元素含量差异,结合计量学方法,探讨桔梗产地溯源应用的可行性,为桔梗产地溯源提供新方法。利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定四川、云南、安徽、湖北、河南5个主产区共75份桔梗样品中K、P、Fe、Mn、B等37种元素的含量,通过主成分分析对5大产区桔梗进行聚类,运用KNN、Bayes、SVM-ga、BP-NN、LS-SVM、SVM-grid算法,建立桔梗产地溯源模型。结果表明:五大产区桔梗中无机元素含量差异显著(P<0.05),其中Sb、Sn、Ge、Nb、Ag 5种元素,在不同产区间差异最为明显;由主成分分析发现不同产地桔梗样品分布集中且相对独立,SVM-grid桔梗溯源模型能够100%将五大产区桔梗进行区分;Sb、Sn、Ge、Nb、Ag 5种元素含量分布具有明显的地域特征。以无机元素结合计量学方法可以对桔梗进行有效的产区判别,且准确率高,是产地溯源的有效方法。

基于镇咳祛痰作用的“形”与药材品质关联的桔梗“辨状论质”研究

目的:通过桔梗宏观性状(长、宽、厚、质量)、微观形状(乳汁管面积)以及桔梗总皂苷和镇咳祛痰作用的关联分析,探究基于桔梗“形”的“辨状论质”实质。方法:本研究对桔梗“状”中的“形”、桔梗总皂苷和镇咳祛痰的药效结果进行定量测定,分别进行“状-量-效”和“状-效”关联分析,讨论“形”与桔梗品质的关系。结果:不同来源桔梗“形”的量化值、总皂苷含量和镇咳祛痰量化结果均有一定差异。“状-量-效”关联结果显示桔梗质量可体现药材品质,“状-效”关联结果显示宽度、厚度和乳汁管面积均与咳嗽次数呈显著相关,桔梗质量与酚红排泄量呈显著相关。结论:桔梗总皂苷可体现桔梗药材品质。“状-效”和“状-量-效”关联分析均可体现“辨状论质”的实质,其中“状-效”分析更明确、针对性更强。

不同产地加工方式对桔梗饮片质量的影响

目的:探究不同产地趁鲜切加工方式对桔梗饮片质量的影响,明确最优产地趁鲜切加工方法。方法:通过不同干燥方法加工桔梗趁鲜切后的饮片,记录不同加工方式的加工时长,评价饮片外观形态;采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定桔梗皂苷D(PD)的含量;采用分光光度法分别测定总皂苷、总多糖及总黄酮含量;评价醇浸出物含量,并通过熵权-逼近理想解排序法(TOPSIS)进行综合评价。结果:在不同加工方法中,热风干燥至半干切制再烘干所制备的饮片外观较优,以PD、总皂苷、总多糖、总黄酮及醇浸出物含量为标准的综合评价得分最优,且工艺耗时短,适合作为产地初加工方式。结论:优化出的桔梗产地趁鲜切加工方式切实可行,工艺简便,可操作性强,为桔梗产地初加工提供参考依据。

桔梗及其炮制品的质量标准研究概况

桔梗为药食两用中药,专入肺经,具有宣肺、利咽、祛痰、排脓的功效,被称为“舟楫之剂”。作为传统中药,其炮制历史悠久,炮制方法众多。现行标准中桔梗及其炮制品的炮制方法描述及检查项要求并不统一。从文献古籍、现代法规对桔梗及其炮制品记载的炮制方法进行对比分析;对现行《中华人民共和国药典》和各省炮规质量标准相关指标进行归纳比较;结合文献计量学方法,对桔梗质量控制方面的现代研究进行可视化分析,以期探讨桔梗现行质量标准的合理性和科学性,并为其炮制品的质量标准研究提供参考。

桔梗多糖的制备工艺及生物活性研究进展

桔梗为桔梗科多年生植物[Platycodon grandiflorum(Jacq.)A.DC.]的根,具有悠久的食用和药用历史,是药食同源大宗品种之一,具有重要研究价值。桔梗根鲜品在中国东北和华北地区常被腌制为咸菜,市场需求量大,其干燥根则在中医临床常用于治疗咳嗽痰多,胸闷不畅,咽痛音哑,肺痈吐脓等病症。现有研究表明,桔梗中含有丰富的功能性多糖,在免疫调节、抗炎、止咳等生物活性方面发挥着至关重要的作用,具有重要的研究和开发前景。然而,当前国内外主要针对其结构与生物活性进行研究,尚无关于桔梗多糖的系统文献综述。该文通过梳理国内外有关桔梗多糖提取、分离纯化以及生物活性等方面的研究文献,对桔梗多糖的最新研究进展进行了系统归纳和总结,为日后桔梗多糖类成分的研究和深度开发利用提供参考。

桔梗总皂苷对痛风性关节炎小鼠的影响机制研究

研究桔梗总皂苷对痛风性关节炎小鼠的影响及基于NLRP3/ASC/caspase-1途径的抗炎作用。将小鼠分为空白组、模型组、秋水仙碱(1 mg/kg)组和桔梗皂苷(25、50、100 mg/kg)组,连续灌胃7 d。在第5 d灌胃1 h后,将小鼠麻醉,踝关节处消毒后将MSU注射到关节中。通过测量关节肿胀程度和检测炎症因子、过氧化物因子和相关蛋白的表达水平,阐明桔梗总皂苷治疗痛风性关节炎的抗炎作用。结果表明,桔梗总皂苷能有效减轻肿胀,降低炎症因子和过氧化物水平。桔梗总皂苷能够改变炎症区域的细胞形态,踝关节处的NLRP3、ASC、caspase-1和IL-1β的蛋白质水平也显著降低。因此桔梗总皂苷能有效缓解MSU引起的痛风性关节炎,其机制与NLRP3/ASC/caspase-1途径上的蛋白减少有关。

不同提取工艺桔梗多糖的理化性质分析及其对奥沙利铂体内分布的影响

目的:探究不同提取工艺桔梗多糖(PGP)的理化性质,不同提取工艺所得的PGP对奥沙利铂(OXA)体内分布的影响。方法:本研究采用了热水提取(HW)、醋酸辅助提取(CA)、氨水辅助提取(KA)、超声辅助提取(UA)制备桔梗多糖,通过红外光谱、紫外光谱、凝胶色谱、高效液相色谱等方法测定多糖的理化性质;建立OXA电感耦合等离子体-质谱(ICP-MS)体内分析方法,考察OXA单用组、OXA联用PGP-HW组、OXA联用PGP-CA组、OXA联用PGP-KA组、OXA联用PGP-UA组SD大鼠体内奥沙利铂分布的变化;使用Western Blot方法来测定肺组织中Oct-2和Pg-P蛋白的表达水平,考察PGP改变OXA体内分布的机制。结果:四种桔梗多糖在理化性质方面呈现出明显的区别。其中,PGP-KA的得率最高;四种桔梗多糖红外图谱均具备典型的多糖特征吸收峰;在分子量组成上,它们主要由7 kDa和3790 kDa两个分子量构成,但各自的分子量分布比例有所不同。此外,这四种桔梗多糖都含有甘露糖(Man)、鼠李糖(Rha)、半乳糖醛酸(GalA)、葡萄糖(Glu)、半乳糖(Gal)以及阿拉伯糖(Ara),但比例存在差异;四种多糖粒径主要集中在300 nm左右,且具有良好的溶液稳定性;与OXA单用组比,OXA联用PGP-CA组、OXA联用PGP-KA组分别增加肺组织OXA含量为36.93%和35.12%,且OXA联用PGP-KA组显著(P<0.05)增加Oct-2蛋白表达水平,而P-g-P蛋白表达水平无显著差异。结论:不同的提取工艺获得的PGP的理化性质不同,其中OXA联用PGP-CA组和OXA联用PGPKA组能显著增加OXA在肺组织分布水平,其机制可能与增加肺组织中Oct-2的表达量有关。