Structural characterization and anti-inflammatory activities of novel polysaccharides obtained from Pleurotus eryngii

Natural polysaccharides named PEP-0.1-1,PEP-0-1 and PEP-0-2 from edible mushroom species Pleurotus eryngii were obtained in the present study.Results showed that molecular weights of these polysaccharides were 3235,2041 and 23933 Da,respectively.Further,structural characterization revealed that PEP-0.1-1 had a→4-α-D-Glcp-1→backbone and contained→4)-α-D-Glcp and→4)-β-D-Glcp reducing end groups.PEP-0-1 backbone contained→4-α-D-Glcp-1→and→6-α-3-O-Me-D-Galp-1→,and the side chains containedα-D-Glcp,β-D-Manp-1→andα-D-Glcp-3→.However,PEP-0-2 backbone consisted of→4-α-DGlcp-1→and→6-α-3-O-Me-D-Galp-(1→6)-α-D-Galp-1→while the side chains containedα-D-Glcp andβ-D-Manp-1→.Biological activity analysis was then carried out and found that all these polysaccharides could significantly suppress the relative mRNA expression of toll-like receptor 4,nitric oxide(NO),tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin(IL)-1βand IL-6 in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced inflammation of RAW264.7 cells,as well as the over secretion of the above cell cytokines.Moreover,Western blotting analysis revealed that all these purified fractions displayed significant inhibition effects on the expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinases protein induced by LPS in mitogen activated protein kinase pathway,along with the relieving on the inhibition effect of LPS on IκB-αprotein expression.In summary,the information generated by the present study could provide a theoretical basis for the exploration of novel healthy food materials from edible mushroom with antiinflammation activities.

白腐菌Pleurotus eryngii-Co007产木质素降解酶条件的优化

木质素降解酶是参与降解木质素的酶类，广泛存在于白腐真菌中。为提高白腐菌Pleurotus eryngii—Co007的产木质素降解酶的活力，研究了该菌株的产酶曲线、发酵参数及培养基组分对其产木质素降解酶的影响。单因素试验结果表明该菌株发酵第8天时发酵液中木质素降解酶酶活最高；较优的发酵参数是pH5．0—6．0、发酵温度25—27℃，接种量10％～15％，其中pH影响最显著；麦芽糖和有机氮源有利于木质素降解酶的表达。但考虑到酶表达的增加量和生产成本的经济性选择3％的葡萄糖、0．2％酵母粉和0．2％牛肉膏组合氮源；诱导剂中秸杆、Cu^2＋和吐温80诱导产酶效果明显。

响应面法优化白腐菌Pleurotus eryngii_(-Co007)产木质素降解酶条件

为提高Pleurotus eryngii-Co007产木质素降解酶能力,考察了初始pH、秸秆浓度、Cu2+浓度、吐温-80含量对其产木质素降解酶的影响。采用单因素试验和响应面分析法的Central Composite进行试验设计,得到Pleurotus eryngii-Co007产木质素降解酶的最佳条件:培养基初始pH 5.63、秸杆加量1.12%、Cu2+浓度4.00mmol/L、吐温-80含量0.83g/L。在此条件下,第8天摇瓶发酵液中木质素降解酶活性达到241.40U/ml,与回归模型的预测值相对误差仅2.18%。

Quality Evaluation and Standards Development of Liquid Spawn of Pleurotus eryngii

With four Pleurotus eryng# varieties as test materials, the mycelium pelletdensity, dry weight and diameter, fermentation broth pH value, and deoxidized sugar content were determined during their liquid fermentation to investigate the growth of mycelia and changes in fermentation broth. In addition, the sensory, biochemical and microbiological indicators of excellent P. eryngii mycelia were determined by sensory tests, microscope morphology observation and mycelium pellet back-inoculation tests. The results showed that the standards for high-quality liquid spawn of P. eryngii were as follows： bacterial liquid was light yellow and clarifiedwith rich bitter almond flavor but no bacterial contamination; mycelium pellets were visible, white and uniform with burrs on the surface, diameter 〈2.5 mm and concentration of 80%-100%; mycelium pellets were stout, and there were 3--4 clamp connectionsper visual field under the microscope; fermentation time was generally 120-144 h.

Purification and Characterization of a Versatile Peroxidase from Edible Mushroom Pleurotus eryngii

A versatile peroxidase (VP-Peco60-7 ) was generated and purified from the liquid culture of Pleurotus eryngii. The purification procedure included ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, and gel chromatography. The molecular weight and isoelectric point (pI) of VP-Peco60-7 were determined to be approxi-mately 40 kDa and 4.1, respectively. By N-terminal sequence determination and peptide mapping analysis, VP-Peco60-7 was found to be similar to the versatile peroxidase isoenzyme VPL1, which was previously isolated from liquid cultures of the same species. However, the molecular weight and pI of VP-Peco60-7 were different from those of versatile peroxidases of liquid cultures, implying that the VP-Peco60-7 in this study is of a novel type. With 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) as a substrate, the maximal enzyme activity was obtained at 50 °C and pH 3.0. The catalysis of ABTS by VP-Peco60-7 was expressed by the Michaelis-Menten equa-tion. At 50 °C and pH 3.0, the maximum velocity (V max ) was 188.68 U·mg-1 and the michaelis constant (K m ) was 203.09 μmol·L-1 .

Effects of Pleurotus eryngii Residue on Weight Gain of Chick and Duck

In the present study, Pleurotus eryngii residue was added into conventional feed of Chai chicks and meat-type ducks at different ratios to measure its effects on the production performance of chicks and ducks. The results revealed that the growth performance of chicks and ducks was the best when 20% Pleurotus eryngii residue was added into the feed. Under such condition, the daily weight gain of 8 - 11 and 12 - 15-week-old Chai chicks was increased by 6.8% and 13.5%, and that of 8 - 11 and 12 - 15-week-old ducks was increased by 11.5% and 19.3%, respectively.

Preparation of Rice Seedling-raising Substrate with Spent Mushroom Substrate of Pleurotus eryngii

This study aimed to explore the effect of fermented spent mushroom substrate(SMS) of Pleurotus eryngii as a basic material on rice seedling-raising substrate. The physical and chemical indices of the SMS indicated that the fermented SMS was fully composted and was very suitable for preparing rice seedling-raising substrate. The fermented SMS effectively regulated the bulk density, total porosity, aeration porosity and water-holding porosity of rice seedling-raising substrate. With the increased addition amount of fermented SMS, the bulk density of rice seedling-raising substrate was decreased, but the total porosity, aeration porosity and water-holding porosity were increased. Compared with those in the substrates of 100% soil and 100% SMS,the height, chlorophyll content, 100-shoot dry weight, 100-root dry weight, root activity, nitrogen content, phosphorus content and potassium content of rice seedlings in the substrate composed of spent mushroom substrate of P. eryngii and soil were higher.The quality of rice seedlings in the substrate composed of 20% soil and 80% SMS was best, followed by that in the substrate composed of 30% soil and 70% SMS.

Key Technology for Liquid Spawn Production and Green and High-yield Cultivation of Pleurotus eryngii

[Objectives]Pleurotus eryngii is currently the second largest edible fungus variety cultivated in China,and it mainly adopts the bag cultivation mode.This study aims to effectively solve the problems of high cost of solid spawn,long spawn production cycle,low application level of green and high-yield cultivation technology and equipment,and unstable output and quality in the factory production process and to further promote industrial upgrading.[Methods]Since June,2018,a series of research and technical optimizations had been carried out by a technical research team consisting of personnels from Vegetable Office of Guannan County,Institute of Edible Fungi of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Jiangsu Xiangru Biotechnology Co.,Ltd.,around the production of liquid spawn,introduction of excellent varieties of P.eryngii,medium pretreatment,autoclaving,clean room inoculation,digital cultivation,harvesting,packaging,etc.[Results]The key technology of industrial production,liquid spawn production and green and high-yield cultivation of P.eryngii are summarized.[Conclusions]The economic benefit of liquid spawn of P.eryngii is extremely considerable compared with liquid spawns such as branch spawn.

Effects of Metal Ions on the Activity of Cellulase Produced by Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii

[ Objectivel The study aims to discuss the effects of metal ions on the activity of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii cellulose. [ Method] 0.5 mmol/L FeSO4, CuSO4, MnSO4 and ZnSO4 solutions were added to the basal culture media containing silkworm excrement and rice husk, and the effects of metal ions on activity of FPA and Cx enzyme produced by P. ostreatus and P. eryngiiwere analyzed. [ Resultl The addi- tion of Zn2. and Mn~＊ to the basal culture media containing silkworm excrement and rice husk was beneficial to the improvement of the activity of FPA and Cx enzyme produced by P. ostreatus and P. eryngii, while the addition of Fe2＋ and Cu2. inhibited the activity of the cellulase. EConclu- sion I The research could provide theoretical references for improvement of utilization rate of cellulase in silkworm excrement and rice husk.

Study on the Variation of Three Parameters during Industrial Cultivation of Liquid Spawn to Pleurotus eryngii

In order to effectively guide industrial cultivation of liquid spawn to Pleurotus eryngii, the changes of the mycelial amount, CO2 concentration and pH value during the industrial cultivation of liquid spawn to Pleurotus eryngii were studied. The results showed that during the culture of mycelium, the changes of my- celium amount and CO2 concentration accorded with the S type growth curve, and the 4^th -8^th d was the logarithmic phase with the growth amount of mycelium 0.05 g/100 ml per day. After 9 d, the mycelium growth tended to slow down, and by tile end of the mycelium cultivation, mycelium began to slightly decrease. The pH value of medium changed slightly in 0.5 during the mycelium cultivation. The three groups of parameters showed that the liquid strain fermentation time should be 8 to9d.

Effect of Fermentation Bed with Spent Mushroom Substrate of Pleurotus eryngii on Weaning Piglets

[Objective] The paper was to investigate effects on fermentation bed temperature,growth performance,diarrhea rate and digestive en-zyme activity of weaning piglets by using spent mushroom substrate of Pleurotus eryngii as padding.[Method] A total of 120 weaning piglets（Duroc × Landrace ×Yorkshire） with average initial body weight of（8.0 ±0.5）kg were allocated to five dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design for 42 d,each of which was replicated three times with eight piglets per replicate（half male,half female）.The padding for control group was（50% sawdust ＋50% rice husk）;experimental group Ⅰ 100% spent mushroom substrate;experimental group Ⅱ（15% sawdust ＋15% rice husk ＋70% spent mushroom substrate）;experimental group Ⅲ（25% sawdust ＋25% rice husk ＋50% spent mushroom substrate）;experimental group Ⅳ（35% sawdust ＋35% rice husk ＋30% spent substrate）.[Result] There was no significant difference in surface temperature of fermentation bed between experimental groups and control group（P〉0.05）.Compared with the control group,the temperature under 20 cm of fermentation bed in ex-perimental groups I,Ⅱ and Ⅲ increased significantly（P〈0.05）.Except for experimental group Ⅳ,other three experimental groups had higher aver-age daily gain（P〈0.05） and experimental group Ⅰ had higher average daily feed intake（P〈0.05） compared to the control group.The diarrhea rate and mortality of weaning piglets in experimental groups Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ were significantly decreased compared with the control group（P〈0.05）.Compared with the control group,other three experimental groups had higher digestive enzyme activity in duodenal contents except for experimental group Ⅳ（P〈0.05）.[Conclusion] Spent mushroom substrate of P.eryngii can be used as fermentation bed padding,and the optimal proportion was experimental group Ⅲ.

杏鲍菇菌渣代料栽培对姬松茸不同潮次产量及品质的影响

为探究杏鲍菇代料栽培姬松茸的适宜比例,通过床栽试验研究了杏鲍菇替代不同比例稻草对姬松茸J2和J37菌株不同潮次子实体产量、营养品质的影响。结果表明:随着替代比例的增加,姬松茸J2和J37子实体产量呈现先升后降的变化趋势,替代比例为30%时产量最高,姬松茸J2产量可达2.038 kg·m^(-2),姬松茸J37产量可达2.267 kg·m^(-2)。两种姬松茸子实体产量主要集中于第一潮和第二潮,且杏鲍菇菌渣替代栽培处理前两潮产量占比均高于传统栽培配方。随着潮次增加,姬松茸J2和J37子实体中多糖、粗蛋白和氨基酸的质量分数总体呈降低的趋势,但杏鲍菇菌渣替代处理多糖、粗蛋白和氨基酸质量分数随潮次增加降低的幅度小于传统栽培配方。杏鲍菇菌渣替代处理姬松茸子实体中粗蛋白、氨基酸和多糖的质量分数分别比传统栽培配方提高2.42%~10.44%、4.09%~12.00%和11.07%~23.70%,其中替代比例为30%时营养品质最优。从生产成本分析,杏鲍菇菌渣替代可降低姬松茸栽培原料成本35.08%~54.00%。研究表明,适宜比例的杏鲍菇菌渣和养殖场垫料组合代料栽培姬松茸的产量和品质优且不同潮次间相对稳定,而且该方式可以有效降低栽培材料的投入成本,综合效益比较高。

覆土种植杏鲍菇营养评价与效益分析

以工厂化种植杏鲍菇为对照,检测覆土种植不同采收期杏鲍菇的蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪等营养成分和种植前后土壤养分含量,根据覆土种植投入产出计算效益,探讨冬闲田杏鲍菇覆土种植-菌渣还田-粮食/水果/蔬菜轮作种植模式的可行性。结果表明,不同采收期覆土种植杏鲍菇鲜品子实体蛋白质、脂肪、氨基酸等含量均高于工厂化种植,采收期对覆土种植杏鲍菇蛋白质含量影响较大,成熟初期含量最高,达4.19 g/100 g,是成熟期的1.3倍、孢子释放期的1.6倍、工厂化种植的1.9倍。覆土种植杏鲍菇必需氨基酸、呈味氨基酸含量均高于工厂化种植,E/T值接近FAO/WHO提出的优质蛋白质氨基酸组成值。菌渣还田后土壤有机质含量提高了116%,杏鲍菇从覆土到采收完毕共34 d,生物转化率可达136%,投入产出比达1:1.8。冬闲田覆土种植杏鲍菇子实体营养丰富,味道鲜美,经济效益好,菌渣还田可提高土壤有机质含量,适合在南方水稻主产区、荔枝等果园的林下冬春季推广应用。

夏季闲置大棚利用杏鲍菇菌渣栽培草菇技术

利用夏秋季蔬菜大棚空闲期,以杏鲍菇菌渣90%、干稻草10%为原料栽培草菇,每667 m2大棚产草菇约700 kg,按照上海批发市场20元/kg收购价计,除去成本,净产值约9700元,既提高了蔬菜大棚棚歇期土地利用率,草菇种植后菌渣直接还田还可改良土壤,减少化肥使用,是一种实现农业废弃物循环利用、经济和生态效益显著的绿色种植模式。从设施选择、季节安排、品种选择、培养料制作、铺料播种、覆膜、覆土、发菌管理、出菇管理、病虫害防控等方面详述该套技术。

双螺杆挤压双菇复合膨化食品的配方研究

以大米粉为主要原料,辅以杏鲍菇和香菇等辅料,采用双螺杆挤压技术,经过拌料、挤压膨化、切割、烘烤、调味等工艺研制双菇(香菇、杏鲍菇)复合膨化食品。在单因素的基础上,以感官评分和膨化度为综合考察指标,利用Box-Beheken响应面优化双菇复合膨化食品的配方。实验结果表明,双螺杆挤压工艺参数为:挤压温度Ⅰ区50℃、Ⅱ区130℃和Ⅲ区150℃,调整转速为230.00 r/min,在此工艺条件下制备双菇复合膨化食品的最优配方为:以大米粉为基础配方,香菇添加量为10%,杏鲍菇添加量为9%、罗汉果甜苷添加量为0.03%,此时综合评分最高,为94.16。在此条件下制备的双菇膨化食品,膨化效果最好,具有较好的色泽和香菇杏鲍菇特有的香气。

杏鲍菇菌糠和植物乳杆菌对全株玉米青贮有氧稳定性和体外发酵特性的影响

试验旨在研究杏鲍菇菌糠和植物乳杆菌对全株玉米青贮有氧稳定性和体外发酵特性的影响。以玉米品种‘康农玉999’为青贮材料,添加杏鲍菇菌糠和植物乳杆菌混合青贮。青贮60 d后取样分析。对青贮前后发酵各组营养品质、发酵品质、有氧稳定性和体外消化效果进行研究。结果表明:青贮后,混合青贮发酵营养品质、乙酸含量和有氧稳定性时间优于全株玉米单独青贮;体外发酵试验中,添加10%杏鲍菇菌糠+植物乳杆菌0.02 g·kg^(-1)组CP降解率显著提高。由此可见,在全株玉米青贮中添加杏鲍菇菌糠和植物乳杆菌提高了青贮品质和有氧稳定性,改善了体外发酵特性,提高了CP降解率。综合考虑,以90%全株玉米+10%杏鲍菇菌糠+植物乳杆菌0.02 g·kg^(-1)混合青贮时可获得较好的效果。

杏鲍菇菌糠饲料化研究与应用进展

杏鲍菇菌糠是用于栽培杏鲍菇,子实体采收之后残留的栽培基质,含有蛋白质、畜禽必需氨基酸、脂肪、纤维、钙、磷等多种营养因子,多糖、黄铜、低聚糖、漆酶、锰过氧化物酶等多种活性功能成分,同时其中的重金属、霉菌毒素、农药残留浓度及有害微生物数量均低于标准限定值。因此杏鲍菇菌糠作为非常规饲料原料,用于饲料的研究与开发,代替部分或全部的日粮组分,在一定程度上解决了饲料短缺问题,并降低了养殖成本,提升了养殖效益。为此本文就杏鲍菇菌糠营养成分、饲用安全性以及在牛、羊、猪、禽等动物养殖中的应用进行了综述,以期为杏鲍菇菌糠在饲料化资源利用研究及应用方面提供参考。

新疆野生阿魏菇复合群的种群结构及地理分布

【目的】研究新疆野生阿魏菇复合群的种群组成、地理分布和自然保有量等,为野生阿魏菇资源保育和开发利用提供理论支撑。【方法】采用普查和样方调查相结合方法,采集新疆野生阿魏菇复合群资源,利用分子生物技术对收集菌株进行种类鉴定,运用统计学分析,阐明新疆野生阿魏菇复合群资源的种群组成、地理分布和自然保有量等。【结果】新疆野生阿魏菇复合群资源由白灵侧耳和阿魏侧耳两个种群组成,白灵侧耳为优势种群,占鉴定总数97.23%,阿魏侧耳为弱势种群,占鉴定总数的2.77%;野生白灵侧耳种群广泛分布在新疆石河子市、托里县、裕民县、额敏县、福海县、富蕴县和青河县等7个区域,而野生阿魏侧耳种群仅分布在托里县、裕民县和额敏县等3个区域;野生白灵侧耳资源自然保有量总体呈下降趋势,且各分布区差异明显,其中石河子市、托里县和额敏县下降幅度最大,样方内年度采集数量最低年份只有0~1株,保育形势严峻;野生阿魏侧耳资源自然保有量极少,5年内在3个分布区样方内仅采集到3株野生菌株,保育形势尤为严峻。【结论】新疆野生阿魏菇复合群由白灵侧耳和阿魏侧耳2个种群组成,白灵侧耳为优势种群,且为广布种;野生白灵侧耳和阿魏侧耳资源自然保有量总体均呈下降趋势。

热风干燥对刺芹侧耳多糖-蛋白质复合物加工特性及抗氧化性的影响

对刺芹侧耳(Pleurotus eryngii)子实体进行热风干燥处理,检测其色差值、褐变指数、中间指数、紫外可见吸收光谱,分析其美拉德反应程度;提取刺芹侧耳多糖-蛋白质复合物,分析其基本成分、加工特性(溶解性、相对黏度、起泡性、乳化性、硬度、内聚性、弹性、咀嚼性和凝胶强度)和抗氧化性。结果表明:新鲜刺芹侧耳的色差值最高,干制24 h的最低;新鲜刺芹侧耳的褐变指数与中间指数最低,干燥24 h的褐变指数与中间指数最高。新鲜刺芹侧耳多糖-蛋白质复合物溶解所需时间最长,干燥18、24 h的溶解时间较短;干燥24h的相对黏度最高,新鲜刺芹侧耳的最低;干燥24h的乳化性、起泡性均最好,干燥12、18、24h的乳化稳定性较好,干燥18 h的起泡稳定性较好;干燥24 h的硬度、内聚性、弹性、咀嚼性和凝胶强度均最高;干燥18、24h的对DPPH自由基清除率较高,干燥24h的对羟基自由基清除率最高,干燥24h的对超氧阴离子清除率较高,干燥18、24 h的对多酚氧化酶抑制率较高。研究结果可为刺芹侧耳的进一步开发利用提供参考。

杏鲍菇空气煎炸过程品质变化与羧甲基赖氨酸、羧乙基赖氨酸生成研究

本文以杏鲍菇脆片为研究对象,分别采用荧光光谱法和超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法测定脆片中荧光性晚期糖基化终末产物(Advanced glycation end products,AGEs)以及2种极具代表性的典型晚期糖基化终末产物羧甲基赖氨酸(N^(ε)-carboxymethyl-lysine,CML)和羧乙基赖氨酸(N^(ε)-carboxyethyl-lysine,CEL)的含量,并研究不同煎炸温度、时间对杏鲍菇品质的影响。结果表明:杏鲍菇脆片在煎炸过程中发生了褐变,色泽开始由白色变成金黄色,时间越长、温度越高,颜色越深。脆片的水分含量显著(P<0.05)减少,硬度变化趋势为先减小后增大,且在煎炸过程中,煎炸时间和温度对杏鲍菇中CML和CEL的形成均具有显著(P<0.05)的影响,其含量随着煎炸温度和煎炸时间的增加而不断增加。在180℃、20 min下,CML和CEL的含量达到了最高,分别是13.75和70.63μg/g。但荧光AGEs的生成量在180℃、10 min要比160℃、10 min高4.5 AU。在160℃、10 min下,CML和CEL的含量分别是4.54和8.34μg/g,相比于160℃、20 min下,分别减少了46.65%和62.48%,且在此条件下感官评定较好,与180℃、10 min差异不显著,同时生成的AGE较少。因此结合各个指标的测定结果和感官评价,最终确定杏鲍菇脆片最佳煎炸条件为160℃、10 min。