Non-polar capillary columns for GC/MS are widely utilized in the analysis of additives for food contact materials. Though various kinds of non-polar capillary columns are commercially available, the equality of their ...Non-polar capillary columns for GC/MS are widely utilized in the analysis of additives for food contact materials. Though various kinds of non-polar capillary columns are commercially available, the equality of their performance has not been verified. Herein, ninety-six additives for food contact plastics were analyzed using fifteen kinds of columns, and the peak separation, retention times, and peak areas of each additive were compared. The additives, with various chemical properties, comprised forty four plasticizers, twenty lubricants, twenty antioxidants, nine ultraviolet absorbers, and three other compounds. 10 μg.mL-1 test solutions were prepared in acetone, and injected to the GC/MS. The fifteen columns were classified into five categories based on the chromatogram pattern and peak separation. To facilitate comparison of the retention time and detection sensitivity of the columns for the additives, the relative retention time (RRT) and relative peak area (RPA) were calculated by using dibutylphthalate or 4-tert-butylphenylsalicylate as an internal standard. The RRTs of the additives on each column were essentially similar. However, the RRT of the additives which were detected in the later stages differed slightly. Although the RPA of the plasticizers and lubricants were roughly similar, column-to-column differences were observed for certain additives, such as antioxidants and ultraviolet absorbers. Furthermore, certain fatty acids, antioxidants, two plasticizers, and two benzophenone type ultraviolet absorbers were not detected in the chromatograms of two columns.展开更多
In winter the polar stratosphere is extremely cold. During the Sudden Stratospheric Warming events, the polar stratospheric temperature rises concurrently zonal-mean zonal flow weakens over a short period of time. As ...In winter the polar stratosphere is extremely cold. During the Sudden Stratospheric Warming events, the polar stratospheric temperature rises concurrently zonal-mean zonal flow weakens over a short period of time. As the zonal flow weakens, the stratospheric circulation becomes highly asymmetrical and the stratospheric polar vortex is displaced off the pole. The polar stratospheric temperature rises by 50°C and the stratospheric circumpolar flow reverses direction in a span of just few days. Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) leads to significant changes in the rate of several chemical reactions which occur in the polar stratosphere. During such events, the dynamical fields in the polar stratosphere completely altered and columnar ozone changed. This study concentrated on the variability of winter polar vortex, meridional temperature gradient and associated changes in the Total Column Ozone (TCO) over the polar and middle latitude regions. It is found that changes in the amount of column ozone are positively correlated with polar lower stratospheric temperature with colder (warmer) temperature correlating with less (high) amount column ozone. But in the middle latitude region we observed negative correlations between ozone concentration and stratospheric temperature. In almost all cases there is sudden increase of ozone concentration over the pole and after few days the value is reduced when the warming effect is weak. During SSW events there observed an increase of 30 DU in TCO from the average value over the pole and if the SSW is strong TCO is found to rise by 50 DU. But in the middle latitude approximately 10 DU increase is noted. From the above results it may be concluded that variability of column ozone depends on dynamic and stratospheric chemistry over the poles and in middle latitude the variability can be attributed to the dynamical aspects. Anomaly of column ozone is higher during sudden stratospheric warming events over both polar and middle latitude region. The meridional temperature gradient reverses first and after two days polar vortex changes its direction or weakens followed by an increase of column ozone over the polar region. An increase of 30° Kelvin in the average temperature value noted over the polar region during sudden stratospheric warming events.展开更多
Objective:To carry out a phyto-chemical characterization of essential oil from Ocimum basilicum L.(O.basilicum) harvested in DR Congo and to assess the antioxidant potential of crude extracts with respect to the polar...Objective:To carry out a phyto-chemical characterization of essential oil from Ocimum basilicum L.(O.basilicum) harvested in DR Congo and to assess the antioxidant potential of crude extracts with respect to the polarity for comparison reason.Methods:The phyto-chemical characterization of essential oil produced by hydrodistillation was performed by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis and the antioxidant potential evaluation by in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity method.Results:A previously weighed amount of fresh leaves of O.basilicum produced 0.65%of essential oil that led to the identification of a set of 84.44%out of 99.98%as major compounds(> 1.5%).The chemo-type of this essential oil was linalool-methyl chavicol.Chemical components of oil were characterized by oxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons(46.00%) and oxygenated monoterpenes(26.75%).With respect to the amount of components,methyl chavicol also known as estragole(35.72%) constituted the very large quantity afterward linalool(21.25%) and then epi-α-cadinol(8.02%),α-bergamotene(6.56%),eugenol(4.60%),1,8-cineole(4.04%),germacrene D(2.06%),thymol(1.64%),and(E)-citral(1.55%),respectively.Essential oil exhibited antioxidant potential and IC_(50) =(1.180 ± 0.015) mg/mL.Non-polar crude extracts yields were low compared to the one of polar extracts.Only methanol and ethyl acetate had considerably manifested antioxidant potential with IC_(50) values equal to(0.025 ± 0.013) mg/mL and(0.085 ± 0.012) mg/mL,respectively.As concerns to IC50 values,essential oil was less active than methanol and ethyl acetate extracts.The methanol crude extract exhibited the highest activity.Non-polar extracts showed insignificant radical scavenging ability that did not allow assessing IC50 values.These results highlighted the occurrence of antioxidant potential compounds in polar media.Conclusions:Essential oil and crude extracts of O.basilicum growing in DR Congo can be advocated as natural sources of antioxidant potential compounds not only in food but also in pharmaceutical industries.The high antioxidant potential of polar crude extracts highlights antioxidant character of its composition particularly butyl stearate and rosmarinic acid we isolated and identified,respectively in the methanol crude extract.展开更多
基于济南S波段双偏振多普勒天气雷达(CINRAD/SA-D)探测资料,并结合区域自动气象站以及常规观测资料,对2020年8月5日和6日山东两次极端强降水风暴环境条件进行对比分析,并重点分析莘县王庄集和兖州大安风暴的双偏振参量特征。结果表明:...基于济南S波段双偏振多普勒天气雷达(CINRAD/SA-D)探测资料,并结合区域自动气象站以及常规观测资料,对2020年8月5日和6日山东两次极端强降水风暴环境条件进行对比分析,并重点分析莘县王庄集和兖州大安风暴的双偏振参量特征。结果表明:两次极端强降水天气均具有较高的K指数和较大的对流有效位能(Convective Available Potential Energy,CAPE),湿层厚,垂直风切变中等偏弱,但6日强降水低层垂直风切变和相对风暴螺旋度明显偏强。风暴气流结构有明显差异:王庄集和大安风暴分别表现为倾斜上升和气旋性旋转气流结构,前者风暴顶辐散强而后者较弱,从而导致前者风暴顶高度及差分相移率(K_(DP))柱高度较高。不同高度微物理结构有差异:-10℃层高度之上,两者以固态粒子为主,而王庄集风暴含有更加深厚、丰富的霰粒子,-20~-10℃层还有一定浓度较小的液态粒子;-10℃层高度以下,两者以浓度较高的液态粒子为主,而王庄集风暴含有一定数量的冰相粒子。风暴低层测站周围差分反射率(Z_(DR))、K_(DP)和相关系数(Correlation Coefficient,CC)大致相当,Z_(DR)适中,粒子大小适中,K_(DP)和CC较大,风暴降水主体液态雨滴浓度较高,含水量丰富,从而产生高强度降水。展开更多
文摘Non-polar capillary columns for GC/MS are widely utilized in the analysis of additives for food contact materials. Though various kinds of non-polar capillary columns are commercially available, the equality of their performance has not been verified. Herein, ninety-six additives for food contact plastics were analyzed using fifteen kinds of columns, and the peak separation, retention times, and peak areas of each additive were compared. The additives, with various chemical properties, comprised forty four plasticizers, twenty lubricants, twenty antioxidants, nine ultraviolet absorbers, and three other compounds. 10 μg.mL-1 test solutions were prepared in acetone, and injected to the GC/MS. The fifteen columns were classified into five categories based on the chromatogram pattern and peak separation. To facilitate comparison of the retention time and detection sensitivity of the columns for the additives, the relative retention time (RRT) and relative peak area (RPA) were calculated by using dibutylphthalate or 4-tert-butylphenylsalicylate as an internal standard. The RRTs of the additives on each column were essentially similar. However, the RRT of the additives which were detected in the later stages differed slightly. Although the RPA of the plasticizers and lubricants were roughly similar, column-to-column differences were observed for certain additives, such as antioxidants and ultraviolet absorbers. Furthermore, certain fatty acids, antioxidants, two plasticizers, and two benzophenone type ultraviolet absorbers were not detected in the chromatograms of two columns.
文摘In winter the polar stratosphere is extremely cold. During the Sudden Stratospheric Warming events, the polar stratospheric temperature rises concurrently zonal-mean zonal flow weakens over a short period of time. As the zonal flow weakens, the stratospheric circulation becomes highly asymmetrical and the stratospheric polar vortex is displaced off the pole. The polar stratospheric temperature rises by 50°C and the stratospheric circumpolar flow reverses direction in a span of just few days. Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) leads to significant changes in the rate of several chemical reactions which occur in the polar stratosphere. During such events, the dynamical fields in the polar stratosphere completely altered and columnar ozone changed. This study concentrated on the variability of winter polar vortex, meridional temperature gradient and associated changes in the Total Column Ozone (TCO) over the polar and middle latitude regions. It is found that changes in the amount of column ozone are positively correlated with polar lower stratospheric temperature with colder (warmer) temperature correlating with less (high) amount column ozone. But in the middle latitude region we observed negative correlations between ozone concentration and stratospheric temperature. In almost all cases there is sudden increase of ozone concentration over the pole and after few days the value is reduced when the warming effect is weak. During SSW events there observed an increase of 30 DU in TCO from the average value over the pole and if the SSW is strong TCO is found to rise by 50 DU. But in the middle latitude approximately 10 DU increase is noted. From the above results it may be concluded that variability of column ozone depends on dynamic and stratospheric chemistry over the poles and in middle latitude the variability can be attributed to the dynamical aspects. Anomaly of column ozone is higher during sudden stratospheric warming events over both polar and middle latitude region. The meridional temperature gradient reverses first and after two days polar vortex changes its direction or weakens followed by an increase of column ozone over the polar region. An increase of 30° Kelvin in the average temperature value noted over the polar region during sudden stratospheric warming events.
基金Supported by Longjin Company Sarl for the Research Grant(DD Tshilanda LCS/1020-SU-160710)Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons for the Training Grant(Ref.S/1295/2015)
文摘Objective:To carry out a phyto-chemical characterization of essential oil from Ocimum basilicum L.(O.basilicum) harvested in DR Congo and to assess the antioxidant potential of crude extracts with respect to the polarity for comparison reason.Methods:The phyto-chemical characterization of essential oil produced by hydrodistillation was performed by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis and the antioxidant potential evaluation by in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity method.Results:A previously weighed amount of fresh leaves of O.basilicum produced 0.65%of essential oil that led to the identification of a set of 84.44%out of 99.98%as major compounds(> 1.5%).The chemo-type of this essential oil was linalool-methyl chavicol.Chemical components of oil were characterized by oxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons(46.00%) and oxygenated monoterpenes(26.75%).With respect to the amount of components,methyl chavicol also known as estragole(35.72%) constituted the very large quantity afterward linalool(21.25%) and then epi-α-cadinol(8.02%),α-bergamotene(6.56%),eugenol(4.60%),1,8-cineole(4.04%),germacrene D(2.06%),thymol(1.64%),and(E)-citral(1.55%),respectively.Essential oil exhibited antioxidant potential and IC_(50) =(1.180 ± 0.015) mg/mL.Non-polar crude extracts yields were low compared to the one of polar extracts.Only methanol and ethyl acetate had considerably manifested antioxidant potential with IC_(50) values equal to(0.025 ± 0.013) mg/mL and(0.085 ± 0.012) mg/mL,respectively.As concerns to IC50 values,essential oil was less active than methanol and ethyl acetate extracts.The methanol crude extract exhibited the highest activity.Non-polar extracts showed insignificant radical scavenging ability that did not allow assessing IC50 values.These results highlighted the occurrence of antioxidant potential compounds in polar media.Conclusions:Essential oil and crude extracts of O.basilicum growing in DR Congo can be advocated as natural sources of antioxidant potential compounds not only in food but also in pharmaceutical industries.The high antioxidant potential of polar crude extracts highlights antioxidant character of its composition particularly butyl stearate and rosmarinic acid we isolated and identified,respectively in the methanol crude extract.
文摘基于济南S波段双偏振多普勒天气雷达(CINRAD/SA-D)探测资料,并结合区域自动气象站以及常规观测资料,对2020年8月5日和6日山东两次极端强降水风暴环境条件进行对比分析,并重点分析莘县王庄集和兖州大安风暴的双偏振参量特征。结果表明:两次极端强降水天气均具有较高的K指数和较大的对流有效位能(Convective Available Potential Energy,CAPE),湿层厚,垂直风切变中等偏弱,但6日强降水低层垂直风切变和相对风暴螺旋度明显偏强。风暴气流结构有明显差异:王庄集和大安风暴分别表现为倾斜上升和气旋性旋转气流结构,前者风暴顶辐散强而后者较弱,从而导致前者风暴顶高度及差分相移率(K_(DP))柱高度较高。不同高度微物理结构有差异:-10℃层高度之上,两者以固态粒子为主,而王庄集风暴含有更加深厚、丰富的霰粒子,-20~-10℃层还有一定浓度较小的液态粒子;-10℃层高度以下,两者以浓度较高的液态粒子为主,而王庄集风暴含有一定数量的冰相粒子。风暴低层测站周围差分反射率(Z_(DR))、K_(DP)和相关系数(Correlation Coefficient,CC)大致相当,Z_(DR)适中,粒子大小适中,K_(DP)和CC较大,风暴降水主体液态雨滴浓度较高,含水量丰富,从而产生高强度降水。
