Advancing respirable coal mine dust source apportionment:a preliminary laboratory exploration of optical microscopy as a novel monitoring tool

Exposure to respirable coal mine dust(RCMD)can cause chronic and debilitating lung diseases.Real-time monitoring capabilities are sought which can enable a better understanding of dust components and sources.In many underground mines,RCMD includes three primary components which can be loosely associated with three major dust sources:coal dust from the coal seam itself,silicates from the surrounding rock strata,and carbonates from the inert‘rock dust’products that are applied to mitigate explosion hazards.A monitor which can reliably partition RCMD between these three components could thus allow source apportionment.And tracking silicates,specifically,could be valuable since the most serious health risks are typically associated with this component-particularly if abundant in crystalline silica.Envisioning a monitoring concept based on field microscopy,and following up on prior research using polarized light,the aim of the current study was to build and test a model to classify respirable-sized particles as either coal,silicates,or carbonates.For model development,composite dust samples were generated in the laboratory by successively depositing dust from high-purity materials onto a sticky transparent substrate,and imaging after each deposition event such that the identity of each particle was known a priori.Model testing followed a similar approach,except that real geologic materials were used as the source for each dust component.Results showed that the model had an overall accuracy of 86.5%,indicating that a field-microscopy based moni-tor could support RCMD source apportionment and silicates tracking in some coal mines.

E®ect of light polariztion on pattern illumination super-resolution imaging

Far-¯eld°uorescence microscopy has made great progress in the spatial resolution,limited by light diffraction,since the super-resolution imaging technology appeared.And stimulated emission depletion(STED)microscopy and structured illumination microscopy(SIM)can be grouped into one class of the super-resolution imaging technology,which use pattern illumination strategy to circumvent the di®raction limit.We simulated the images of the beads of SIM imaging,the intensity distribution of STED excitation light and depletion light in order to observe effects of the polarized light on imaging quality.Compared to¯xed linear polarization,circularly polarized light is more suitable for SIM on reconstructed image.And right-handed circular polarization(CP)light is more appropriate for both the excitation and depletion light in STED system.Therefore the right-handed CP light would be the best candidate when the SIM and STED are combined into one microscope.Good understanding of the polarization will provide a reference for the patterned illumination experiment to achieve better resolution and better image quality.

Application of polarized light microscopy on microstructural characterization of semisolid slurry

In this paper,two ways of micro structural characterization,optical microscopy(OM) and polarized light microscopy(PLM),were both employed to describe the micro structure of semisolid slurry prepared by swirling enthalpy equilibration device(SEED).The results show that PLM is more reliable and accurate than OM to describe the special morphology feature of semisolid slurry made by SEED process.Meanwhile,the effects of pouring temperature and mass of molten liquid on the primary α-Al particle size and morphology were also investigated using PLM.The quantitative metallographic results measured from PLM demonstrate that the grain size and morphology and their distribution are significantly affected by both pouring temperature and the mass of molten liquid.The grain size poured with 2.7 kg liquid decreases from 659 to186 μm,and grain morphology transforms from dendrite to globular structure with pouring temperature reducing from690 to 630℃.The decreasing pouring temperature also promotes the distribution of spherical structure on the cross section.Meanwhile,the mass of molten liquid decreasing from 2.7 to 2.3 kg can decrease the grain size by maximum of 44% at high pouring temperature.

扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪在玻璃结石成分分析中的应用

玻璃中常见各种结石缺陷,利用透反偏光显微镜可以初步判定玻璃结石的种类,但无法分析结石的成分,且处理样品效率较低。以硅质析晶结石、铝质耐火材料结石、锆质耐火材料结石为例,利用扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪分析结石,可以快速测定结石成分,辨别结石种类,进而推断结石形成的原因。采用该方法可及时准确调整生产,解决玻璃生产中产生结石问题。

Quantification of polarization distribution from polarizing light microscopy images of ferroelectric single crystals

Qualification of polarization can be realized either on a macroscopic scale as an average property by P-E hysteresis measurements or on a nano/micro scale by piezoelectric force microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,scanning electron microscopy,and so on.However,visualization and qualification of polarization distribution in the micron to millimeter scale is still a challenge.Polarizing light microscopy(PLM)is often used in the study of ferroelectric domain structures mainly for domain patterns.A phe-nomenon called“chromatic polarization”has been observed in transparent ferroelectric crystals by using a crossed-PLM system viewed with white light,which contains rich information about local polariza-tion distribution.In this study,an automatic full-angle light intensity detection(AFALID)algorithm com-bined with colorimetry is developed to analyze the distribution of nonuniform local spontaneous polar-ization distribution in transparent ferroelectric single crystals.Temperature-dependent spontaneous po-larizations from the color analysis for PMN-0.36PT single crystals with single tetragonal domain state are in good coincidence with those extracted from temperature-dependent hysteresis loops and pyroelectric current measurements.We further apply this method to quantify the nonuniform domain distributions with nano-indentations.This non-contact and non-destructive characterization can provide fast and au-tomatic detection of polarization distributions in ferroelectric materials.

Resolving Deep Sub-Wavelength Scattering of Nanoscale Sidewalls Using Parametric Microscopy

The quantitative optical measurement of deep sub-wavelength features with sub-nanometer sensitivity addresses the measurement challenge in the semiconductor fabrication process.Optical scatterings from the sidewalls of patterned devices reveal abundant structural and material information.We demonstrated a parametric indirect microscopic imaging(PIMI)technique that enables recovery of the profile of wavelength-scale objects with deep sub-wavelength resolution,based on measuring and filtering the variations of far-field scattering intensities when the illumination was modulated.The finite-difference time-domain(FDTD)numerical simulation was performed,and the experimental results were compared with atomic force microscopic(AFM)images to verify the resolution improvement achieved with PIMI.This work may provide a new approach to exploring the detailed structure and material properties of sidewalls and edges in semiconductor-patterned devices with enhanced contrast and resolution,compared with using the conventional optical microscopy,while retaining its advantage of a wide field of view and relatively low cost.

广西旧石器晚期考古遗址新发现赭石的科技分析

赭石的使用是现代人行为的标志之一,旧石器时代现代人对赭石的使用显示其对精神世界的追求,反映了旧石器时代现代人的认知能力。为更好研究中国区域考古遗址赭石的科学信息,本研究应用拉曼光谱、偏光显微、能谱分析,对广西新近发现的2个考古遗址(中山遗址和娅怀洞遗址)中的8个赭石样品开展了科学分析。中山遗址AMS测年结果显示该遗址年代距今约1.4万年,2个考古遗址石制品特征都属于旧石器晚期。拉曼光谱分析显示样品峰值主要在221,290,608和662 cm^(-1),显示样品中包含有赤铁矿;偏光显微分析显示所有赭石样品成分包含赤铁矿,未发现有朱砂等红色颜料;能谱分析显示样品化学元素组成中三氧化二铁为主,显示样品主要成分为赤铁矿。总体来看,中山遗址和娅怀洞遗址所发现的赭石成分以赤铁矿为主,未见其他红色颜料。对广西旧石器晚期新发现的赭石样品进行科学分析,中国南方古人类利用赭石的年代也可以进一步明确追溯至距今约1.4万年前(中山遗址)。该研究不仅为中国区域旧石器晚期赭石的科技分析数据提供了依据,也肯定了肉眼判断赭石原料的可靠性,为现代人行为与赭石利用的细致研究及利用提供了较为重要的潜在价值,同时为中国区域赭石的国际化研究提供较为重要的研究素材和科学数据。

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聚丙烯结晶形态对树枝化放电特性的影响

为了研究结晶形态对聚合物电树枝化的影响,采用不同型号的聚丙烯树脂,通过偏光显微镜(PLM)对其结晶形态进行表征,研究了交流电压作用下不同型号的聚丙烯树脂的树枝化特性,如:电树生长速度、电树枝形状等。结果表明:型号为1300的聚丙烯在不同条件下的电树枝生长速度都相对较慢,具有较好的耐电树枝化性能。电树枝在球晶内生长缓慢,而在晶区和非晶区的晶界面快速生长。

饮料导致釉质组织和形态学改变的观察

目的 :观察不同种类饮料对釉质组织和形态学的改变。方法 :采用体视显微镜、偏光显微镜和扫描电镜观察不同种类饮料浸泡釉质后 ,釉质表面超微结构和组织学的改变 ,饮料的处理是 3 7℃ ,每天 10次 ,每次 5min。设去离子水为对照组。结果 :体视显微镜观察表明 ,除矿泉水外 ,其余饮料导致釉质表面不同程度组织缺失 ,有色饮料能导致釉质表面颜色的改变且随处理时间的延长而加深。偏光显微镜观察表明磨片浸喹啉后脱矿区呈负性双折射 ,而浸水时则呈正性双折射。扫描电镜也观察到釉柱出现不同程度的脱矿 ,可乐和橙汁的脱矿作用较钙奶强。矿泉水和去离子水处理的釉质未见脱矿征象。结论

内蒙古阿尔寨石窟壁画制作工艺和颜料的分析研究

为了解阿尔寨石窟壁画的制作工艺和颜料成分,采用偏光显微镜分析、剖面分析,并结合X射线衍射分析对6个洞窟的23个样品进行了分析。为了进一步研究阿尔寨石窟壁画颜料,还通过偏光显微法对其他地区和年代的壁画颜料进行了对比研究。结果表明,其绘制方法是先用加有麦秸的粘土将洞窟壁面抹平,然后用石灰涂白。再施以彩绘。所使用的颜料为矿物质颜料,多为绿、白、红、蓝色等。其绿色颜料为氯铜矿,白色颜料为碳酸钙,红色颜料为朱砂和铅丹,蓝色颜料为石青。

β-谷甾醇与γ-谷维素键合特征的红外光谱分析

建立了傅里叶红外光谱法表征β-谷甾醇与γ-谷维素键合特征的方法。在红外图谱中可以看出,β-谷甾醇的羟基伸缩振动峰明显向低波数移动,并导致谱带变宽,γ-谷维素的羰基吸收峰也出现向低波数位移,说明β-谷甾醇与γ-谷维素之间产生了分子间的氢键效应。当β-谷甾醇与γ-谷维素质量比为2∶3时氢键效应最强,并且质构和锥入度分析表明其硬度也最大。β-谷甾醇与γ-谷维素的油脂样品在偏振光显微镜下呈现四瓣形的自组装新晶体。

食醋对乳牙牙釉质组织和形态学改变的研究

目的观察食醋处理离体乳牙不同时间点对釉质组织和形态学的改变。方法采用体视显微镜、偏光显微镜和扫描电镜观察食醋涂擦釉质后釉质表面超微结构和组织学改变。食醋处理为37℃,每天10次,每次5 min,设去离子水为对照组。结果体视显微镜观察表明,对照组未见釉质脱矿,实验组24 h后釉质有轻度改变,随时间延长,釉质表面组织缺损依次严重。偏光显微镜观察磨片浸喹啉后脱矿区呈负性双折射,而浸水呈正性双折射。扫描电镜观察脱矿从晶体中心逐渐向周围扩展。结论食醋可使乳牙牙釉质脱矿。

山东危山西汉墓出土陶器彩绘颜料研究

为研究山东危山西汉墓出土彩绘陶器颜料成分,采用偏光显微镜、显微拉曼光谱仪和扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪进行了分析。研究结果显示,危山汉墓陶器彩绘颜料有朱砂、铅丹、中国紫(汉紫BaCuSi2O6)、铁红、铁黑、白土等。中国紫颜料首次在山东省的发现,扩大了该颜料的使用区域,具有重要的考古学意义。另外,还在紫色颜料中分析出了BaCu2Si2O7蓝色晶体,这是继中国蓝中国紫之后的又一重大发现。

不同刚果红染色及观察方法对肾脏淀粉样变病诊断的研究

目的:探讨诊断肾脏淀粉样变病的敏感、可靠检查法。方法:选取14例肾脏淀粉样变病肾穿刺组织标本,用7种不同的刚果红染色法进行染色,然后分别用3种显微镜进行观察。结果:7种刚果红染色法均能着染淀粉样蛋白,但是染色效果有区别,以Stokes等改良的染色法效果最佳。普通光学显微镜检查淀粉样蛋白沉积部位呈砖红色;偏振光显微镜检查仅在淀粉样蛋白沉积较多的部位见到绿色双折光,敏感性较差;荧光显微镜检查淀粉样蛋白沉积部位呈红色强荧光,敏感性远较普通光镜高。结论:采用刚果红染色法诊断肾脏淀粉样变病时,宜首选Stokes等的改良染色法。刚果红染色可用普通光学显微镜、偏振光显微镜及荧光显微镜进行观察,荧光显微镜观察的敏感性最高,值得推广。

偏光观察C/C复合材料

利用正交偏光可分辨C/C复合材料中不同类型的沉积炭,通过旋转检偏器可测量C/C复合材料中沉积炭的消光角度。列举了偏光观察C/C复合材料实验过程中经常遇到的问题,介绍了测定消光角度的方法,简要概述了近年来研究热解炭各向异性的成果。

高聚物球晶偏光织态研究中的厚度性消光与补偿机理

以两维聚环氧乙烷（ＰＥＯ）球晶为对象，探讨了偏光显微法的消光机理，尤其是其中的厚度性消光机理，并对于补偿片的作用原理作了细致的理论分析。运用上述手段对ＰＥＯ球晶的形态进行了研究。

6H-SiC单晶中的微管和小角度晶界

利用透射偏光显微术、同步辐射X射线形貌术、高分辨X射线衍射方法对 6H SiC(0 0 0 1)晶片中的微管和小角度晶界等缺陷进行了研究。实验发现 ,在透射偏光显微镜下 ,微管通常呈现为蝴蝶形 ,这是由于微管周围存在着应力场 ,且应力分布不均匀 ,当线偏振光在通过微管周围区域时传播速度不同造成的。从X射线背反射同步辐射形貌像得到晶片中微管的Burgers矢量大小在 2c到 10c之间。从晶片 0 0 0 12衍射的双晶衍射摇摆曲线可以看出 ,晶片的中间大部分区域质量很好 ,双晶衍射峰为单峰且半峰宽很窄 ,一般为 35″左右。在外围区域双晶衍射峰的半峰宽变宽 ,有些区域还会出现衍射峰的分裂 ,这说明外围区域有嵌镶块结构存在。

阻燃聚丙烯共混体系结晶形态研究

本工作利用WAXD、DSC、PLM、PCM和SAIS等手段,对几种具有代表性的阻燃PP共混体系的结晶形态和结晶行为进行了研究。结果表明各种阻燃剂存在,对阻燃PP体系中PP的结晶形态和结晶行为有明显影响。其影响情况取决于这些阻燃剂自身的各种特性。另外,PP的结晶对某些阻燃剂的分散也有一定的影响,其结晶过程是体系中阻燃剂的一个再分散过程。

保偏光纤拍长与折射率测量技术研究

拍长和折射率是表征保偏光纤产品性能的重要指标,随着保偏光纤在光纤通信和光纤传感等领域的广泛应用,对拍长和折射率参数的准确测量十分重要。基于白光干涉技术研制了保偏光纤拍长测量装置,通过测量保偏光纤上两个应力点之间的几何长度和对应耦合点之间的光学长度,实现了拍长的高精度测量,重复性优于4μm。基于数字全息显微层析成像技术,研制了保偏光纤折射率测量装置,通过记录不同旋转角度下的数字全息图,经滤波反投影处理后重建保偏光纤的二维横截面的折射率分布,实现了折射率的高精度测量,重复性优于10^(-4)。