Zipf’s Law, Benford’s Law, and Pareto Rule

From a basic probabilistic argumentation, the Zipfian distribution and Benford’s law are derived. It is argued that Zipf’s law fits to calculate the rank probabilities of identical indistinguishable objects and that Benford’s distribution fits to calculate the rank probabilities of distinguishable objects. i.e. in the distribution of words in long texts all the words in a given rank are identical, therefore, the rank distribution is Zipfian. In logarithmic tables, the objects with identical 1st digits are distinguishable as there are many different digits in the 2nd, 3rd… places, etc., and therefore the distribution is according to Benford’s law. Pareto 20 - 80 rule is shown to be an outcome of Benford’s distribution as when the number of ranks is about 10 the probability of 20% of the high probability ranks is equal to the probability of the rest of 80% low probability ranks. It is argued that all these distributions, including the central limit theorem, are outcomes of Planck’s law and are the result of the quantization of energy. This argumentation may be considered a physical origin of probability.

Democracy on the Road toward the Rule of Law Started from Umbrella Movement

This paper had started its words from the hot current Umbrella Movement in Hongkong, with putting forward the questions that ＂ What is the democracy？ ＂ and ＂ How should the democracy develop？ ＂ . And then, it had reviewed the historical development of the concept of democracy, on that basis, it had explored the socialist democratic system in China and analyzed the dilemmas in the construction of socialist democracy. And it gave the responses to questions in the beginning of the article and explained the reasons in details. At the last, some notes on the construction of democracy in China＇ s journey toward rule of law were written in this article.

Combining the Rule of Law with the Rule of Morality——General Secretary Xi Jinping's Important Discourse on the Relationship Between the Rule of Law and Rule by Virtue

Key points:Throughout the ages,rule of law has been an indispensable means of governing a state.However,as General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out,it is not enough to govern a state by the rule of law

Women’s Councils:A Practical Exploration on the Construction of Democracy, Autonomy and the Rule of Law at the Grassroots Level

The women’s councils are an innovation advocated by the All-China women’s federation for women’s participation in social management and grassroots democracy.They are a beneficial exploration for women to participate in public affairs according to the law in accordance with Article 2 of the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China,and are a model of"the combination of autonomy,rule of law and rule of virtue."The women’s councils have aroused the enthusiasm of women to participate in public affairs,stimulated their autonomous vitality and creativity,and helped to solve the problems of women’s lack of representation and voice in decision-making.The process of deliberation is also the process of developing the awareness of rights,rules,consultation ability,the concept of the rule of law and even thinking about the rule of law.The women’s councils not only help to protect the rights and interests of women and children and promote women’s development,but also has unique value in enriching grassroots consultative democracy,developing grassroots mass autonomy,building a society ruled by law and promoting the implementation of the Constitution.we should therefore fully affirm,support and perfect the women’s councils so as to make it long-term,standardized and institutionalized.

Israel＇s Changing Attitude Toward the Arab National Minority： Between Ben Gurion and Eshkol Military Rule as a Test Case

In August 1963, Israel＇s Prime Minister Levi Eshkol initiated the procedure for terminating the martial law in effect since the end of the War of Independence （1948） with regard to Israeli Arabs. Martial law discriminated against Israel＇s Arab minority, as opposed to the majority of Israel＇s society, as part of different issues bound up with this population＇s daily functioning. The aim of the paper is to present the reasons why Eshkol＇s doing away with the martial law stemmed was its ineffectiveness, while the other, and this makes up the core of our concern here, was his changing attitude toward the Arab minority in Israel, by contrast with that of his predecessor, David Ben Gurion The main conclusion of the paper is that even though Eshkol＇s ideas about the Arab minority were not very different from Ben Gurion＇s ideas one insisted on maintaining the military government in Israel, while the other saw this as unnecessary, and so brought it to an end. In August 1963, a few months after assuming office, Israel＇s Prime Minister Levi Eshkol initiated the first steps leading to the annulment of military rulet which had applied to Arabs in the State of Israel ever since the end of the War of Independence （1948）. This process was concluded some three years later. Military rule was lifted in effect on December 1, 1966. In the presentation, the author would like to look into the considerations which prompted Eshkol to take such a step, in light of the fact that his predecessor, Ben Gurion, was a staunch opponent of annulling the military regime, convinced as he was, even after the conclusion of his term in office, that the current state of affairs should remain in effect.

连续群S—函数方法在配位场能谱分类中的应用

本文介绍了连续群S—函数分析方法,并利用S—函数计算了八面体强场d^n组态和弱场f^n组态子群链的分支律,表明联系一定修正规则的S—函数方法对配位场能谱分类处理是简便有效的。

Currency Systems and Their Role in Entering and Leaving the Economic Crisis

The paper focuses on a comparison of two contrasting approaches： having a single universal currency in a given fiscal area or supporting a concurrent presence of more competing currencies of different types. A systemic analysis （based on studying both conventional and unorthodox literature） of the modern monetary system points out that the very type of money that is used suffers internal errors that make a crisis inevitable. The indebtedness is systemic and unavoidable in a currency that is issued as a liability. Parallel currencies are proposed as a general solution. A specific solution, including a redefined national currency, is offered too, with an outline of its possible experimental verification. Such a system could help to prevent the next economic crisis, mitigate it, or at least facilitate its leaving. The paper also deals with criticism that is held against the idea of concurrent currencies.

A Phenomenological Extension of the Newtonian Gravity

Following the idea of our previous paper we distinguish also in the case of Newtonian gravity as in the electrodynamics between extensive and intensive field quantities. Between both, a “material’’ quantity produced e.g. by vacuum polarisations induced by the gravitational field strength itself is mediated. It acts in such a way that it amplifies the field strength in weak gravitational fields and reduces the field strength in strong gravitational fields following Lenz’s rule. Newton’s gravity is valid only in a very large intermediate range of middle field strength F?, F0? and F1?critical field strengths). In this way dark matter and black holes may be avoidable.

欠发达地区县级公共图书馆法治建设任重道远——对鄂、渝、湘、黔若干县级图书馆的调研分析

文章选取了我国欠发达地区25个县级公共图书馆,围绕《中华人民共和国公共图书馆法》的具体实施情况开展深入调查。发现当前我国欠发达地区县级公共图书馆的法治化治理水平有所提升,但地方政府依法保障的情况仍然堪忧。为此提出了4个基层公共图书馆法治建设着力点,为新时代基层公共图书馆的法治化建设和高质量发展提供参考。

中国式法治现代化视域下司法警校法学教学改革探析

中国式法治现代化对司法警校的人才培养工作提出了新的更高要求。本文以12所司法警校法学教学课程开设情况为研究样本,发现部分院校对法学教学不够重视,法学理论课程与实践课程体系不健全。对此,应当以习近平法治思想为指导,对司法警校法学教学进行系统改革优化。要正确认识和处理法学教学与警务技能教学的关系,从法学理论和实践教学两个层面同时进行改革优化,构建包含基础、核心和拓展课程的多层次理论课程体系,培养学生的法学素养和法治思维,大力开展法律职业道德教育,促进学生德法兼修、公正执法;通过系统的法学实践训练培养学生的执法实践能力,促进学校教学与行政执法的有效衔接。

习近平法治思想引领下公安法治人才培养路径研究

培养德法兼修高素质公安法治人才是习近平法治思想的重要内容体现。新时代高素质公安法治人才培养具有新使命、新目标、新模式和新机制,为公安高等教育指明了方向。当前公安教育还没有完全形成“三全育人”格局,在法治思维的养成教育、实践创新能力的培养上还存在问题,人才培养共建共育共享理念还没有形成。新时代公安法治人才培养应以习近平法治思想为指导,把好人才培养的政治方向;厚植法学基础,打好人才培养的根基;深化协同育人机制,加强社会力量参与;坚持德法兼修,强化师资队伍建设。

法治赋能:司法警官院校基于行业生态特色办学的反思与重构

培养高素质的应用型法治人才对于建设法治政府、法治国家、法治社会具有重要意义。在当前现代法治赋能的背景下,作为应用型、实战型法治人才培养的重要阵地,司法警官院校应立足于服务社会、行业发展的历史新起点,基于行业生态的发展要求,在学生思政、教学内涵、校园文化、社会服务、对外合作交流等多个办学层面突出特色优势,打造优质品牌,培养更多更好的法治建设、平安建设的建设者和接班人。

数字法治时代下司法警察警务指挥能力培养研究

数字法治时代下司法警察培养要充分考虑到时代影响,同时也要做好警务指挥能力培养。基于具体观察和分析阐述数字法治时代的时代特征、司法警察警务指挥能力培养内涵等,肯定了新时期司法警察警务指挥能力培养价值。同时,具体分析数字法治时代司法警察警务指挥能力培养中的机遇和挑战,逐一分析司法警察警务指挥能力培养中存在的问题,诸如能力培养事宜缺乏系统规划、能力培养模式相对固化等。在此基础上,应系统做好能力培养规划、构建混合式能力培养模式等策略,为司法警察警务指挥能力培养提供支持。

习近平法治思想融入大学生法治教育的路径探析

习近平法治思想是培养新时代德法兼修优秀人才的根本遵循和行动指南。习近平法治思想融入大学生法治教育,是新时代高校大学生思想政治教育的重要任务,在维护高校安全稳定、推动法治教育体系改革、培养法治人才等方面具有重要意义。习近平法治思想融入大学生法治教育,需要重视顶层设计,在教学方式、教材编写、师资配备、制度保障、评价机制等方面全方位发力,健全习近平法治思想与习近平文化思想的融合教育模式,实现全员、全过程和全方位育人。

习近平法治思想融入司法警官院校民法学课程教学研究——以中央司法警官学院为例

习近平法治思想是新时代法治教育的基本遵循。民法学课程是高校法学专业课程体系中的重要环节。司法警官院校承担着为司法行政机关培养人民警察后备人才的重要任务。将习近平法治思想融入司法警官院校民法学课程教学,要从课程设置、教学内容、教学手段等方面同时发力,协同推进。从习近平法治思想融入司法警官院校民法学课程的意义、现状出发,进一步探索司法警官院校民法学课程教学改革的路径。

西藏交通警察道路执法工作的风险与防范

西藏自治区自然、地理与气候环境复杂且特殊,道路交通环境相对恶劣,这导致当地交通警察道路执法工作面临诸多风险,包括警员人身安全和执法效能等风险。对此,文章对西藏交通警察道路执法工作风险进行了调查分析,从地区环境、警员安全意识与技能、执法装备、社会宣传和教育等角度探讨了相关风险的成因,针对性相关风险成因,提出从优化警力配置与道路信息推送、加强警员培训、完善警务装备、加强法治化宣传教育等工作来消除相关风险,以期保障警员安全并改善西藏交通环境。

浅析监狱民警刑事责任风险失范问题与防控策略

监狱作为国家的刑罚执行机关,是维护刑罚严肃性和权威性的最后一道屏障,也是维护和促进社会公平正义的最后一道防线。监狱民警作为改造罪犯的主要力量,在执法过程中面临的刑事责任风险时刻存在,一旦刑事责任风险失范就会伴随诸多问题。因此,如何有效防控监狱民警刑事责任风险,激发监狱民警创造性改造罪犯,实现“守法公民”的法治改造目标,值得对其进行深入研究。

公安机关警察权的力度、法度和温度

公安机关警察权是国家公权力重要组成部分。底层逻辑上,公安机关警察权应具有一定力度,需结合场景理论灵活适度把握警察权的“强”与“弱”。警察权作为合法暴力性权力,为有效防止警察权行使的肆意,应建立警察权“负面清单制度”,优化警察权监督机制,保证警察权在合法、正当范围内行使,即警察权应具备法度。同时,中国式法治现代化格局下,公安机关警察权行使应有明确价值定位,遵循警察权力度、法度前提下,尤其面向同人民群众切身利益密切有关等特定场景,警察权行使应体现一定的温度,体现警察权的“人民性”和“权利观”。综合言之,公安机关警察权应在国家治理体系和治理能力现代化建设中持续优化,不断提升警察权综合效能,为中国式法治现代化建设服务,促进社会和谐发展。

涉外法治人才培养视域下联合国警察胜任力培养优化路径

联合国是全球治理的重要国际组织平台,联合国警察在维护全球公共安全和社会稳定方面发挥着至关重要的作用。通过分析2017—2023年度联合国公开的166条警察岗位招聘说明书中的4838个胜任力节点文本,发现语言能力、警务工作年限等要求在不同岗位级别上存在显著差异。此外,总胜任力、知识、技能、社会角色、自我认知、个性特质、动机等不同类型胜任力在不同岗位级别上也存在显著差异。提出通过完善公安院校涉外法治人才协同培养机制,畅通涉外法治人才培养输送和晋升渠道,加大涉外法治人才吸收回流力度构建螺旋式涉外法治人才培养路径的建议。

习近平法治思想融入高职院校思想政治教育路径探究——以司法警校为切入点

习近平法治思想是全面依法治国的根本指导思想,将其融入高职院校思想政治教育具有重要意义。基于其融入高职院校思想政治教育的实际困难,文章以司法警校为切入点,从多维度探索研究融入的现实路径,让习近平法治思想融入思想政治理论课各门课程教学,融入社会实践活动,融入网络思想政治教育,以期有效推动高职院校思想政治教育高质量发展。