Geographical Distribution of Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition in China and Its Response to Emission Control Policy

Atmospheric nitrogen(N)deposition has experienced significant change because of anthropogenic emissions,thereby exerting a pronounced impact on global ecosystem services.With the rapid development of industry and agriculture and the swift expansion of urban areas in China since the 1980s,reactive nitrogen(Nr)emissions and N deposition have substantially increased.In pursuit of im-proving air quality,China has implemented a series of environmental protection policies and undertaken diverse measures to reduce pol-lutant emissions.This paper is a review of multivariate data sources of atmospheric N deposition based on the results of literature from 1980 to 2023,and the original data from 1980 to 2020 are summarized,counted and calculated.The main findings are as follows:1)the annual average atmospheric N deposition ranged from approximately 20-40 kg/(ha·yr),with the variability primarily linked to different assessment methods;2)regional disparities were evident in the spatial distribution of N deposition,with elevated values concentrated in areas with intense Nr emissions;3)atmospheric N deposition significantly declined after 2010,particularly the deposition of oxidized N,while reduced N deposition remained stable.These results reflect the effects of China's serious control policies on nitrogen oxide(NO.)emissions and strengthen the importance of agricultural NH3 emission mitigation.This study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the N dynamics in the emission-deposition process,and provides a scientific foundation for the research of environmental protection,climate change,and sustainable development.

Optimal Control Policy of M/G/1 Queueing System with Delayed Randomized Multiple Vacations Under the Modified Min(N,D)-Policy Control

Based on the number of customers and the server’s workload,this paper proposes a modified Min(N,D)-policy and discusses an M/G/1 queueing model with delayed randomized multiple vacations under such a policy.Applying the well-known stochastic decomposition property of the steady-state queue size,the probability generating function of the steady-state queue length distribution is obtained.Moreover,the explicit expressions of the expected queue length and the additional queue length distribution are derived by some algebraic manipulations.Finally,employing the renewal reward theorem,the explicit expression of the long-run expected cost per unit time is given.Furthermore,we analyze the optimal policy for economizing the expected cost and compare the optimal Min(N,D)-policy with the optimal N-policy and the optimal D-policy by using numerical examples.

A policy and technical measures for controlling soil and water loss in the Loess Plateau of China

Loess Plateau is the most serious region of soil and water loss in China and the world. The sediment carried into the Yellow River amounts to 1.6 billion tons every year. This paper reviews the factors and reasons for erosion in this area, and puts forward a comprehensive controlling policy on the basis of the principles of ecology and practise of Chinese scientists for 40 years. In conformity with the policy, a number of technical measures for controlling soil and water loss are suggested.

Analysis on the Effect of Beijing＇s Traffic Control Policies

With the rapid development of economy and motorization, the traffic congestion and environmental problems have become more and more serious day by day in Beijing. Therefore, traffic control policies have been gradually adopted by Beijing municipal government since 2008, so as to ease traffic and environmental problems. In this paper, the background and current situation of Beijing to implement traffic control policies are introduced, and also this measure is analyzed and evaluated from traffic effect, environmental effect, motor vehicle development, urban road development, public transport development, and balance between supply and demand, etc. Finally, related conclusions are drawn up as follows： an induced traffic volume will be generated by traffic control policies, and the effect of the traffic control will be erased by the natural growth rate of motor vehicles in three years; public traffic service should be improved for better making traffic control policies; the traffic congestion and environmental problems are alleviated by traffic control policies in the short term, but can＇t be fundamentally solved in the long run; traffic control policies should cooperate with other traffic demand management policies for reducing demands, and traffic condition should be optimized in both time and space, so that the traffic congestion and environmental problems will be fundamentally solved.

A mixed method analysis of the Botswana schistosomiasis control policy and plans using the policy triangle framework

Background The present goal of the World Health Organization(WHO)2021-2030 roadmap for Neglected Tropical Diseases is to eliminate schistosomiasis as a public health problem,and reduce its prevalence of heavy infections to less than 1%.Given the evolution and impact of schistosomiasis in the Ngamiland district of Botswana,the aim of this study was to analyze the control policies for the district using the Policy Triangle Framework.Methods The study used a mixed method approaches of an analysis of policy documents and interviews with 12 informants who were purposively selected.Although the informants were recruited from all levels of the NTD sector,the analysis of the program was predominantly from the Ngamiland district.Data were analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s approach to content analysis.Results The study highlights the presence of clear,objectives and targets for the Ngamiland control policy.Another theme was the success in morbidity control,which was realized primarily through cycles of MDA in schools.The contextual background for the policy was high morbidity and lack of programming data.The implementation process of the policy was centralized at the Ministry of Health(MOH)and WHO,and there was minimal involvement of the communities and other stakeholders.The policy implementation process was impeded by a lack of domestic resources and lack of comprehensive policy content on snail control and no expansion of the policy content beyond SAC.The actors were predominately MOH headquarters and WHO,with little representation of the district,local level settings,NGOs,and private sectors.Conclusions The lack of resources and content in the control of environmental determinants and exclusion of other at-risk groups in the policy,impeded sustained elimination of the disease.There is a need to guide the treatment of preschool-aged children and develop national guidelines on treating foci of intense transmission.Moreover,the dynamic of the environmental transmissions and reorientation of the schistosomiasis policy to respond to the burden of schistosomiasis morbidity,local context,and health system context are required.

Agent based automated trust negotiation model

To enhance the practicability of the trust negotiation system, an agent based automated trust negotiation model （ABAM） is proposed. The ABAM introduces an agent to keep the negotiation process with no human intervention. Meanwhile, the ABAM specifies the format of a meta access control policy, and adopts credentials with flexible format to meet the requirements of access control policies instead of disclosing the whole contents of a certificate. Furthermore, the ABAM uses asymmetric functions with a high security intensity to encrypt the transmitting message, which can prevent information from being attacked. Finally, the ABAM presents a new negotiation protocol to guide the negotiation process. A use case is studied to illuminate that the ABAM is sound and reasonable. Compared with the existing work, the intelligence, privacy and negotiation efficiency are improved in the ABAM.

Simulation-based optimization of control policy on multi-echelon inventory system for fresh agricultural products

As fresh agricultural products are perishable and vulnerable,reducing inventory cost is a strategic target for supply chain enterprises.How to design a reliable multi-echelon inventory control policy is still a great challenge.Therefore,the inventory cost of a three-level fresh agricultural products inventory system was firstly mathematically analyzed.Then,the simulation-based optimization model of the multi-echelon inventory system for fresh agricultural products was proposed by using the Flexsim simulation software and the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm.Finally,the multi-echelon inventory system is simulated based on a large number of survey data.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed simulation-based optimization model of multi-echelon inventory system for fresh agricultural products can provide decision-making and technical support for the formulation of inventory control policy,and also it shows that the modeling of system simulation is an effective method to solve the problem of complex system.

Response surface modeling-based source contribution analysis and VOC emission control policy assessment in a typical ozone-polluted urban Shunde,China

To develop a sound ozone（O_3） pollution control strategy,it is important to well understand and characterize the source contribution due to the complex chemical and physical formation processes of O_3.Using the ＂Shunde＂ city as a pilot summer case study,we apply an innovative response surface modeling（RSM） methodology based on the Community Multi-Scale Air Quality（CMAQ） modeling simulations to identify the O_3 regime and provide dynamic analysis of the precursor contributions to effectively assess the O_3 impacts of volatile organic compound（VOC） control strategy.Our results show that Shunde is a typical VOC-limited urban O_3 polluted city.The ＂Jiangmen＂ city,as the main upper wind area during July 2014,its VOCs and nitrogen oxides（NO_x） emissions make up the largest contribution（9.06%）.On the contrary,the contribution from local（Shunde） emission is lowest（6.35%） among the seven neighbor regions.The local VOCs industrial source emission has the largest contribution comparing to other precursor emission sectors in Shunde.The results of dynamic source contribution analysis further show that the local NO_x control could slightly increase the ground O_3 under low（10.00%） and medium（40.00%）reduction ratios,while it could start to turn positive to decrease ground O_3 under the high NO_x abatement ratio（75.00%）.The real-time assessment of O_3 impacts from VOCs control strategies in Pearl River Delta（PRD） shows that the joint regional VOCs emission control policy will effectively reduce the ground O_3 concentration in Shunde.

A Study of China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Policy Framework from a Policy Instrument Perspective

Environmental pollution caused by rapid economic development like that seen in China over the past twenty years poses various threats to human health. People have started to place much more of an emphasis on environmental security, working to find a balance between sustainability and economic growth. In recent years, air pollution has emerged as a highly discussed topic of social and environmental relevance in China, due in part to persistent smog that affects everyday life and causes serious harm to human health. Although air pollution is normally associated with human activity, is can be caused by natural processes such as eruptions and forest fires, but is always characterized by the release of certain substances into the atmosphere which, when present in certain concentrations or for given durations, can harm human health, daily life, productivity, and other aspects. In humans, it mainly affects the respiratory system, notably the lungs, as well as the immune system. A series of studies both in China and overseas have shown, in certain cases, even low concentrations of air pollution can pose a great threat to human health. In this study, we conducted an analysis of air quality policies, focusing on the 2018 revision of the People’s Republic of China’s Law on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution(LPCAP). We utilized the content analysis method and Strauss and Corbin’s grounded theory to construct a policy framework, demarcate analysis units, code and classify policy texts, determine descriptive statistics, and analyze dimensional interactions. We used two dimensions(basic policy instruments classified as demand-, supply-, and environment-side;and air carrying capacity) to quantify and analyze the LPCAP, which enabled us to analyze the deficiencies and conflicts within policy instruments. The results show a higher utilization frequency of environment-side policy instruments, particularly regulation management and strategic measures. This reflects efforts by the government to create a favorable environment for improving air quality. Additionally, supply-side policy instruments are used far less frequently than environment-side policy instruments. Air quality legal policies and pollution control measures mainly consist of environment-side policy instruments;ecological thinking and air quality policies that are based mainly on supply-side and environment-side policy instruments;and social coordination policies that mainly use environment-side policy instruments. Based on the results of this study, we recommend an increase in the number of supply-and demand-side policy instruments, particularly the latter which includes promoting ecological thinking amongst citizens, to optimize and improve air pollution prevention and control policies.

The Effect of Family Size on Children＇s Education： Evidence from the Fertility Control Policy in China

Empirical research on the effect of family size on child education is complicated by the endogeneity of family size. This study exploits plausibly exogenous changes in family size caused by China＇s population control policy to estimate the causal relationship between family size and child education outcomes. The results show that, compared to an only child, a person with an additional sibling will have an approximate seventeen percentage points lower likelihood of completing middle school in China. Separate regressions across individual characteristics reveal that much of this negative effect appears to be driven by the cohorts born in earlier years after the policy, and children with the highest birth order within a family.

Progress in the Prevention and Treatment of AIDS Associated with Tuberculosis

Epidemiological studies have shown that infection with the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) is an influential risk factor for infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTb),the rapid progression of the initial infection to active tuberculosis(TB),and the reactivation of latent TB infection.MTb infection is also one of the most common opportunistic infections in people with HIV,including AIDS patients receiving anti-retroviral therapy.Given the prevalence of HIV infection,the incidence of TB infection,which had begun to decline,is facing a severe situation.HIV associated with TB exerts an immense burden on the public health-care system,especially in countries with high incidences of HIV infection.Therefore,the global policies for the prevention and control of TB should be revised.Moreover,an increased investment in TB control has to be guaranteed.The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent progress in the prevention,treatment,and control of HIV and TB co-infection.

An assessment of China's joint prevention and control policy on sulfur dioxide emissions reduction:A spatial econometric analysis

Sulfur dioxide(SO_(2))is a typical pollutant that affects human health,climate,and environmental and ecological conditions.China has been experiencing high concentrations of SO_(2),particularly in urban areas,since the 1990s.In 2010,a"joint prevention and control"(JPC)policy was issued to address air pollution problems and strengthen the regulation of SO_(2)emissions.This study aimed to describe the mitigation effects of this policy on SO_(2)emissions in 116 Chinese cities from 2003 to 2017.We applied global and local Moran's I indices to confirm the presence of significant spatial autocorrelation in SO_(2)emissions and constructed four spatial models to assess the effect of the JPC policy in reducing SO_(2)emissions and its transmission mechanism.We found that the policy decreased SO_(2)emissions by 1.89×10^(4)tons,S0_(2)intensity by 1.70 tons per km^(2),and S0_(2)per capita of 158.49 tons per 10,000 people in each city,on average,all of which are significant changes.The empirical results also show that population growth,economic structure,and environmental protection significantly decrease SO_(2)emissions.Finally,we recommended policies to encourage regional cooperation under the JPC policy,with the aim of promoting furtherreductions in SO_(2)emissions.

Analysis of a multi-component system with double threshold control policy

This paper investigates a multi-component repairable system with double threshold control policy.The system is composed of n identical and independent components which operate simultaneously at the beginning,and it is down when the number of operating components decreases to k−1(k≤n).When the number of failed components is less than the value L,the repairman repairs them with a low repair rate.The high repair rate is activated as soon as L failed components present,and continues until the number of failed components drops to the value N−1.Applying the matrix analytical method,the Laplace transform technique and the properties of the phase type distribution,various performance measures including the availability,the rate of occurrence of failures,and the reliability are derived in transient and stationary regimes.Further,numerical examples are reported to show the behaviour of the system.

Understanding Globalization. The Inter-Parliamentary Union From the Late Nineteenth to Early Twentieth Century

The Inter-Parliamentary Union was formed in 1889, gathering, initially, 38 British and French parliamentarians. The IPU （guided, from 1901 up to 1908, by Fredreric Passy and William Randall Cremer）, was to support and reinforce the objective of extending arbitration as a ＇peaceful tool＇ for resolving the dispute between states. The aftermath of the First World War marked a decisive step forward in the development of a strong liberal internationalist milieux which promoted a peaceful order based on the international rule of law. This paper summarizes some issues of ongoing research and it focuses on two key topics： the rise of parliamentary control of foreign policy and the making of ＇parliamentary diplomacy＇. Besides, it tried to elucidate, from another point of view, the political building of ＇transnational and peaceful politics＇ aimed at the growth of peaceful and ＇progressive＇ social relations among States and how the ＇peaceful politics＇ are subjects that engage the complexity and the deep-rooted issues of State facing to the ＇first globalization＇ and the ＇end of century crisis＇.

Group Decision-Making Method of Entry Policy During a Pandemic

Omicron,the new mutant coronavirus,has spread rapidly globally,attracting close attention from different stakeholders worldwide.The complex and constantly changing epidemic situation has had a new impact on the world.Therefore,this paper focuses on the characteristics of the rapid spread of the COVID-19 variant strain.Generally,epidemic prevention experts conduct preliminary screening as part of the existing epidemic plan database according to the current local situation,after which they sort the alternatives deemed more suitable for the situation.Then the decision-makers identify the most divergent expert group,plan for consultation and adjustments,and finally obtain the plan with the smallest divergence.This article aims to integrate the experts'opinions with the method of minimizing the differences,which can maximize the expert consensus and help organize the schemes that best meet the epidemic situation.The experts'negotiation and iteration of the differences in the initial plan align with the current complex and dynamic epidemic situation and are of great significance to the rapid formulation of plans to achieve effective prevention and control.

The Determination of the Optimal Buffer Size Based on the Control Point Policy

The failure prone production systems are examined. For the hybrid systems, the failure of machines is unavoidable. By introduced the idea of purchasing extra capacity to the system, a so-call blockage hedging point is obtained. Meanwhile, a near-optimal method is presented to determine the optimal buffer sizes. The continuous flow model of the unreliable manufacturing systems is considered and the control point policy is involved in. Numerical results not only testify the method and show us its application but also to some extent show the impact of the machines＇ failure rate on the optimal buffer size.

Optimal Investment and Premium Control in a Nonlinear Diffusion Model

This paper considers the optimal investment and premium control problem in a diffusion approxi- mation to a non-homogeneous compound Poisson process. In the nonlinear diffusion model, it is assumed that there is an unspecified monotone function describing the relationship between the safety loading of premium and the time-varying claim arrival rate. Hence, in addition to the investment control, the premium rate can be served as a control variable in the optimization problem. Specifically, the problem is investigated in two cases： （i） maximizing the expected utility of terminal wealth, and （ii） minimizing the probability of ruin respectively. In both cases, some properties of the value functions are derived, and closed-form expressions for the optimal policies and the value functions are obtained. The results show that the optimal investment policy and the optimal premium control policy are dependent on each other. Most interestingly, as an example, we show that the nonlinear diffusion model reduces to a diffusion model with a quadratic drift coefficient when the function associated with the premium rate and the claim arrival rate takes a special form. This example shows that the model of study represents a class of nonlinear stochastic control risk model.

Emerging contaminant control:From science to action

Since the concept of emerging contaminants(ECs)was first proposed in 2001,the global scientific research of ECs has developed rapidly.In the past decades,great progress has been achieved in the scientific research of ECs in China,including the establishment of EC analysis method system,the evaluation of the pollution status,pollution characteristics and environmental risk of ECs in typical regions of China,and establishment of EC control technology system.Continuous progress in scientific research of ECs promoted China’s action on EC control.It is planned that the environmental risk of ECs will be generally controlled by 2035 in China.Priority ECs should be screened for environmental management.Although great efforts have been made,the EC control in China still faces tremendous challenges.It is necessary to bridge the gap between scientific research and decision-making management.Based on the science and technology study,various measures such as engineering,policy management and public participation should be combinedly adopted for EC control.

Development and case study of a science-based software platform to support policy making on air quality

This article describes the development and implementations of a novel software platform that supports real-time, science-based policy making on air quality through a user-friendly interface. The software, RSM-VAT, uses a response surface modeling（RSM） methodology and serves as a visualization and analysis tool（VAT） for three-dimensional air quality data obtained by atmospheric models. The software features a number of powerful and intuitive data visualization functions for illustrating the complex nonlinear relationship between emission reductions and air quality benefits. The case study of contiguous U.S.demonstrates that the enhanced RSM-VAT is capable of reproducing the air quality model results with Normalized Mean Bias 〈 2% and assisting in air quality policy making in near real time.

Automated extraction of attributes from natural language attribute-based access control(ABAC)Policies

The National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST)has identified natural language policies as the preferred expression of policy and implicitly called for an automated translation of ABAC natural language access control policy(NLACP)to a machine-readable form.To study the automation process,we consider the hierarchical ABAC model as our reference model since it better reflects the requirements of real-world organizations.Therefore,this paper focuses on the questions of:how can we automatically infer the hierarchical structure of an ABAC model given NLACPs;and,how can we extract and define the set of authorization attributes based on the resulting structure.To address these questions,we propose an approach built upon recent advancements in natural language processing and machine learning techniques.For such a solution,the lack of appropriate data often poses a bottleneck.Therefore,we decouple the primary contributions of this work into:(1)developing a practical framework to extract authorization attributes of hierarchical ABAC system from natural language artifacts,and(2)generating a set of realistic synthetic natural language access control policies(NLACPs)to evaluate the proposed framework.Our experimental results are promising as we achieved-in average-an F1-score of 0.96 when extracting attributes values of subjects,and 0.91 when extracting the values of objects’attributes from natural language access control policies.