Decomposition of energy-related carbon emissions in Xinjiang and relative mitigation policy recommendations

Regional carbon emissions research is necessary and helpful for China in realizing reduction targets. The LMDI I （Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index I） technique based on an extended Kaya identity was conducted to uncover the main five driving forces for energy-related carbon emissions in Xinjiang, an important energy base in China. Decomposition results show that the affluence effect and the population effect are the two most important contributors to increased carbon emissions. The energy intensity effect had a positive influence on carbon emissions during the pre-reform period, and then became the dominant factor in curbing carbon emissions after 1978. The renewable energy penetration effect and the emission coefficient effect showed important negative but relatively minor effects on carbon emissions. Based on the local realities, a comprehensive suite of mitigation policies are raised by considering all of these influencing factors. Mitigation policies will need to significantly reduce energy intensity and pay more attention to the regional economic development path. Fossil fuel substitution should be considered seriously. Renewable energy should be increased in the energy mix. All of these policy recommendations, if implemented by the central and local government, should make great contributions to energy saving and emission reduction in Xinjiang.

澜湄开放教育及柬埔寨远程教育的未来

This journal article delves into the future of distance learning in Cambodia and the potential for collaboration with the Mekong-Lancang Open Education initiative. It explores how distance learning can successfully address the current issues the Cambodian educational system is currently facing. The article discusses the goals and opportunities for collaboration that the Mekong-Lancang Open Education initiative presents, as well as the difficulties and potential solutions involved in implementing distance learning in Cambodia. Moreover,the article also offers insightful case studies and best practices from other countries, offering valuable insights and lessons for Cambodia. Lastly, the article concludes with policy recommendations for the future of distance learning in Cambodia. Future research and studies should concentrate on continually evaluating and improving the Mekong-Lancang Open Education Initiative to ensure that it effectively meets the educational needs of students and educators.

Vocational Education from a Cross-national Perspective:Comparative Analysis of China,Germany,and the United States,with a Case Study of Zhaixing

This study delves into the current state and challenges of vocational education through a comparative study of cross-national vocational education and an analysis of the Zhaixing Academy case.The research reveals that vocational education reform can draw on the experiences of the German dual system,American community colleges,and Chinese vocational education reforms,with a focus on informal education pathways,practice-oriented teaching,and flexible training methods.The Zhaixing Academy case demonstrates the application of practice-oriented teaching approaches in the field of vocational education,emphasizing individual student development needs and the advantages of education outside formal institutions,offering new insights and references for the current Chinese education system.The study proposes that governments and education departments should increase investment in vocational education,encourage collaboration between enterprises and vocational education institutions,and support innovative practice-oriented education.In the future,Zhaixing Academy can continue to focus on education reform,expand the realm of practice-oriented education,promote its educational philosophy and methods,and contribute to the diversification and sustainable development of education.

Health Disparities among the Western, Central and Eastern Rural Regions of China after a Decade of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Programming

Summary： Health disparities between the western, central and eastern regions of rural China, and the impact of national health improvement policies and programming were assessed. A total of 400 counties were randomly sampled. ANOVA and Logistic regression modeling were employed to estimate differ- ences in health outcomes and determinants. Significant differences were found between the western, central and eastern rural regions in community infrastructure and health outcomes. From 2000 to 2010, health indicators in rural China were improved significantly, and the infant mortality rate （IMR）, mater- nal mortality rate （MMR） and under 5 mortality rate （U5MR） had fallen by 62.79%, 71.74% and 61.92%, respectively. Central rural China had the greatest decrease in IMR （65.05%）; whereas, western rural China had the greatest reduction in MMR （72.99%） but smallest reduction in U5MR （57.36%）. Despite these improvements, Logistic regression analysis showed regional differences in key health outcome indicators （odds ratios）： IMR （central： 2.13; western： 5.31）, U5MR （central： 2.25; western： 5.69）, MMR （central： 1.94; western： 3.31）, and prevalence of infectious diseases （central： 1.62; western： 3.58）. The community infrastructure and health outcomes of the western and central rural regions of China have been improved markedly during the first decade of the 21st century. However, health dis- parities still exist across the three regions. National efforts to increase per capita income, community empowerment and mobilization, community infrastructure, capacity of rural health facilities, and health literacy would be effective policy options to attain health equity.

The research priorities of Resources and Environmental Sciences

The great challenges of sustainable development highlight an urgent need to systematically understand the mech-anisms linking humans and nature.Resources and Environmental Sciences are a broad and practical discipline focused on coupled human and natural systems.They aim to study the formation and evolution of resources in the earth system,the drivers of various environmental problems,processes and relationships between resources and the environment,particularly under the combined impacts of natural conditions and human activities.The major resources and environmental problems drive the discipline development;international science programmes guide the direction of the discipline;interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary integration promotes new branches of the discipline;and technological progress results in a research paradigm shift.Facing the critical research re-quirements of strengthening trans-and interdisciplinarity,breaking through the key technology,targeting major environmental and disaster issues,and supporting sustainable development,nine critical scientific issues should be focused on climate change impact and adaptation,petroleum and mineral resources,water cycle and water re-sources,soil and land resources,ecosystems,remote sensing and geographic information science,environmental science and technology,disaster risk,and global and regional sustainable development.Suggestions to enhancing funding systems,improve talent cultivation,develop scientific platforms,and strength international cooperation are provided in this study to support scientific policymaking.The promotion of Resources and Environmental Sci-ences enables a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of economic development and environmental changes relevant to assure a more sustainable global development.

Analysis of Hongdao Clam Industrial Structure Based on Industry Chain

The vertical and transverse structures of Hongdao clam industry are described and analyzed objectively based on the perspective of industry chain. On the basis of field investigation,the key nodes of Hongdao clam industry chain,including nursery,breeding,processing,transportation and sale,are analyzed. It can be concluded that the development of clam industry chain is unbalanced,especially the deep-processing capacity is not strong,and the development of supporting industy lags behind. The horizontal industry chain of clam needs to be further improved. The corresponding suggestions are put forward: strengthening research on new nursery technology in later period,further extending the horizontal industry chain of clam,mining the depth of clam-related leisure industry,and upgrading service level of leisure travel.

China's Economic Structure:Changes and Challenges

This paper elaborates the changes in key aspects of China's economic structure including industrial structure, demand structure, regional structure, income distribution and foreign trade, discusses the challenges confronting China's economic structure, and proposes policy recommendations on addressing these challenges.

Structural characteristics and drivers of greenhouse gas emissions at county-level and long-time scales:A case study of the Anji County,China

To achieve carbon neutrality,the Chinese government needs to gain a comprehensive understanding of the sources and drivers of greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions,particularly at the county level.Anji County in eastern China is a typical example of an industrial transformation from quarrying to a low-carbon economy.This study analyzed the decoupling types and structural characteristics of GHG emissions and the driving factors of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))emissions in the Anji from 2006 to 2019,and explored the differences between countylevel and provincial-level or city-level results.It was observed that energy-related activities are the main source of GHG emissions in Anji and that economic development is the driving factor behind the increasing CO_(2)emissions.However,industrial transformation and upgradation coupled with the alternative use of clean energy limit the growth of GHG emissions.This study details the GHG emissions of county during the industrial transformation stage and provides corresponding policy recommendations for county governments.

Expert insights on Malaysia’s residential solar-energy policies:shortcomings and recommendations

Malaysia has a long way before achieving the 20%renewable-energy penetration by 2025.Currently,merely 2%of the country’s electricity is generated by renewable energy sources including solar power.Unlike the abundant literature about solar energy,qualitative studies that focus on experts’opinions on the weaknesses of residential solar-energy policies have received less attention,particularly in the context of Malaysia.Understanding the flaws in the existing policies would lead to creating a better policy framework for solar-energy development.Thus,this study aims to identify the shortcomings of the current government initiatives and policies that deter solar photovoltaic adoption among households from experts’perspectives.Experts also provide recommendations for better future policy design and implementation.This study employs a qualitative research approach(via semi-structured interviews)in collecting experts’viewpoints.Key concerns emerging from the interviews include insufficient financial support,lack of awareness programmes and subsidized electricity tariffs.Also,interviewed experts suggest sufficient financial incentives,increased public awareness programmes and comprehensive legislation aimed at safeguarding consumer interests as a means to raising solar-energy adoption in the country.This underlines the need for policymakers to create public awareness,provide financial support and develop regulatory measures aimed at managing solar companies for the sake of solar development in Malaysia.

Impact Analysis of Green Procurement Policy for Forest Products in France and Its Reference

In order to combat illegal logging and associated trade and promote sustainable forest management, major developed countries, including France, have implemented green procurement policy for forest products. This paper described the background of why France implements green procurement policy for forest products, analyzed the basic content of the policy, and made a comprehensive assessment of the impact of green procurement policy on suppliers, processors, eco-environment and competitiveness of forest products. Finally, with the experiences from French implementation of the green procurement policy for forest products, the paper put forward policy recommendations for China to implement green procurement policy for forest products.

POLICIES AND REGULATIONS FOR PROMOTING MANURE MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN CHINA:A REVIEW

Livestock numbers in China have more than tripled between 1980 and 2017.The increase in the number of intensive livestock production systems has created the challenges of decoupled crop and livestock systems,low utilization of manures in croplands,and subsequent environmental pollution.Correspondingly,the government has enacted a series of policies and regulations to increase the sustainability of livestock production.This paper reviews the objectives of these policies and regulations and their impacts on manure management.Since 2017 there have been two policy guides to speed up the appropriate use of manures,three action plans for increasing manure recycling,and one technical guide to calculate nutrient balances.Requirements of manure pollution control and recycling for improved environmental performance of livestock production systems were included in three revised environmental laws.Most recent survey data indicate that the utilization of livestock manures was 70%in 2017,including that used as fertilizer and/or for production of energy.The targets for manure utilization are 75%in 2020 and 90%in 2035.To achieve these targets and promote‘green livestock production’,additional changes are needed including the use of third-party enterprises that facilitate manure exchange between farms and a more integrated manure nutrient management approach.

Phosphorus supply and management in vegetable production systems in China

Vegetable production systems involve high rates of chemical and organic fertilizer applications,leading to significant P accumulation in vegetable soils,as well as a decrease in P use efficiency(PUE),which is one of the key limiting factors in vegetable production.This review introduces the vegetable production systems in China and their fertilization status,and analyzes probable causes of overfertilization of vegetable fields.Poorly developed root systems and high P demand have led to the need to maintain much higher available P concentrations in the root zone for regular growth of vegetables,which might necessitate higher phosphate fertilizer input than the plants require.Research on strategies to improve vegetable PUE and the mechanisms of these strategies are summarized in this review.Increasing the P uptake by vegetables by supplying P during the critical growth stage and effectively utilizing the accumulated P by optimizing the C:P ratio in soils can substantially increase PUE.These advances will provide a basis for improving PUE and optimizing phosphate fertilizer applications in vegetable production through regulatory measures.In addition,some policies are recommended that could ensure the safety of vegetables and improve product quality.This review also aims to improve understanding of P cycling in vegetable fields and assist in the development of best practices to manage P reserves globally.

Discussion on Diversified Development of Forestry Cooperation Organizations in China

Based on the survey results in several places of Fujian Province, the paper summed up the main types of forestry cooperation organizations in China’s collective forest regions, and analyzed their characteristics in terms of basic nature, property arrangement, distribution methods and closeness of cooperation. The essential trend of diversified development of forestry cooperation organizations was discussed, with the analysis on how the diversification get reflected from the aspects of organizational structure, founding mechanism, distribution methods, participating body, etc. At last, the policyre commendations with respect to theoretical research, policy environment, management & supervisionand capacity building were proposed for facilitating the diversified development of forestry cooperation organizations.

Index for climate change adaptation in China and its application

With the increasing awareness of the risks and impacts of climate change, scholars tend to pay more attention to the applications of indicators, which access the effectiveness of climate change adaptation. This study aims to evaluate the overall progress of climate change adaptation in China during 2010–2018 in a quantitative manner. The Index for Climate Change Adaptation in China (ICCAC) has been thus developed by adopting the analytic hierarchy process weighting and expert scoring method. Namely, ICCAC is composed of national climate change impacts, adaptation actions in key sectors, adaptation progress in key sectors, and the national adaptation policy framework. Overall, the ICCAC and its four sub-indexes increased significantly from 2010 to 2018, on a yearly-basis. Each sub-index implied that the socio-economic impacts caused by climate change in China have been alleviated gradually;specifically, the mainstream endeavor of key sectors has witnessed remarkable progress, however, it is worth noting that the gap between individual adaptation actions and policies still exists;the implementation effect of policies in key sectors is not as affluent as that of actions;the current adaptation endeavor in key areas is still closely related to the mainstream business of corresponding competent ministries rather than adaptation-aimed actions;the national adaptation policy framework has been primarily formed, but there are still some deficiencies. As a result, the gap in China's adaptation process could be mainly manifested in the following five aspects: i) adaptation effectiveness assessment in forestry and urban infrastructure is urgently needed;ii) policies in marine and water resources sectors need structural reforms;iii) evaluation criteria for national adaptation are not necessarily sufficient;iv) the improvement of adaptive management efficiency has stagnated recently;and v) the adaptation works of relevant Ministries should be coordinated and put forward the corresponding strategies. Finally, this study presents four proposals: conducting an evaluation of adaptation actions in all key sectors, integrating climate change impacts into sectoral planning decisions, launching concrete action plans for adaptation, establishing a complete policy framework on adaptation.