Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the current strategies used for eradicating wild polio viruses (WPV) and to propose some innovative strategies that may help to accelerate the progress towards pol...Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the current strategies used for eradicating wild polio viruses (WPV) and to propose some innovative strategies that may help to accelerate the progress towards polio eradication. Methods: We assessed the current strategies proposed by the World Health Organization, and the effectiveness of the current trivalent oral polio vaccine types 1, 2 and 3 (tOPV) schedule. Results: With the current schedule, tOPV is given four times to the child during his first year of life. After the four doses, 27%, 10% and 30% of children vaccinated are not immunized against WPV types 1, 2 and 3 respectively. In addition, low access to health care, insufficient funding of the routine immunization activities, and weak health systems hamper the tOPV coverage and the early detection of WPV cases for a rapid outbreak response. All these issues could explain the recurrence of WPV outbreaks, even in countries free of polio for many years. Therefore, we propose for countries of non-polio free regions, a new routine polio vaccination schedule composed of four doses of tOPV, followed by three doses of monovalent OPV type 1, and lastly by three doses of bivalent OPV types 1 and 3. With this schedule, of children fully vaccinated, 100%, 90% and 99% will be immunized against WPV types 1, 2 and 3 respectively. In addition, adequate funding for routine immunization activities and health system strengthening are proposed to accelerate the achievement of the polio eradication goal in a near future. Conclusions: The polio eradication goal is achievable. However, innovative strategies are urgently needed to improve the effectiveness and the efficiency of the routine polio immunization program.展开更多
目的评价复方季铵盐消毒液的消毒效果和毒性强度。方法应用定量杀菌试验测定消毒效果,并开展毒理试验。结果含250 m g/L季铵盐消毒液对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌作用1.5 m in,对铜绿假单胞菌作用3.0 m in,对白色念珠菌作用4.5 m in,杀...目的评价复方季铵盐消毒液的消毒效果和毒性强度。方法应用定量杀菌试验测定消毒效果,并开展毒理试验。结果含250 m g/L季铵盐消毒液对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌作用1.5 m in,对铜绿假单胞菌作用3.0 m in,对白色念珠菌作用4.5 m in,杀灭对数值均>5.00。含8 000 m g/L季铵盐消毒液作用10m in、20 m in和30 m in对脊髓灰质炎病毒平均灭活对数值均<1.00。含250 m g/L季铵盐消毒液擦拭木质台面消毒3.0 m in对自然菌的杀灭对数值均>1.00。对铜绿假单胞菌能量试验最低合格有效浓度为500 m g/L。37℃存放90 d,平均下降率为8.70%。样品原液对小鼠LD50为4 300 m g/kg体重,属低毒级;对小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞无致微核作用;含2 500 m g/L季铵盐水溶液对小鼠LD50>5 000 m g/kg体重,属无毒级;含1 250 m g/L季铵盐水溶液对兔皮肤无刺激性。结论该消毒液对细菌繁殖体具有优秀杀灭性能,对以脊髓灰质炎为代表的亲水病毒几乎无作用;原液低毒,稳定,实际使用液无毒;可用于一般预防性消毒,以及细菌性传染病的疫源地消毒。展开更多
文摘Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the current strategies used for eradicating wild polio viruses (WPV) and to propose some innovative strategies that may help to accelerate the progress towards polio eradication. Methods: We assessed the current strategies proposed by the World Health Organization, and the effectiveness of the current trivalent oral polio vaccine types 1, 2 and 3 (tOPV) schedule. Results: With the current schedule, tOPV is given four times to the child during his first year of life. After the four doses, 27%, 10% and 30% of children vaccinated are not immunized against WPV types 1, 2 and 3 respectively. In addition, low access to health care, insufficient funding of the routine immunization activities, and weak health systems hamper the tOPV coverage and the early detection of WPV cases for a rapid outbreak response. All these issues could explain the recurrence of WPV outbreaks, even in countries free of polio for many years. Therefore, we propose for countries of non-polio free regions, a new routine polio vaccination schedule composed of four doses of tOPV, followed by three doses of monovalent OPV type 1, and lastly by three doses of bivalent OPV types 1 and 3. With this schedule, of children fully vaccinated, 100%, 90% and 99% will be immunized against WPV types 1, 2 and 3 respectively. In addition, adequate funding for routine immunization activities and health system strengthening are proposed to accelerate the achievement of the polio eradication goal in a near future. Conclusions: The polio eradication goal is achievable. However, innovative strategies are urgently needed to improve the effectiveness and the efficiency of the routine polio immunization program.
文摘目的评价复方季铵盐消毒液的消毒效果和毒性强度。方法应用定量杀菌试验测定消毒效果,并开展毒理试验。结果含250 m g/L季铵盐消毒液对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌作用1.5 m in,对铜绿假单胞菌作用3.0 m in,对白色念珠菌作用4.5 m in,杀灭对数值均>5.00。含8 000 m g/L季铵盐消毒液作用10m in、20 m in和30 m in对脊髓灰质炎病毒平均灭活对数值均<1.00。含250 m g/L季铵盐消毒液擦拭木质台面消毒3.0 m in对自然菌的杀灭对数值均>1.00。对铜绿假单胞菌能量试验最低合格有效浓度为500 m g/L。37℃存放90 d,平均下降率为8.70%。样品原液对小鼠LD50为4 300 m g/kg体重,属低毒级;对小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞无致微核作用;含2 500 m g/L季铵盐水溶液对小鼠LD50>5 000 m g/kg体重,属无毒级;含1 250 m g/L季铵盐水溶液对兔皮肤无刺激性。结论该消毒液对细菌繁殖体具有优秀杀灭性能,对以脊髓灰质炎为代表的亲水病毒几乎无作用;原液低毒,稳定,实际使用液无毒;可用于一般预防性消毒,以及细菌性传染病的疫源地消毒。
