Removal of Dye Using Lignin-Based Biochar/Poly(ester amide urethane)Nanocomposites from Contaminated Wastewater

The pursuit of incorporating eco-friendly reinforcing agents in polymer composites has accentuated the exploration of various natural biomass-derived materials.The burgeoning environmental crisis spurred by the discharge of synthetic dyes into wastewater has catalyzed the search for effective and sustainable treatment technologies.Among the various sorbent materials explored,biochar,being renewable,has gained prominence due to its excellent adsorption properties and environmental sustainability.It has also emerged as a focal point for its potential to replace other conventional reinforcing agents,viz.,fumed silica,aluminum oxide,treated clays,etc.This study introduces a novel class of polymer nanocomposites comprising of lignin-based biochar particles and poly(ester amide urethane)matrix via a feasible method.The structural evaluation of these nanocomposites was accomplished using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and powder X-ray diffraction.The polymer nanocomposites exhibited superior mechanical properties with an increment in tensile strength factor by 45%in comparison to its pristine matrix,along with an excellent toughness value of 90.22 MJm^(−3)at a low loading amount of only 1 wt%.The composites showed excellent improvement in thermal properties with a sharp rise in the glass transition temperature(Tg)value from−28.15℃to 84℃,while also championing sustainability through inherent biodegradability attributes.Beyond their structural prowess,these polymer nanocomposites demonstrated excellent potential as adsorbents,displaying efficient removal of malachite green and tartrazine dyes from aqueous systems with a removal efficiency of 87.25%and 73.98%,respectively.The kinetics study revealed the pseudo second order model to be the precision tool to assess the dye removal study.Complementing this,the Langmuir adsorption isotherm provided a framework to assess the sorption features of the polymer nanocomposites.Overall,these renewable biochar integrated polymer matrices boast remarkable recovery capabilities up to seven cycles of usage with an excellent dye recovery percentage of 95.21%for the last cycle,thereby defining sustainability as well as economic feasibility.

UV-curing of hyperbranched polyurethane acrylate-polyurethane diacrylate/SiO_2 dispersion and TGA/FTIR study of cured films

UV-curable hyperbranched polyurethane acrylate-polyurethane diacrylate/SiO2 dispersion （HBPUA-PUDA/SiO2） was prepared with isophorone diisocyanate （IPDI）, hyperbranched polyester Boltorn H20 （H20）, hydroxy-ethyl acrylate （HEA）, polyethyleneglycol （PEG-200）and nano-SiO2. The UV curing kinetics of the films was investigated by FTIR. The results show that the curing speed of the films increases with the adding of nano-SiO2 and decreases with the adding of PUDA due to the slower chain movement. The thermal stability of the HBPUA-PUDA/SiO2 films was studied by using thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （TGA/FTIR）. The results show that all films exhibit two degradation stages located at about 320 and 440℃ corresponding to the degradation for hard segments of urethane-acrylate and the degradation for soft segment and polyester core. In addition, the results from the analysis of TGA/FTIR also indicate that the decomposition temperature of HBPUA-PUDA/SiO2 film is 15℃ higher than that obtained for pure polymer. The degradation mechanism was proposed according to TGA/FTIR results.

PREPARATION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE)/ URETHANE ACRYLATE COPOLYMERS

The urethane acrylate(UA) was made of poly(tetramethylenc oxide), 4,4’-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. A series of poly(methyl methacrylate) / urethane acrylate copolymers was prepared by using a redox initiating system. The copolymers had cross linked structures and two-phase morphologies as indicated by the results of the dynamic mechanical measurement and swelling test.

Water-soluble UV curable urethane methyl acrylate coating：preparation and properties

Two kinds of water-soluble and ultraviolet (UV) curable oligomers were synthesized and characterized. The oligomers were evaluated as resins for water-based UV curable coating. The rheology of the two oligomers' aqueous so-lutions was investigated in terms of solid fraction, pH dependence, and temperature dependence. The solutions were found to be Newtonian fluid showing rather low viscosity even at high solid fraction of 0.55. The drying process of the coatings and the properties of the cured coatings were studied by comparing them with water-dispersed UV-curable polyurethane methyl acrylate. It was evident that the water-soluble coating dried more slowly; and that the overall properties were inferior to those of the water-dispersed coating.

LARGELY IMPROVED BLOOD COMPATIBILITY OF POLYURETHANE BY BLENDING WITH FLUORINATED PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE POLYURETHANE

The improvement of biocompatibility of polyurethanes was investigated.The results demonstrate that the blood compatibility of polyurethanes can be further improved by just simply mixing with the fluorinated phosphatidylcholine poly(carbonate urethane)s(FPCPCUs).The solution blending was done by mixing poly(ether urethane)(PEU)with FPCPCU in different compositions.An increased blood compatibility of the blend films was observed with the increase of FPCPCU content,and when FPCPCU content reached to 40 wt%(40F...

SELF-ASSEMBLED MICRO-DOMAINS ON THE UPPERMOST SURFACE OF FLUORINATED POLY(CARBONATE URETHANE)S WITH FLUORINATED SIDE CHAIN ATTACHED ON HARD SEGMENTS

The surface phase separated structure of polyurethanes is always desired due to the advantage of better biocompatibility, compared with the homogeneous one. The key issue is how to control and characterize the surface morphology. In this work, we report the uppermost surface morphology of fluorinated poly(carbonate urethane)s with fluorinated side chains attached to hard segments as studied by AFM, XPS and contact angle measurement. A self-assembled micro-domain with the fluorinated side chain standing up on the uppermost surface has been proposed for polyurethane with higher fluorinated content, based on the result obtained.

Silk Fibroin-modified Poly(butadiene) urethane Films and Their Effects on Fibroblast Viability

Surface-modified poly(butadiene)urethane (PBTU) films with silk fibroin (SF) were prepared by simple chemical method under the normal temperature. The physical properties and biological behaviour of the SF-modified PBTU film were evaluated. The results showed that the SF-modified PBTU films kept the tenacity and pliability very well, and could overcome rigid and brittle weaks of silk fibroin films. The morphology of SF in the PBTU film was dendritic aggregations, and the water-contact angle measurement indicated that the surface hydrophilicity of modified films was apparently enhanced. The biocompatibility of PBTU films was improved due to the change of surface components. The degree of platelet adhesion and the cell viability of rat embryo dermal fibroblasts seeded on PBTU films, SF films, and SF-modified PBTU films were measured by counting platelets before and after they contacted the films and MTT assay, respectively. The results indicated that platelet adhesion resistance and cell viability on the modified film were greatly superior to those on the PBTU film and the compound interface had good stability in the air.

Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Aqueous Dispersion Poly[urethane-(disperse blue 14)-urethane] Dye

A novel polymeric dye of aqueous dispersion poly[urethane-(disperse blue 14)-urethane] was synthesized based on poly(propylene glycol) (PPG), 2, 4-tolylene diisocyanate (TDI), klimethylol propionic acid (DMPA), disperse blue 14 and triethylamine (TEA) depending on a modified acetone process. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to identify Lhe structure of the polymeric dye, indicating an obvious carbonyl stretching absorption in disperse blue 14. The polymer was also characterized by the analysis of DSC, TGA, WAXD and UV-Vis spectroscopy.

Surface Modification of Polycarbonate Urethane by Covalent Linkage of Heparin with a PEG Spacer

Heparin was grafted onto polycarbonate urethane (PCU) surface via a three-step procedure utilizing α, ωdiamino-poly(ethylene glycol) (APEG, M n =2 000) as a spacer. In the first step, isocyanate functional groups were introduced onto PCU surface by the treatment of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) in the presence of di-n-butyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) as a catalyst. In the second step, APEG was linked to the PCU surface to obtain the APEG conjugated PCU surface (PCU-APEG). In the third step, heparin was covalently coupled with PCU-APEG in the presence of N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylamidopropyl) carbodiimide (EDAC). The amount of heparin (1.639 μg/cm 2 ) covalently immobilized on the PCU-APEG surface was determined by the toluidine blue method. The modified surface was characterized by water contact angle, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The hemocompatibility was preliminarily studied by platelet adhesion test. The results indicated that heparin was successfully grafted onto the PCU surface, and meanwhile the hydrophilicity and hemocompatibility of the modified PCU surface were improved significantly compared with the blank PCU surface.

COMPUTER SIMULATIONS ON UNPERTURBED CONFIGURATIONAL DIMENSIONS OF POLY (METHYL ACRYLATE)

A full-relaxation optimization of molecule and the popular MM2 force field are employed to obtain the geometry parameters and the conformational energy surface of a meso or a racemic dyad of poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) with a specified carbonyl-bond orientation in side-groups. It is found that the conformational energy maps calculated here considerably differ from those calculated with the rigid molecular model as reported in the earlier studies. The g(-) state cannot be omitted in the obtained contour maps. Two important conformers tg(-) and g(-t) with energy minima were newly detected for a racemic dyad. The analysis on the conformations with energy minima confirmed that the ester groups are not always perpendicular to the plane defined by the two adjacent skeletal bonds and may change their relative orientations to meet the requirement of lower energies during the conformational state transition. Instead of the early way of adjusting the interaction energy parameters to fit the experimental data, we attempt to predict unperturbed chain dimensions via the reliable force field and the configurational statistical mechanics. The proposed scheme with three rotational states identified from the contour maps allowed us to satisfactorily reproduce the experimental dimensions of random PMA chains.

Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solution of Poly (1,1,2,2- Tetrahy-droperfluorodecyl Acrylate)

Poly(1,1,2,2- tetrahydroperfluorodecyl acrylate) (poly (TA-N)) was synthesized in laboratory. The resulting morphology of rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS) sprays of poly(TA - N) was investigated. At apre - expansion temperature of 45℃), amorphous polymer was formed. At temperature around 60 ℃ to 80 ℃ , fibers were formed. Increase of temperature increasesparticle size slightly. At temperature of 105℃ , most of particles are spheres. The RESS is an attractive process. To apply the polymers desired for coating applications in an organic solvent - free process that is economically viable , and it will have implications for pollution prevention during polymer film

EFFECTS OF ω-ACRYLOYL POLY (ETHYLENE OXIDE) MACROMONOMER ON EMULSIFIER-FREE EMULSI0N COPOLYMERIZATION OF METHYL METHACRYLATE AND n-BUTYL ACRYLATE

Well-defined nonionic hydrophilic ω-acryloyl poly(ethylene oxide) macro-monomer (PEO-A) has been prepared by living anionic polymerization of ethylene oxidewith diphenyl methyl potassium as the initiator and acryloyl chloride as the reaction termi-nating agent. The polymer was characterized by FTIR and SEC. The emulsifier-free emul-sion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and n-butyl acrylate (BA) containingvarious concentrations of PEO-A was studied. In all cases stable emulsion coplymerizationsof MMA and BA were obtained. The stabilizing effect was found to be dependent on themolecular weight and the feed amount of the macromonomer.

Electrode Effects on Polyurethane Soft Actuator

A polymer soft actuator is under investigation using a poly urethane elastomer film that bends by means of an applied voltage, which is based on the electrostriction. Bending experiments were performed under different metal electrodes deposited the both sides of the film. Even if the thickness of the both electrodes?is the same, the metal of the both electrodes?is desirable to be the same to bend more. It is suggested that the balance of the physical properties of the both metal is critical for larger bending.

Response to Applied Voltage to Polyurethane Soft Actuators with Loaded Weights

We are investigating a polymer soft actuator using a poly urethane elastomer film that bends by an applied voltage, which is based on the electrostriction. In this article, the bending magnitude was studied in a weight-loaded condition. It was found that the thinner film can bend the more without any load, but that the film of 200-μm thickness gave the largest bending when weights were loaded. The thickness of some degree is critical for large bending torque.

Synthesis and evaluation of poly(N-vinyl caprolactam)-co-tert-butyl acrylate as kinetic hydrate inhibitor

Low dosage kinetic hydrate inhibitors(KHIs)are a kind of alternative chemical additives to high dosage thermodynamic inhibitors for preventing gas hydrate formation in oil&gas production wells and transportation pipelines.In this paper,a new KHI,poly(N-vinyl caprolactam)-co-tert-butyl acrylate(PVCapco-TBA),was successfully synthesized with N-vinyl caprolactam(NVCap)and tert-butyl acrylate.The kinetic inhibition performances of PVCap-co-TBA on the formations of both structureⅠmethane hydrate and structureⅡnatural gas hydrate were investigated by measuring the onset times of hydrate formation under different conditions and compared with commercial KHIs such as PVP,PVCap and inhibex 501.The results indicated that PVCap-co-TBA outperformed these widely applied inhibitors for both structureⅠand structureⅡhydrates.At the same dosage of KHI,the maximum tolerable degree of subcooling under which the onset time of hydrate formation exceeded 24 hours for structureⅠhydrate was much lower than that for structureⅡhydrate.The inhibition strength increased with the increasing dosage of PVCap-co-TBA;The maximum tolerable degree of subcooling for the natural gas hydrate is more than10 K when the dosage was higher than 0.5%(mass)while it achieved 12 K when that dosage rose to0.75%(mass).Additionally,we found polypropylene glycol could be used as synergist at the dosage of 1.0%(mass)or so,under which the kinetic inhibition performance of PVCap-co-TBA could be improved significantly.All evaluation results demonstrated that PVCap-co-TBA was a very promising KHI and a competitive alternative to the existing commercial KHIs.

In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity Study of Some New Arginine-based Biodegradable Poly （Ester Urethane）s and Poly （Ester Urea）s

Bactericidal activity of some arginine based biodegradable polymers-PEURs （poly （ester urethane）s） and PEUs （poly （ester urea）s） with low cytotoxicity was studied in in vitro experiments. Various bacterial strains both Gram-positive and Gram-negative were used to explore the bactericidal activity of the cationic polymers. As the test objects, the following microorganisms were used： Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium album, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Escherichia coli, Actinomyces griseus and Aspergillus niger. The obtained results showed that the new cationic polymers suppressed the growth of the studied microorganisms and the bactericidal activity of the tested cationic polymers strongly depending on their chemical structure.

STRUCTURE OF 1-BROMOMETHYL-7, 7-DIMETHYLBICYCLO[2.2.1]HEPT-2-YL ACRYLATE AND THE PROPERTIES OF ITS POLYMER

In this paper, the structure of 1-bromomethyl-7,7-dimethyl btcyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl acrylate has been studied by X-ray diffraction, and the relation between the molecular structure and the properties of polymerization and its polymer have been discussed.

Effects of Side-Chain on Conformational Characteristics of Poly(3,5-Dimethyl-Phenyl Acrylate) in Toluene at 40℃

The intrinsic viscosity [η] of poly(3,5-dimethylphenylacrylate) (35PDMPA)solutions were evaluated throughout the measurements of the flow times of toluene and polymer solutions by classical Huggins, and Kraemer’s methods using a Cannon-Ubbelohde semi-micro-dilution capillary viscometer in a Cannon thermostated water bath at 40℃ ± 0.02℃. The values of Huggins’ constant estimated ranged from 0.2 to 0.4 which were within expectations. The intrinsic viscosities and molecular weight relationship was established with the two-parameter classical models of Staudinger-Mark-Houwink-Sakurada and Stockmayer-Fixman. Conformational parameter C∞ and σ indicated 35PDMPA be semi flexible. Also, the rigidity of 35PDMPA was confirmed by Yamakawa-Fuji wormlike theory modified by Bohdanecky. The molecular parameters were estimated and compared. The results showed that 35PDMPA behaves like a semi-rigid polymer in toluene at 40℃ rather than a random coil flexible macromolecule.

Synthesis of Bis(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-toluene-2, 4-diurethane for Main Chain Liquid Crystalline Poly(urethane-ester)s

A new methodology was advanced that mesogenic cores appeared after theformation of urethane groups and during the monomer-to-polymer transition. A newdiphenol monomer, bis(4'-hydroxy-phenyl)-toluene-2 (BHPTU), was obtainedby the reaction of 2,4-tolulene diisocyanate with hydroquinone in dioxane or N,N-dimethyl-acetandde. The reaction process was monitored by FTIR, and the product was investigated bylH NMR and elemental analysis (EA). A liquid crystalline poly(urethane-ester) was obtainedusing the BHPTU monomer.