Effects of Polygonatum odoratum Polysaccharide on Reproductive Hormones in Male Rats Fed a High-fat Diet

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Polygonatum odoratum polysaccharide(POP)on organ relative weights and reproductive hormone levels in male rats fed a high-fat diet.[Methods]Thirty healthy male Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into two groups according to their body weight:10 in normal control group(Group NC,n=10)and 20 in experimental group(n=20).The rats in experimental group were fed a high-fat diet for eight weeks before they were further randomly divided into two groups:high fat group(Group HF)and high fat+400 mg/(kg·d)POP group(Group HF+POP).In Group HF+POP,the rats were administered with POP for another six weeks,before their blood plasma was collected,and the relative weights of their testis and epididymis were calculated.The plasma levels of testosterone(T),estrogen(E2),follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH),cortisol(C)and luteinizing hormone(LH)were measured by radioimmunoassay,and the plasma levels of sex hormone-binding globulin(SHBG)and insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1)were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.[Results]Compared with Group HF,POP could effectively inhibit rat obesity caused by high-fat diets,increase the relative weights of their testis and epididymis,plasma levels of LH,E2,FSH,T,SHBG and IGF-1,and reduce the plasma level of E2.[Conclusions]Polygonatum odoratum polysaccharide(POP)is able to effectively regulate the level of reproductive hormones in high-fat diet fed rats,and helps to protect their reproductive function.

Effects of Polygonatum odoratum Polysaccharides on the Quality of White Chili Peppers in Jars

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Polygonatum odoratum polysaccharides on the quality of white chili peppers in jars.[Methods]White chili peppers were pickled by adding different concentrations of P.odoratum polysaccharides with traditional pickling technology,and its nitrite content,pH and sensory quality were analyzed and detected.[Results]The results showed that,compared with the control group without adding P.odoratum polysaccharides,the nitrite content in white chili peppers in jars decreased after adding P.odoratum polysaccharides.When the addition amount of P.odoratum polysaccharides was 0.002%,the inhibition rate of nitrite reached the maximum.Under the same fermentation time,P.odoratum polysaccharides could significantly reduce the pH value of pickles.When the addition amount of P.odoratum polysaccharide was 0.002%and the pickling time was 3 months,the sensory quality of white chili peppers in jars was the best.At this point,white chili peppers in jars had rich aroma and tasted soft and sour,and the sour and salinity were suitable.As the fermentation time continued to increase,the chili aroma of white chili peppers in jars gradually decreased,and the sour taste became more pronounced.[Conclusions]This study can provide reference for the safety and quality control of white chili peppers in jars.

玉竹(Polygonatum odoratum(Mill.) Druce)凝集素的荧光淬灭研究

百合科植物玉竹(Polygonatum odoratum(Mill.)Druce)的根状茎经生理盐水浸取、硫酸铵分级沉淀、CM-Sepharose柱离子交换层析和Sephacryl S-200凝胶过滤,得到经SDS-PAGE检测为14.2kD的单一蛋白条带的玉竹凝集素(Polygonatum odoratumlectin,简称POL).荧光淬灭剂丙烯酰胺、KI和CsCl对POL的内源荧光淬灭研究表明它们对凝集素分子荧光的淬灭过程属动态淬灭机制.其中玉竹凝集素中Trp残基对中性淬灭剂丙烯酰胺的可接近程度达到81%,而阴离子淬灭剂I-、阳离子淬灭剂Cs+仅淬灭POL 50%和45%的荧光.表明玉竹凝集素产生荧光的氨基酸残基大部分是位于分子表面和近表面带电荷的沟槽内,并且Trp残基周围有大约等量的正、负电荷分布.

Two new homoisoflavanones from Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce

Two new homoisoflavanones were isolated from the rhizomes of Polygonatum odoratum(Mill.) Druce and their structures were elucidated as(3R)-5,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxy-3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6-methylchrom-an-4-one(1) and(3R)-5,7,8-trihydroxy-3-(4- hydroxybenzyl)-6-methylchroman-4-one(2),on the basis of spectral analysis.

A New Furostanol Glycoside from Polygonatum odoratum

A new furostanol component glycosylated only at C-26 was isolated from the rhizomes of Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, and its structure was characterized as 22-hydroxy-25(R and S) furost-5-en-12-on-3b, 22, 26-triol 26-O-b-D-glucopyranoside on the basis of spectroscopic techniques and chemical methods.

Effects of Different Propagation Materials and Cultivation Years on the Yield of Polygonatum odoratum under the Forest

This paper mainly studies the effects of different propagation materials and cultivation years on the yield of Polygonatum odoratum under the forest.In this study,the cultivation experiment of P.odoratum was carried out by using the stem tip,stem body and seeds of P.odoratum as propagation materials.The yield of P.odoratum in different cultivation years with propagation by rhizome was also investigated.That is,the continuous growth of P.odoratum and the yield of P.odoratum each year after cultivation was statistically analyzed.The results showed that the germination rate under stem tip cultivation was fast,and the emergence time was also fast,which was more than 2 weeks earlier than that under stem body cultivation,and the seedling emergence rate reached 100%.The stem body was a new plant formed by sprouting from the buds of internodes,and the emergence rate was more than 95%.P.odoratum propagated by rhizome was harvested in the third or fourth year after cultivation,and the third year was the best harvest time.

Sortilin-induced lipid accumulation and atherogenesis are suppressed by HNF1b SUMOylation promoted by flavone of Polygonatum odoratum

This study aims to investigate the impact of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β(HNF1b)on macrophage sortilin-mediated lipid metabolism and aortic atherosclerosis and explore the role of the flavone of Polygonatum odoratum(PAOA-flavone)-promoted small ubiquitin-related modifier(SUMO)modification in the atheroprotective efficacy of HNF1b.HNF1b was predicted to be a transcriptional regulator of sortilin expression via bioinformatics,dual-luciferase reporter gene assay,and chromatin immunoprecipitation.HNF1b overexpression decreased sortilin expression and cellular lipid contents in THP-1 macrophages,leading to a depression in atherosclerotic plaque formation in low-density lipoprotein(LDL)receptor-deficient(LDLR−/−)mice.Multiple SUMO1-modified sites were identified on the HNF1b protein and co-immunoprecipitation confirmed its SUMO1 modification.The SUMOylation of HNF1b protein enhanced the HNF1b-inhibited effect on sortilin expression and reduced lipid contents in macrophages.PAOA-flavone treatment promoted SUMO-activating enzyme subunit 1(SAE1)expression and SAE1-catalyzed SUMOylation of the HNF1b protein,which prevented sortilin-mediated lipid accumulation in macrophages and the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in apolipoprotein E-deficient(ApoE−/−)mice.Interference with SAE1 abrogated the improvement in lipid metabolism in macrophage cells and atheroprotective efficacy in vivo upon PAOA-flavone administration.In summary,HNF1b transcriptionally suppressed sortilin expression and macrophage lipid accumulation to inhibit aortic lipid deposition and the development of atherosclerosis.This anti-atherosclerotic effect was enhanced by PAOA-flavone-facilitated,SAE1-catalyzed SUMOylation of the HNF1b protein.

A review on the application,phytochemistry and pharmacology of Polygonatum odoratum,an edible medicinal plant

Polygonatum odoratum is distributed in several countries around the world as a medicinal and dual-use plant,and its rhizomes are used in China as a traditional Chinese medicine,also as vegetables,foods,functional foods or tea,with a history of application for more than 2000 years,with precise efficacy and no toxic side effects.However,few reviews are published on its chemical composition and its pharmacological effects.There are many components of P.odoratum,including steroidal saponins,homoisoflavanones,isoflavones,flavonoids,alkaloids,lignin,volatile oil,polysaccharides and lectins.In this review,recent advances of the history and consumption of P.odoratum,the types of chemical components,and the pharmacological effects manifested in antitumour and anticancer,antioxidant,slowing senescence,relieving fatigue and immune regulation are summarized and discussed.Presumably,the main active ingredients of the plant are homoisoflavanones,polysaccharides,saponins,and lectins.The review provides a reference for its development and utilization in the field of functional food and medicine in the future.

不同品系湘玉竹主要功能成分及抗氧化和抗糖基化活性

为探究不同品系湘玉竹主要功能成分的含量及其抗氧化和抗糖基化能力,以邵东麻杆、红杆、连竹、红杆猪屎尾、猪屎尾5个品系湘玉竹为试材,测定其主要功能成分,初步研究其抗氧化能力和抗糖基化活性,并对其进行相关性分析。结果表明,猪屎尾的水分含量最低,为(65.05±0.66)%,折干率最高;麻杆的硬度最低,为(511.39±59.96)g,灰分、蛋白质、总酚、总黄酮、还原糖、多糖的含量均最高,分别为(3.09±0.12)%、(5.99±0.03)%、(20.57±2.42)、(1.55±0.07)、(38.37±0.72)、(78.66±1.73)mg/g。5个品系玉竹提取液中,麻杆的抗氧化和抗糖基化活性最好,当麻杆质量浓度为300 mg/mL时,麻杆对DPPH自由基的清除率达(97.38±1.91)%,半抑制浓度(half maximal inhibitory concentration,IC50)值为(115.80±5.70)mg/mL;当质量浓度为150 mg/mL时,对ABTS+阳离子自由基的清除率达(87.27±3.21)%,IC_(50)值为(75.52±4.06)mg/mL;当质量浓度为1.25 mg/mL时,对体外糖基化终产物的抑制能力达(87.38±1.17)%。铁离子还原能力值为(8.88±0.21)μmol/g,氧自由基吸收能力值为(0.57±0.01)mmol/g。5个品系中,麻杆玉竹功能成分含量最高,抗氧化和抗糖基化能力最强。

两种同属食药同源植物黄精与玉竹代谢组学比较分析

采用代谢组学方法比较分析了同属食药同源植物黄精和玉竹代谢物质的组成及差异。利用基于超高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术(UHPLC-MS)的非靶向代谢组学技术,对黄精与玉竹的根部进行了分析。两种中药共检测到583个差异代谢物,玉竹与黄精相比,其中共有536个代谢物含量显著上升,47个代谢物含量显著下降。在这些代谢物中,有150种黄酮类化合物在黄精和玉竹中存在显著性差异,其中:139种显著上调,11种显著下调。甾体皂苷类化合物在黄精和玉竹中共检测到110种,其中:93种显著上调,17种显著下调。生物碱类化合物在黄精和玉竹中共检测到73种,其中:61种显著上调,12种显著下调。98种酚酸类化合物在黄精与玉竹中存在显著性差异,其中:96种显著上调,2种显著下调。48种萜类化合物在黄精与玉竹中存在显著性差异,其中:47种显著上调,1种显著下调。这些研究结果可为黄精与玉竹的开发研究提供理论依据。

玉竹多糖合成积累影响因素的研究进展

以《中国药典》规定的主要成分指标玉竹多糖为切入点,从多糖合成积累途径以及种质、栽培、加工等方法对玉竹多糖合成积累的影响进行概括总结,为玉竹新种质创制、生态栽培、加工与开发利用提供参考依据。通过总结分析发现,玉竹种源地、品系以及栽培过程中的地表覆盖、施肥等措施显著影响玉竹多糖的转化积累,采收年份、同一年的不同采收期以及采后不同产地初加工工艺等同样对玉竹多糖含量影响显著。因此,需严格规范玉竹产地和品系,按照标准化技术规程进行玉竹种植、采收、加工等,以保证玉竹的产量和品质。

玉竹多糖的体外消化特性及其与乳杆菌和大肠杆菌的相互作用

采用水提醇沉法制备玉竹多糖,对其理化性质进行测定;利用体外模拟消化模型研究玉竹多糖在体外模拟唾液、胃和胃肠道中的消化情况;进一步考察其与乳杆菌(植物乳杆菌,CGMCC NO.1258)和大肠杆菌(大肠埃希氏菌,CGMCC NO.1.1521)的相互作用。结果表明,玉竹多糖本身不含还原糖,水解后主要由甘露糖、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖组成,含有2种分子质量分布,分别为1.37×10^(6)、6.75×10^(3)Da;玉竹多糖在被模拟唾液、胃液、胃肠液消化后,还原糖、单糖组成、分子质量均无明显变化,说明玉竹多糖在体外模拟消化系统不能被分解;但在乳杆菌和大肠杆菌的作用下,玉竹多糖发生了不同程度的降解,且玉竹多糖对乳杆菌的生长起到促进作用,对大肠杆菌的生长起到抑制作用。

The Impact of Ecologic Factors on Growth and Development of Two Polygonatum Species

The research results of environment impact on growth and development of Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce and Polygonatum severtzowii Regel species are given in the article. The effect of light intensity, temperature and humidity factors was noted in the studied species.

基于甜味受体信号通路探讨玉竹多糖的降血糖作用

目的基于甜味受体信号通路探讨玉竹多糖的降血糖作用。方法高脂高糖饮食联合链脲佐菌素诱导建立大鼠糖尿病模型,造模成功后将大鼠随机分为模型组、二甲双胍组(200 mg/kg)和玉竹多糖低、中、高剂量组(100、200、400 mg/kg),另取8只正常大鼠为正常组。分别于给药前及给药2、4、6、8周末,尾静脉取血测空腹血糖;给药7周后进行口服葡萄糖耐量实验,同时采用ELISA法检测血清GLP-1、胰岛素水平;给药8周后检测大鼠血脂水平,观察胰腺、肝脏的形态,RT-qPCR法检测回肠组织T1R2、T1R3、α-gustducin、TRPM5、SGLT-1、GLUT-2 mRNA表达。以HuTu-80细胞为模型,加玉竹多糖溶液处理,ELISA法检测细胞cAMP、GLP-1水平,激光共聚焦法检测细胞Ca^(2+)荧光强度,RT-qPCR法检测细胞甜味受体mRNA表达。结果动物实验结果显示,与模型组比较,玉竹多糖中、高剂量组大鼠空腹血糖、时间-血糖曲线下面积(AUC)和血清TG、TC、LDL-C水平降低(P<0.05),血清GLP-1、胰岛素水平和回肠组织T1R3、TRPM 5 mRNA表达升高(P<0.05),且高剂量组血清HDL-C水平和回肠组织T1R2、α-gustducin mRNA表达升高(P<0.05)。细胞实验结果显示,与正常组比较,玉竹多糖可增加细胞cAMP、GLP-1、Ca^(2+)水平(P<0.05),增强甜味受体T1R2、T1R 3 mRNA表达(P<0.05)。结论玉竹多糖可能通过上调甜味受体信号分子的表达,从而增强甜味受体信号强度,促进GLP-1分泌,发挥降血糖作用。

玉竹多糖含量的影响因子分析

以1年生、2年生、3年生和4年生大田玉竹为研究对象,比较分析不同生长年限、不同根茎龄节、不同品种、不同采收期、不同加工方法玉竹的多糖含量。结果表明:1年生玉竹各生育期多糖含量均显著低于2年生、3年生和4年生玉竹的,3年生玉竹全生育期多糖含量均较高,为5.64%~7.20%,其中,在9—10月达到峰值;不同根茎龄节中,第2龄节和第3龄节的多糖含量全生育期均在6.00%以上,显著高于第1龄节、第4龄节和种茎龄节的多糖含量;不同品种中,9月底至12月上旬红杆猪屎尾、绿杆猪屎尾的多糖含量显著高于猪屎尾和刺尾的;溆浦、新化、安化、桂阳、邵东、慈利产地玉竹8—12月多糖含量呈先升后降趋势,于9—10月达到峰值;不同加工材料中,玉竹皮、玉竹须根的多糖含量显著低于玉竹根茎的;揉搓玉竹条的多糖含量显著大于蒸制玉竹条、机械脱毛玉竹条和未处理玉竹条的;烘干玉竹片的多糖含量显著大于晾晒玉竹片的。综合分析所得,为保证玉竹多糖含量,采收时应以3年生玉竹为宜,于9—10月进行采收;加工时,宜去除玉竹皮和须根,采用揉搓的方法加工玉竹条或烘干的方法加工玉竹片。

玉竹多酚成分及其对二氧化硅诱导的A549细胞损伤的保护作用研究

目的研究玉竹多酚成分及其对二氧化硅(silicon dioxide,SiO_(2))诱导的A549细胞损伤的保护作用。方法结合产率与不同溶剂提取物活性的关系,本研究选定80%甲醇/水为最佳提取溶剂。生物活性导向筛选表明,玉竹总多酚是发挥细胞保护作用的主要活性成分。从玉竹根茎提取物的多酚组分中鉴定化合物,并研究其对SiO_(2)诱导的A549细胞损伤的保护作用;结果从玉竹根茎提取物的多酚组分中鉴定出28种化合物,且多数化合物对SiO_(2)诱导的A549细胞损伤表现出显著的保护活性,其ED50值较低,保护活性优于白藜芦醇(14.7μmol·L^(-1))。进一步进行了活性氧和凋亡测定,结果显示,多酚成分的保护作用可能与其抗氧化活性有关。结论玉竹(Polygonatum odoratum)是一种传统的食物增补剂,具有扶正固本的作用。作者首次发现玉竹可以保护肺细胞免受环境微粒SiO_(2)的损伤。玉竹可作为一种潜在的健康膳食来源,并可进一步应用于功能性食品中。

基于逐步回归分析法的玉竹多糖吸湿因素探索及其防潮中间体片剂的研制

目的:探索影响玉竹多糖吸湿的因素,研制玉竹多糖防潮中间体片剂。方法:以玉竹多糖粉末中多糖、蛋白质、果糖的含量,以及表征玉竹多糖粉体性质的指标中位径D50、分布跨度Span、比表面积、休止角、松密度、振实密度为研究对象,采用逐步回归分析法探索影响玉竹多糖吸湿的主要因素。根据逐步回归分析结果,通过制片的方法降低比表面积;采用单因素实验考察片剂直径、稀释剂、润滑剂对休止角、吸湿率、硬度、脆碎度的影响;在此基础上,采用Box-Behnken设计-响应面法优化片剂处方,制备玉竹多糖防潮中间体片剂,同时测定其平衡吸湿率、临界相对湿度,并与玉竹多糖粉末比较。结果:逐步回归结果表明,玉竹多糖粉末的比表面积、松密度,以及蛋白质、果糖等杂质的含量对玉竹多糖吸湿均有显著影响,其中比表面积的因子系数最大;玉竹防潮中间体片剂的处方为:乳糖17.00%、微晶纤维素(MCC)17.00%、硬脂酸镁0.80%;与玉竹多糖粉末比较,平衡吸湿率由22.25%降低至11.03%,临界相对湿度由48.40%提高到75.00%。结论:比表面积是玉竹多糖吸湿的主要因素。将玉竹多糖制备成防潮中间体片剂可减小玉竹多糖粉末的比表面积,进而降低其吸湿性。

玉竹蔗糖合成酶(SUS)基因家族的鉴定、表达分析及PoSUS1基因的克隆

多糖是玉竹的质量标志物,在免疫调节、抗肿瘤等方面具有显著的药理作用。作为多糖合成的关键酶之一,蔗糖合成酶(sucrose synthase,SUS)一直是揭示植物多糖合成的重要研究内容。基于转录组序列信息,本研究利用生物信息学手段对玉竹SUS基因家族及其成员进行鉴定,并利用荧光定量PCR(qPCR)对其成员表达模式进行分析。结果表明:玉竹转录组共获得8个具有ORF序列的PoSUS基因家族成员,其编码蛋白质含有111~310个氨基酸,分子量为12.81~35.43 kDa,其理论等电点为5.83~9.18。系统进化树分析表明,8个PoSUS基因家族成员可分为3个亚家族,其中第Ⅲ亚家族基因成员数目最多。亚细胞定位预测显示大多数PoSUS蛋白定位在叶绿体。基因表达模式分析表明,PoSUS1和PoSUS6基因在多糖积累的根茎组织中表达量最高,且高多糖种质HN1中PoSUS1和PoSUS2表达量显著高于低多糖种质AH2。此外,本研究还从种质HN1和AH2克隆得到PoSUS1基因CDS序列,其编码蛋白在2份种质间存在3处氨基酸差异,且这些差异位于PoSUS1蔗糖合成酶结构域。本研究结果为深入研究玉竹SUS基因功能奠定基础,也为玉竹药用品质形成分子机制研究提供理论依据。

分光光度法测定玉竹药材中多糖

建立分光光度法测定玉竹药材中玉竹多糖含量。玉竹药材经加热回流提取,多糖经80%乙醇溶液沉淀12h,采用苯酚-硫酸法进行比色测定。葡萄糖的质量在0~120μg范围内与490 nm波长处的吸光度成正比,线性回归方程为y=0.00642x-0.00753,相关系数为0.9996,检出限为0.91μg。显色后溶液在6 h内保持稳定,样品加标回收率为95.9%~98.6%,平行测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.13%(n=6)。该方法可用于玉竹药材中多糖含量的测定。

基于网络药理学和分子对接探究玉竹治疗2型糖尿病的作用机制

目的:基于网络药理学的方法探讨玉竹治疗2型糖尿病的作用机制,为其进一步开发利用和临床应用提供参考。方法:以口服利用度和类药性为评估指标从TCMSP数据平台中筛选玉竹活性成分,Swiss Target Prediction平台预测活性成分潜在的靶点,David数据库进行GO分析和KEGG Pathway富集分析,Cytoscape 3.8.0软件构建“活性成分-靶点-通路”网络,预测灵芝活性成分的药理机制,最后采用Sybyl-x 2.0软件对代表性化合物进行分子对接验证。结果:从玉竹中筛选得到活性成分8个,作用于2型糖尿病靶点239个,核心靶点54个,玉竹治疗2型糖尿病主要涉及PI3K-Akt、FoxO、雌激素、甲状腺激素等信号通路。分子对接结果表明,大部分活性成分与关键靶点具有较好的结合力,其中化合物N-顺式-阿魏酰酪胺与靶点蛋白STAT3的结合评分最高。结论:本研究对玉竹治疗2型糖尿病的分子机制进行探讨,发现玉竹治疗2型糖尿病的作用机制具有多组分、多靶点、多通路的特点。