Effects of low molecular weight polysaccharide from Sargassum thunbergii against palmitic acid-induced intracellular lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocyte and HepG2 cells

Low molecular weight polysaccharides can be isolated from Sargassum thunbergii(LMPST)and in vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the inhibitory effects on lipids.Two natures of LMPST were attained from S.thunbergii and appraised their LMPST on palmitic acid(PA)induced lipid accretion in Hep G2,and 3T3-L1 cells.LMPST treatment lessened lipid deposition and intracellular free fatty acid and triglyceride intensities in PA-treated above mentioned cells.The mechanistic study publicized that LMPST2 significantly suppressed adipogenesis and stimulated the PA-treated 3T3-L1 cells occupied in the lipolysis pathway.Furthermore,in PA-treated Hep G2 cells,the free fatty acid oxidation was significantly increased by LMPST2.Given these constructive properties of LMPST2 from S.thunbergii,is a potential candidate for diminishing the intracellular lipids,and for a therapeutic agent in those conditions.

Gut microbiome-based thiamine metabolism contributes to the protective effect of one acidic polysaccharide from Selaginella uncinata(Desv.)Spring against inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is a serious disorder,and exploration of active compounds to treat it is necessary.An acidic polysaccharide named SUSP-4 was purified from Selaginella uncinata(Desv.)Spring,which contained galacturonic acid,galactose,xylose,arabinose,and rhamnose with the main chain structure of→4)-α-d-GalAp-(1→and→6)-β-d-Galp-(1→and the branched structure of→5)-α-l-Araf-(1→.Animal experiments showed that compared with Model group,SUSP-4 significantly improved body weight status,disease activity index(DAI),colonic shortening,and histopathological damage,and elevated occludin and zonula occludens protein 1(ZO-1)expression in mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium salt(DSS).16S ribosomal RNA(rRNA)sequencing indicated that SUSP-4 markedly downregulated the level of Akkermansia and Alistipes.Metabolomics results confirmed that SUSP-4 obviously elevated thiamine levels compared with Model mice by adjusting thiamine metabolism,which was further confirmed by a targeted metabolism study.Fecal transplantation experiments showed that SUSP-4 exerted an anti-IBD effect by altering the intestinal flora in mice.A mechanistic study showed that SUSP-4 markedly inhibited macrophage activation by decreasing the levels of phospho-nuclear factor kappa-B(p-NF-κB)and cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)and elevating NF-E2-related factor 2(Nrf2)levels compared with Model group.In conclusion,SUSP-4 affected thiamine metabolism by regulating Akkermania and inhibited macrophage activation to adjust NF-κB/Nrf2/COX-2-mediated inflammation and oxidative stress against IBD.This is the first time that plant polysaccharides have been shown to affect thiamine metabolism against IBD,showing great potential for in-depth research and development applications.

Hypoglycemic effect and the mechanism of action of a polysaccharide from sweet corncob in a high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)is a metabolic disease caused by a glycolipid metabolism disorder and isletβ-cell dysfunction.SCP-80-I is a biologically active water-soluble polysaccharide isolated from sweet corncob,an agricultural byproduct.The hypoglycemic effects of SCP-80-I on T2DM mice and its mechanisms were investigated in this study.SCP-80-I was found to significantly reduce blood glucose and lipid deposition levels in T2DM mice,as well as decrease serum leptin and increase adiponectin secretion.Interestingly,real time-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)and Western blotting results revealed that SCP-80-I could regulate the expression of several glycolipid metabolisms and insulin secretion genes and proteins,including 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK),carnitine palmitoyltransferase I(CPTI),and acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase(ACC)in the liver and AMPK,sirtuin1(Sirtl),peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorycoactivator-1(PGC-1α),and uncoupling protein 2(UCP2)in the pancreas.To have a hypoglycemic effect,SCP-80-1 regulated glycolipid metabolism and islet cell function in the liver by regulating the AMPK/AC C/CPT1 signaling pathway and the AMPK/Sirt1/PGC-1αand AMPK/Sirtl/UCP2 signaling pathways.These findings improve our understanding of polysaccharides derived from sweet corncob and the use of SCP-80-I in the production of hypoglycemic foods.

Anti-inflammatory Effect of Polysaccharide from Embelia parviflora Wall.on Rheumatoid Arthritis in Rats

[Objectives]To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of Embelia parviflora Wall.polysaccharide on rheumatoid arthritis(RA)in rats.[Methods]RA rat model was induced by type II collagen.After successful modeling,the rats were divided into model group,positive group,low,medium and high dose of E.parviflora Wall.polysaccharide groups,and normal control group.Body mass,toe volume and arthritis index were measured,and thymus index and spleen index were calculated.The levels of interleukin-1β,interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-αin serum and synovial tissue of ankle joint were detected by ELISA.[Results]Compared with the normal control group,the pathological changes such as synovial hyperplasia and unclear layer were observed in the model group,the body mass was decreased(P<0.05),the toe volume,arthritis index,thymus and spleen index were increased(P<0.05),and the levels of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-αin serum and ankle synovial tissue were increased(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,the histopathological changes in synovium of ankle joint in the positive group and the medium and high dose groups of E.parviflora Wall.polysaccharide were significantly improved,and the body mass was increased(P<0.05).The toe volume,arthritis index,thymus index and spleen index were decreased(P<0.05).The levels of IL-Iβ,IL-6 and TNF-αin serum and synovial tissue of ankle joint were increased(P<0.05),while there was no significant difference between the low dose group of E.parviflora Wall.polysaccharide and the model group(P>0.05).[Conclusions]E.parviflora Wall.polysaccharide can reduce the body's inflammatory response and improve RA,which may be related to the inhibition of the activation of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α.

The Prevention and Treatment of Polysaccharide from the Rhizomorph of Armillaria mellea on Diabetic Cataract in Rat

[Objective] To investigate the prevention and control effect of polysaccharide from the rhizomorph of Armillaria mellea by distilled water elution （AMP-1） on diabetic cataract in rats.[Methods] Streptozotocin （STZ）,combined with freund＇s adjuvant （CFA）,was used to induce diabetic cataract in rat,to observe the onset of lenticular turbidity by slit lamp and compare the turbid degree of eyes lens among different groups.The super oxide dismutase （SOD）,glutathione peroxidase （GSH-px） and malondialdehyde （MDA） in serum and eyes lens were measured by colorimetric method.[Results] The slit lamp examination results showed that AMP-1 obviously delayed the onset of diabetic cataract and reduced turbid degree of eyes lens.Compared with model group,AMP-1 at various doses should significantly reduce the level of MDA ascended in serum of rats.Medium-and high-dose groups could increase the levels of SOD and GSH-Px in serum,and the dose of AMP-1 was closely related to the effect.[Conclusion] AMP-1 played a prominent role in prevention and treatment of diabetic cataract in rats.

Exploration for a Natural Selenium Supplement——Characterization and Bioactivities of Se-containing Polysaccharide from Garlic

A Se—containing polysaccharide(Se-GPS),with average molecular weight of 1.5×10~4 was isolated from Hubei Enshi garlic(Allium sativum L.)and purified by means of Sephadex G25 to G200 chromatographies.Its chemical homogeneity and composition were studied by optical rotation,HPLC and paper chromatographical methods.The abilities of scavenging active oxygen free radicals and inhibiting the damage of erythrocyte membrane by SiO_2 were established by spin trapping ESR studies.Se-GPS was shown to inhibit human cytomegalovirus by plague reduction assays and cytopathogenic effect tests.

Optimization of Protein Removal Method and Condition of Polysaccharide from Phellinus Linteus

[Objective] The research aimed at optimizing protein removal method and condition of polysaccharide extracts from Phellinus Linteus and comparing the effects of two methods on protein removal.[Method] Free proteins in polysaccharide from Phellinus Linteus were removed using Sevag method and TCA method.[Result] The TCA method was better than Sevag method,and the optimum protein removal condition was treated with 5% TCA for 30 min and for three times,under that condition,the protein removal rate attained 82% while the polysaccharide loss rate was only 10.8%.[Conclusion] The TCA method was a better way to remove proteins of polysaccharide from Phellinus Linteus.

An Antioxidant Acidic Polysaccharide from Cuscuta chinensis

An acidic polysaccharide, H2, was isolated from the alkali-extract CHC of seeds of Cuscuta chinensis Lam. with the molecular weight more than 1.0 x 10(6). Chemical and spectroscopic studies led to the structure determination as follows: the backbone chain consists of 1, 6-linked-beta -D Galp, 1,4-linked-X -D Galp, 1,4-linked-beta -D GalA and 1,2- or 1,4-linked-beta -L Rhap having branching points at position O-3 of some 1,6-linked-beta -D Galp residues (one among eight) and O-4 or O-2 of 1,2- or 1,4-linked-beta -L Rhap residues to terminal beta -D-galactopyranose. The side chains composed of terminal Galp, 1,6-linked-beta -D Galp, 1,4-linked beta -D Galp and 1,3,6-linked-beta -D Galp also linked at position O-3 of 1,6-linked-beta -D Galp residues in the backbone chain. beta -L-arabinofuranosyl and terminal beta -L-rhamnopyranosyl residues existed in the periphery of this polysaccharide linked to O-3 of 1,6-linked-beta -D Galp residues in the backbone chain and the side chains. The polysaccharide H2 increased significantly the survival rate of PC12 cells indicating that it had protective effects against H2O2 insult.

Extraction of Water-soluble Polysaccharide from Pumpkin and Its Antioxidant Activity

In this study,an orthogonal experiment was performed to explore the optimal extraction technique of water-soluble polysaccharides from pumpkin.Moreover,the polysaccharides＇ capabilities to scavenge ·OH and DPPH· and their gross reducing power was measured with Vc and BHT as references.In the orthogonal experiment,various factors including temperature,extraction time,solid-liquid ratio,were optimized.The results showed that the polysaccharides extracted from pumpkin are endowed with strong in vitro antioxidant properties.Our study provided references for the extraction of pumpkin polysaccharides and for their use as antioxidants.

Protective effects of a polysaccharide from Spirulina platensis on dopaminergic neurons in an MPT-Pinduced Parkinson's disease model in C57BL/6J mice

The present study aimed to determine whether a polysaccharide obtained fromSpirulina platensis shows protective effects on dopaminergic neurons. A Parkinson’s disease model was established through the intraperitoneal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyr-idine （MPTP） in C57BL/6J mice. Prior to the MPTP injection, some mice were pretreated with intraperitoneal injections of a polysaccharide derived fromSpirulina platensis once daily for 10 days. The results showed that the immunoreactive staining and mRNA expression of the dopa-mine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis, in the substantia nigra, were signiifcantly increased in mice pretreated with 800 mg/kg of the poly-saccharide compared with those in MPTP-treated mice. The activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the serum and midbrain were also increased signiifcantly in mice injected with MPTP after pretreatment with the polysaccharide fromSpirulina platensis. By con-trast, the activity of monoamine oxidase B in serum and midbrain maintained unchanged. These experimental ifndings indicate that the polysaccharide obtained fromSpirulina platensis plays a protective role against the MPTP-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons in C57BL/6J mice, and that the antioxidative properties of this polysaccharide likely underlie its neuroprotective effect.

Study on Anti-infection Effect of Polysaccharide from Agaricus blazei Murrill on Mice

In order to study the anti-infection effect of phoshporylated Agaricus blazei polysaccharide on mice, mice were drenched phoshporylated A. blazei polysaccharide for 14 d, and an A. blazei polysaccharide control group and a blank control group were also set. The mice in all the three groups were infected with Escherichia coli on the 15 th day and the 29 th day of the experiment, the body weight of the mice in each group was recorded, as well as the spleen index on the 29 th day of infection and the 36 th day of the experiment, and the anti- E. coli titer in serum was also detected. The results showed that phoshporylated A. blazei polysaccharide could promote and maintain the development of spleen, and improve the immune response of organisms, thereby resisting bacterial infection. Furthermore, phoshporylated A. blazei polysaccharide has better immunoregulation and anti-infection effects than A. blazei polysaccharide, and could play an important role in veterinary clinical treatment and prevention and control of diseases as a immunologic adjuvant or immunopotentiator.

STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF AN ARABINOGALACTAN——A WATER SOLUBLE POLYSACCHARIDE FROM THE POLLEN OF PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM

A polysaccharide,PS(1),has been isolated from the pollen of papaver somniferum.PS(1)is a highly branched arabinogalactan,which,mainly contains α—L—arabinofuranosyl(1→)and(3,6→1)— β—D—galactopyranosyl residues.We also studied the circular dichroism and immunoactivity of PS(1).

Study on Anti-infection Effect of Polysaccharide from Agaricus blazei Murrill on Chickens

In order to study the anti-bacterial infection effect of polysaccharide from Agaricus blazei Murrill on chickens, the experimental groups were orally administrated A. blazei polysaccharide at low dose and high dose, respectively, for 14 d continuously, and then, the chickens in various groups were infected with Escherichia coli or Pasteurella pneumotropica , so as to observe the clinical symptoms of chickens and record the change in body weight. Anatomy was performed 14 d later, and the organ indices were determined, so as to study the anti-bacterial infection effect of A. blazei polysaccharide on chickens. The results showed that after bacterial infection, the high-dose A. blazei polysaccharide group was significantly differed from other groups in changes of body weight and organ indices. It indicates that oral administration of high concentration of A. blazei polysaccharide could promote the development of poultry organs, thereby improving the immunity of organisms.

Antiviral effect of polysaccharide from Spirulina platensis(PSP) on HSV-2 in vitro

To explore the antiviral effect and mechanism of polysaccharide from Spirulina platensis （PSP） on herpes simplex virus type 2 （HSV-2）, a standard strain of HSV-2 （333 strain） was used to investigate the antiviral effect of PSP in vitro. PSP in various concentrations was applied to different stages of HSV-2 replication cycle. Finally, the virus infectivity （TCID50）, cytopathic effect （CPE）, and MTT staining method for viable cells （MTT assay） were used as markers to evaluate the effect of PSP on HSV-2. The quantity of HSV-DNA was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR （FQ-PCR）. The HSV-2 infected Vero cell tdtrastructures were observed by transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The results showed that PSP had little cytotoxic effect on Vero cells, it could not directly inactivate HSV-2 infectivity. PSP not only interfered in adsorption of HSV-2 to Vero cells but also inhibited HSV-2 biosynthesis in the ceils. FQ-PCR results showed that the inhibitory rate on HSV- DNA also increased in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. TEM also confirmed that PSP exhibited pronounced inhibitory effect on HSV-2. In conclusion, the antiviral effect of PSP on HSV-2 may be attributed to the inhibition of virus adsorption, virus replication and synthesis in cells.

Extraction of Alkali-soluble Polysaccharide from Jiuzihe Poria

In this study, with Jiuzihe poria as the main raw material, the effect of alkali concentration, extraction time and solid-liquid ratio on the extraction rate of alkali-soluble polysaccharide was investigated, and the processing technology was optimized with orthogonal experiment. The results showed that the optimum extraction process for alkali-soluble polysacchadde from poria was as follows： solid-liquid ratio of 1：50, alkali concentration of 0.5 mol/L, and extraction time of 8 h.

Polysaccharide from Angelica Sinensis Suppresses Inflammation and Reverses Anemia in Complete Freund's Adjuvant-induced Rats

The antinlammatory and antianemic activities of Angelica sinensis polysaccharide(ASP)isolated from roots of Angelica sinensis(AS)was investigated in a complete Freund's adjuvant(CFA)-induced arthritic rat model.It was observed that serum iron(SI)and total iron binding capacity(TIBC)levels were elevated after 4-week oral administration of ASP.Red blood cell(RBC)count and hemoglobin(Hb)concentrations were ameliorated as well.Moreover,infammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-a were decreased strikingly in CFA-induced arthritic rats after treatment of ASP.Evidence also showed that ASP strongly inhibited hepcidin expression through the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription(JAK2/STAT3)pathway.Furthermore,ASP exhibited reduced primary and secondary lesions in adjuvant arthritis,attenuating synovitis and inflammatory joint damage.Data presented in this article collectively indicated that ASP significantly decreased proinflammatory cytokines(TNF-a,IL-6),which might play a crucial role in the CFA-induced arthritic rats,and had a therapeutic effect on adjuvant arthritis in rats.Results of Western blot analysis indicated that ASP inhibited the activation of IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in the CFA-induced arthritic rats.

Selenylation Modification of Degraded Polysaccharide from Enteromorpha prolifera and Its Biological Activities

Polysaccharide extracted from Enteromorpha prolifera possessed excellent biological activities,but its molecular weight was greatly high which influenced the activity.Organic Se had higher biological activities and was safer than inorganic Se species.In the present study,Enteromorpha polysaccharide was degraded to low molecular weight by free-radical degradation method of H_2O_2 and ascorbic acid.By single factor and orthogonal experiments,the optimal degradation conditions were reaction time of 2 h,reaction temperature of 50℃,H_2O_2/ascorbic acid(n/n=1:1)concentration of 15 mmol L^(-1),and solid-liquid ratio of 1:50(g mL^(-1)).Then,the degraded polysaccharide was chemically modified to obtain its selenide derivatives by nitric acid-sodium selenite method.The selenium content was 1137.29μg g^(-1),while the content of sulfate radical had no change.IR spectra indicated that the selenite ester group was formed.Degraded polysaccharide selenide was characterized and evaluated for antioxidant,antifungal and antibacterial activities.The results showed that degraded polysaccharide selenide had strong capacity of scavenging DPPH and·OH free radical.It had significant antibacterial properties for Escherichia coli,Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella spp.,and it also had significant antifungal properties for Apple anthrax.The result ascertained degradation and selenylation modification did not change the main structure of polysaccharides.It was possible that free-radical degradation was an effective way for enhancing antioxidant activity to decrease molecular weight of polysaccharides.

A novel phenol-bound pectic polysaccharide from Decalepis hamiltonii with multi-step ulcer preventive activity

AIM: To investigate H+, K+-ATPase inhibition, anti-H pylori , antioxidant, and the in vivo antiulcer potential of a pectic polysaccharide from Swallow root (Decalepis hamiltonii; SRPP). METHODS: SRPP, with known sugar composition [rhamnose: arabinose: xylose: galactose in the ratio of 16:50:2:32 (w/w), with 141 mg/g of uronic acid] was examined for anti-ulcer potency in vivo against swim/ ethanol stress-induction in animal models. Ulcer index, antioxidant/antioxidant enzymes, H+, K+-ATPase and gastric mucin levels were determined to assess the anti- ulcer potency. Anti-H pylori activity was also determined by viable colony count and electron microscopic studies. RESULTS: SRPP, containing phenolics at 0.12 g GAE/g, prevented stress-induced gastric ulcers in animal models by 80%-85%. Down regulation of gastric mucin 2-3 fold, antioxidant/antioxidant enzymes and upregulation of 3 fold of H+, K+-ATPase in ulcerous animals were normalized upon treatment with SRPP. Histopathological analysis revealed protection to the disrupted gastric mucosal layer and epithelial glands. SRPP also inhibited H+, K+-ATPase in vitro, at an IC50 of 77 μg/mL as opposed to that of 19.3 μg/mL of Lansoprazole and H pylori growth at Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 150 μg/mL. In addition, free radical scavenging (IC50-40 μg/mL) and reducing power (3200 U/g) activities were also observed. CONCLUSION: SRPP, with defined sugar composition and phenolics, exhibited multi-potent free radical scavenging, antioxidant, anti-H pylori, inhibition of H+, K+-ATPase and gastric mucosal protective activities. In addition, SRPP is non-toxic as opposed to other known anti-ulcer drugs, and therefore may be employed as a potential alternative for ulcer management.

Comparison of DPPH Scavenging Ability of Flavonoid and Polysaccharide from Dandelion ( Taraxacum mongolicum)

The paper was to study DPPH （1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrobenzene hydrazine） scavenging ability of different concentrations of tlavonoid and polysaccheride from dandelion. Flavonoids were extracted from dandelion using alcohol precipitation ultrasonic extraction method and polysaccharide was extracted using water ul- trasonic extraction method. DPPH free radical scavenging ability of flavonoid and polysaccharide was determined using ultravialet spectrophotometer method. The difference in DPPH free radical scavenging ability between flavonoids and polysacchafide was analyzed statistically. The results showed that DPPH scavenging ability was the best when the concentration of flavanoid was 1.6 mg/mL; the scavenge rate was up to 96.11% and I Cso （median inhibitory concentration of inhibi^rs） was 0.38 mg/mL. DPPH scavenging ability was the best when the concentration of polysaccheride was 1.4 mg/mL; the scavenge rate was 89.33% and IC5o was 0.51 mg/mL. Statistical results showed that there were significant differences in DPPH free radical scavenging ability between dandelion flavonoid and polysaeoharide （P 〈 0.05 ）. Flavonoid had significantly higher scavenging ability than polysaccharide （P 〈 0.05）. The study lays a theoretical foundation for further research on dan- delion flavonoid, and provides a theoretical basis for development and utilization of dandelion resources.

Extraction, Purification and Anti-tumor Activity of Polysaccharide from Mycelium of Mutant Cordyceps Militaris

A water-soluble polysaccharide（named MCMP） was isolated from the mycelium with high yield mutation Cordyceps militaris by hot-water extraction, deproteinization by sevage, alcohol precipitation, anion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography CL-6B. The polysaccharide contained mannose, rhamnose, galactose and glucose in a molar ratio of 59.36：1：8.31：39.50, of which the average molecular weight is 8100. In our research, Hep-G2 cells, Hela cells and mesangial cells were chosen to determine the anti-tumor activity of the polysaccharide. The results of MTT assay show that polysaccharides of the mutant strain presented inhibitory activity on the cells proliferation after 48 h incubation.