Background:In rodents,research has revealed a role of liver X receptors(LXR) in controlling lipid homeostasis and regulating the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA).Recent data suggest that LXRB is the pred...Background:In rodents,research has revealed a role of liver X receptors(LXR) in controlling lipid homeostasis and regulating the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA).Recent data suggest that LXRB is the predominant LXR subtype in ruminant mammary cells,but its role in lipid metabolism is unknown.It was hypothesized that LXRB plays a role in lipid homeostasis via altering the synthesis of PUFA in the ruminant mammary gland.We used overexpression and knockdown of LXRB in goat primary mammary epithelial cells(GMEC) to evaluate abundance of lipogenic enzymes,fatty acid profiles,content of lipid stores and activity of the stearoyl-Co A desaturase(SCD1) promoter.Results:Overexpression of LXRB markedly upregulated the protein abundance of LXRB while incubation with si RNA targeting LXRB markedly decreased abundance of LXRB protein.Overexpression of LXRB plus T0901317(T09,a ligand for LXR) dramatically upregulated SCD1 and elongation of very long chain fatty acid-like fatty acid elongases 5–7(ELOVL 5–7),which are related to PUFA synthesis.Compared with the control,cells overexpressing LXRB and stimulated with T09 had greater concentrations of C16:0,16:1,18:1n7,18:1n9 and C18:2 as well as desaturation and elongation indices of C16:0.Furthermore,LXRB-overexpressing cells incubated with T09 had greater levels of triacylglycerol and cholesterol.Knockdown of LXRB in cells incubated with T09 led to downregulation of genes encoding elongases and desaturases.Knockdown of LXRB attenuated the increase in triacylglycerol and cholesterol that was induced by T09.In cells treated with dimethylsulfoxide,knockdown of LXRB increased the concentration of C16:0 at the expense of C18:0,while a significant decrease in C18:2 was observed in cells incubated with both si LXRB and T09.The abundance of sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 precursor(p SREBP1) and its mature fragment(n SREBP1) was upregulated by T09,but not LXRB overexpression.In the cells cultured with T09,knockdown of LXRB downregulated the abundance for p SREBP1 and n SREBP1.Luciferase reporter assays revealed that the activities of wild type SCD1 promoter or fragment with SREBP1 response element(SRE) mutation were decreased markedly when LXRB was knocked down.Activity of the SCD1 promoter that was induced by T09 was blocked when the SRE mutation was introduced.Conclusion:The current study provides evidence of a physiological link between the LXRB and SREBP1 in the ruminant mammary cell.An important role was revealed for the LXRB-SREBP1 network in the synthesis of PUFA via the regulation of genes encoding elongases and desaturases.Thus,targeting this network might elicit broad effects on lipid homeostasis in ruminant mammary gland.展开更多
Lipases have been widely applied in a variety of industrial fields,such as food,pharmaceuticals,biofuels,and biotechnology.Recent years have witnessed a great interest in modifying lipids for the production of triacyl...Lipases have been widely applied in a variety of industrial fields,such as food,pharmaceuticals,biofuels,and biotechnology.Recent years have witnessed a great interest in modifying lipids for the production of triacylglycerols enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs).Here,a novel salt-tolerant,organic solvent-stable,and bile salt-activated lipase was purified from golden pompano(Trachinotus ovatus)viscera,which was named as golden pompano lipase(GPL).GPL had a specific activity of 57.2U mg^(-1)with an estimated molecular weight of 14 k Da,exhibited optimal activity at 40℃a nd pH 8.0,and showed K_(m)and V_(max)of 40.16μmol L^(-1)and 769.23μmol L^(-1)min^(-1),respectively.GPL activity was enhanced by Mn^(2+)and sodium deoxycholate.It was active in organic solvents,including methanol,ethanol,chloroform,and hexane.GPL also showed a good salinity tolerance of up to 1 mol L^(-1).n-3PUFA enrichment in the glyceride fraction of golden pompano oil was performed by GPL-catalyzed hydrolysis and yielded a total PUFA concentration of 56.99%.EPA,DHA,and DPA were enriched by 10.4-,3.2-,and 1.8-fold of their initial levels,respectively.This study recognized the industrial applicability of GPL to prepare enriched C_(20-22)n-3 PUFA.展开更多
Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(ω-3 PUFAs)can be classifi ed into animal-and plant-derivedω-3 PUFAs.Patients with type 2 diabetes(T2DM)are frequently accompanied by dyslipidemia,which is closely related ...Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(ω-3 PUFAs)can be classifi ed into animal-and plant-derivedω-3 PUFAs.Patients with type 2 diabetes(T2DM)are frequently accompanied by dyslipidemia,which is closely related to the high-density lipoprotein(HDL-C)subfractions change.This study aimed to determine the effects of different sourcesω-3 PUFAs on glucolipid metabolism and lipoprotein subfractions in T2DM with dyslipidemia.Ninety T2DM patients with dyslipidemia were randomly assigned to take 3 g/day fi sh oil(FO,containing eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA)and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA)),3 g/day perilla oil(PO,containingα-linolenic acid(ALA)),or 3 g/day blend oil(BO,containing EPA,DHA and ALA)for 3 months.90 patients completed the intervention.There was a significant reduction of glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c)in all the groups.The triglycerides(TG)in the FO group were signifi cantly different with a group×time interaction(P=0.043),which was higher compared with the other two groups.The serum small HDL-C subfractions in the PO group was higher and the serum large HDL-C subfractions in the PO group was lower than those in the BO and FO groups.Plant-derivedω-3 PUFAs are more effective at controlling blood glucose than animal-derivedω-3 PUFAs.However,animal-derivedω-3 PUFAs have a signifi cant lowering effect on TG compared with plant-derivedω-3 PUFAs.Particularly,large HDL-C subfractions after animal-derivedω-3 PUFAs intake were higher than plant-derivedω-3 PUFAs intake;while small HDL-C subfractions were lower.Both the animal-and plant-derivedω-3 PUFAs have practical value in improving glucose and lipids metabolism in T2DM patients with dyslipidemia.展开更多
The gastrointestinal tract of livestock and poultry is prone to challenge by feedborne antigens,pathogens,and other stress factors in the farm environment.Excessive physiological inflammation and oxidative stress that...The gastrointestinal tract of livestock and poultry is prone to challenge by feedborne antigens,pathogens,and other stress factors in the farm environment.Excessive physiological inflammation and oxidative stress that arises firstly disrupts the intestinal epithelial barrier followed by other components of the gastrointestinal tract.In the present review,the interrelationship between intestinal barrier inflammation and oxidative stress that contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease was described.Further,the role of naturally existing immunomodulatory nutrients such as the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids,citrus pectin,and milk-derived exosomes in preventing intestinal barrier inflammation was discussed.Based on the existing evidence,the possible molecular mechanism of these bioactive nutrients in the intestinal barrier was outlined for application in animal diets.展开更多
Milk fatty acid composition is determined by several factors including diet. The milk fatty acid profile of dairy cows is low in polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially those of the n-3 series. Efforts to change and i...Milk fatty acid composition is determined by several factors including diet. The milk fatty acid profile of dairy cows is low in polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially those of the n-3 series. Efforts to change and influence fatty acid profile with longer chain polyunsaturated fatty acids have proven challenging. Several barriers prevent easy transfer of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids to milk fat including rumen biohydrogenation and fatty acid esterification. The potential for cellular uptake and differences in fatty acid incorporation into milk fat might also have an effect, though this has received less research effort. Given physiological impediments to enriching milk fat with polyunsaturated fatty acids, manipulating the genome of the cow might provide a greater increase than diet alone, but this too may be challenged by the physiology of the cow.展开更多
Colorectal cancer(CRC) has been designated a major global problem, especially due to its high prevalence in developed countries. CRC mostly occurs sporadically(75%-80%), and only 20%-25% of patients have a family hist...Colorectal cancer(CRC) has been designated a major global problem, especially due to its high prevalence in developed countries. CRC mostly occurs sporadically(75%-80%), and only 20%-25% of patients have a family history.Several processes are involved in the development of CRC such as a combination of genetic and epigenetic alterations. Epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation play a vital role in the progression of CRC. Complex interactions between susceptibility genes and environmental factors, such as a diet and sedentary lifestyle, lead to the development of CRC. Clinical and experimental studies have confirmed the beneficial effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs) in preventing CRC. From a mechanistic viewpoint, it has been suggested that PUFAs are pleiotropic agents that alter chromatin remodeling,membrane structure and downstream cell signaling. Moreover, PUFAs can alter the epigenome via modulation of DNA methylation. In this review, we summarize recent investigations linking PUFAs and DNA methylationassociated CRC risk.展开更多
This paper has reviewed that Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), as an essential fatty acids (EFAs), mainly come from fish oil of marine products, has positive effects on treatment and/or prevention of severa...This paper has reviewed that Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), as an essential fatty acids (EFAs), mainly come from fish oil of marine products, has positive effects on treatment and/or prevention of several diseases. In this review, the recent developments by 2019 in the field of enzymatic modification of oils rich in omega 3 PUFAs have summarized. Several different products, such as structured lipids with a variety of FA compositions, nutritional aspects, omega 3 PUFA concentrates and phospholipids,have discussed from the point of process technology as well as possible applications. Enhancing omega 3 PUFA content in diet involves a number of strategies aiming to modify the content of such FAs in fats and oils. Due to the mild reaction conditions used, especially the lipase specificity, the position as well as content of omega 3 PUFAs in lipid molecules being of importance from the point of bioavailability, enzymatic processing of omega 3 PUFA oil is safe, efficient and preferred over chemical treatments.展开更多
The effects of low ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA)have been clarified against atherosclerosis.Increasing evidence indicated that plant sterols(PS)have a significant cholesterol-lowering effect.This ...The effects of low ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA)have been clarified against atherosclerosis.Increasing evidence indicated that plant sterols(PS)have a significant cholesterol-lowering effect.This study explored the effects of PS combined with n-6/n-3(2:1)PUFA on atherosclerosis and investigated the possible mechanism.In ApoE−/−mice,the milk fat in high fat diets was replaced with n-6/n-3(2:1)PUFA alone or supplemented with 6%PS for 16 weeks.Results demonstrated that PS combined with PUFA exerted commentary and synergistic effects on ameliorating atherosclerosis,improving lipid metabolism and lipid deposition in liver,and alleviating inflammatory response.These changes were accompanied with decreased serum TC,TG,LDL-C and increased fecal cholesterol efflux,as well as the lower inflammatory cytokine CRP,IL-6,TNF-α.It is suggested that the underlying mechanism of PS combined with n-6/n-3(2:1)PUFA promoting the fecal cholesterol efflux may be mediated by liver X receptorα/ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 pathway.展开更多
Alternative therapies are necessary for the treatment of malaria due to emerging drug resistance.However,many promising antimalarial compounds have poor water solubility and suffer from the lack of suitable delivery s...Alternative therapies are necessary for the treatment of malaria due to emerging drug resistance.However,many promising antimalarial compounds have poor water solubility and suffer from the lack of suitable delivery systems,which seriously limits their activity.To address this problem,we synthesized a series of azacarbazoles that were evaluated for antimalarial activity against D10(chloroquine-sensitive)and W2(chloroquine-resistant)strains of P.falciparum.The most active compound,9H-3-azacarbazole(3),was encapsulated in a novel o/w nanoemulsion consisting of ethyl esters of polyunsaturated fatty acids n-3 and n-6 obtained from flax oil as the oil phase,Smix(Tween 80 and Transcutol HP)and water.This formulation was further analyzed using transmission electron microscopy,dynamic light scattering and in vitro and in vivo studies.It was shown that droplets of the 3-loaded nanosystem were spherical,with satisfactory stability,without cytotoxicity towards fibroblasts and intestinal cell lines at concentrations corresponding to twice the IC50 for P.falciparum.Moreover,the nanoemulsion with this type of oil phase was internalized by Caco-2 cells.Additionally,pharmacokinetics demonstrated rapid absorption of compound 3(tmax=5.0 min)after intragastric administration of 3-encapsulated nanoemulsion at a dose of 0.02 mg/kg in mice,with penetration of compound 3 to deep compartments.The 3-encapsulated nanoemulsion was found to be 2.8 and 4.2 times more effective in inhibiting the D10 and W2 strains of the parasite,respectively,compared to non-encapsulated 3.Our findings support a role for novel o/w nanoemulsions as delivery vehicles for antimalarial drugs.展开更多
Postprandial metabolism plays major roles in many pathological conditions.The n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA)ratio is closely related to various physiological disorders.This study aimed to investigate the eff...Postprandial metabolism plays major roles in many pathological conditions.The n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA)ratio is closely related to various physiological disorders.This study aimed to investigate the effects of high fat meals with different n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios on postprandial metabolism in normal control(NC)and hypertriglyceridemia(HTG)rats.The postprandial response of triglyceride(TG)in HTG groups was higher than that in NC groups after different n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio meals.The HTG groups showed higher postprandial total cholesterol(TC)responses than NC groups after 1:1 and 20:1 ratio meals.The 5:1 n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio elicited lower postprandial responses of tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α)than 1:1 and 10:1 ratios in HTG groups.The postprandial malondialdehyde(MDA)response was lower after a 5:1 n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio meal than 1:1 and 20:1 ratio meals in HTG groups.The 1:1 ratio resulted in a lower postprandial reactive oxygen species(ROS)level than 5:1 and 10:1 n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios in NC groups.The results showed that a low n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio improved postprandial dysmetabolism induced by a high fat meal in NC and HTG rats.A high n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio increased the difference in postprandial metabolism between NC and HTG rats.展开更多
Polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs),particularly the omega-3 PUFAs,are thought to be involved in neuronal processes,to play a role in neurodevelopmental disorders and to be important for the integrity of central nervou...Polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs),particularly the omega-3 PUFAs,are thought to be involved in neuronal processes,to play a role in neurodevelopmental disorders and to be important for the integrity of central nervous system functioning.The present study investigated the effects of nutritional omega-3 PUFAs on attentional functions and impulsive behavior in Wistar rats.For this purpose,female Wistar rats were fed an omega-3 deficient diet over several generations,and the dams of the seventh generation were randomly assigned to two diet groups and fed an omega-3 deficient or an omega-3 sufficient diet.In addition,a group of previously untreated dams was fed an omega-3 sufficient diet.The male offspring of these three diet groups were tested using an established paradigm for the assessment of attention and impulsive behavior,i.e.a modified version of the five-choice-serial-reaction-time task(5CSRTT).The present data show that the deficiency of omega-3 PUFAs over generations led to substantial changes in attentional processes and impulsive behaviors.The impairments associated with an omega-3 deficiency were partly corrected by treatment with the omega-3 sufficient diet in the last generation of the omega-3 deficient group which showed substantial improvements in attention parameters.While there were no significant effects of dietary modifications on psychomotor activity levels,there was some evidence for changes in impulsive behavior.In conclusion,transgenerational dietary changes in the availability of omega-3 PUFAs led to changes in attentional processes and impulsive behavior in rats,supporting the hypothesis that omega-3 PUFAs play a role in cognitive and behavioral processes.The present findings offer a promising approach in the investigation of the role of omega-3 PUFAs in a variety of cognitive and behavioral domains.展开更多
Cellular and mitochondrial membrane phospholipids provide the substrate for synthesis and release of prostaglandins in response to certain chemical,mechanical,noxious and other stimuli.Prostaglandin D_(2),prostaglandi...Cellular and mitochondrial membrane phospholipids provide the substrate for synthesis and release of prostaglandins in response to certain chemical,mechanical,noxious and other stimuli.Prostaglandin D_(2),prostaglandin E_(2),prostaglandin F_(2)α,prostaglandin I_(2)and thromboxane-A_(2)interact with five major receptors(and their sub-types)to elicit specific downstream cellular and tissue actions.In general,prostaglandins have been associated with pain,inflammation,and edema when they are present at high local concentrations and involved on a chronic basis.However,in acute settings,certain endogenous and exogenous prostaglandins have beneficial effects ranging from mediating muscle contraction/relaxation,providing cellular protection,regulating sleep,and enhancing blood flow,to lowering intraocular pressure to prevent the development of glaucoma,a blinding disease.Several classes of prostaglandins are implicated(or are considered beneficial)in certain central nervous system dysfunctions(e.g.,Alzheimer’s,Parkinson’s,and Huntington’s diseases;amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis;stroke,traumatic brain injuries and pain)and in ocular disorders(e.g.,ocular hypertension and glaucoma;allergy and inflammation;edematous retinal disorders).This review endeavors to address the physiological/pathological roles of prostaglandins in the central nervous system and ocular function in health and disease,and provides insights towards the therapeutic utility of some prostaglandin agonists and antagonists,polyunsaturated fatty acids,and cyclooxygenase inhibitors.展开更多
In our examination of the distribution of abdominal fat,dietary intake and biochemical data in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),non-obese NAFLD patients without insulin resistance presented a char...In our examination of the distribution of abdominal fat,dietary intake and biochemical data in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),non-obese NAFLD patients without insulin resistance presented a characteristic pattern of dietary intake.Dietary cholesterol intake was superabundant in non-obese patients compared with obese patients,although total energy and carbohydrate intake was not excessive.Namely,excess cholesterol intake appears to be one of the main factors associated with NAFLD development and liver injury.Therefore,the control of dietary cholesterol intake may lead to an improvement in NAFLD,and the NPC1L1 inhibitor ezetimibe might be a promising treatment for NAFLD.We review one pathogenic aspect of lipid metabolism dysregulation in NAFLD and survey new strategies for NAFLD treatment based on the modification of cholesterol metabolism.展开更多
Context: Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. (Moraceae), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been extensively applied for many years to treat various diseases. Its fruits (Fructus Broussonetiae) have been commonl...Context: Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. (Moraceae), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been extensively applied for many years to treat various diseases. Its fruits (Fructus Broussonetiae) have been commonly used as an important tonic for the treatment of age-related disorders with long history;recent research has proved that it contains 32% to 35% fixed oils. The fixed oil is composed mainly of unsaturated fatty acids, including linoleic acid, methyl palmitate, oleic acid and linoleic acid ester. Objective: To investigate the chemistry of the fatty oil from Fructus Broussonetiae (FOFB) and its effects on plasma lipids. Methods: The chemical composition of FOFB was examined and identified by GC-MS. Thirty male Wistar rats fed diet containing FOFB and cholesterol were studied for 28 days. The effect of dietary FOFB on plasma lipids and adipose tissue was tested. Results: Twelve compounds of FOFB were examined and identified, the major components of fatty oil, 8,11-octadecadienoic acid (83.75%), palmitic acid (10.22%), octadecadienoic acid (2.97%) and 9-octadecenoic acid (1.69%) were found. FOFB significantly exhibited the activities of decreasing the rat adipose tissue weight, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations while the rat body weight remained unchanged. Discussion: FOFB contained a large amount of PUFA which had the effect on reducing plasma lipids and adipose.展开更多
Human consumption of linoleic acid(LA,18:2ω-6,abundant in vegetable oils)is very high.Animal experiments showed that excessive LA intake increased azoxymethane-induced colon tumorigenesis,however,the impact of excess...Human consumption of linoleic acid(LA,18:2ω-6,abundant in vegetable oils)is very high.Animal experiments showed that excessive LA intake increased azoxymethane-induced colon tumorigenesis,however,the impact of excessive LA on colon cancer in human is not conclusive,making it difficult to make dietary recommendations for optimal intake of LA.Understanding the molecular mechanisms of LA on colon tumorigenesis could help to clarify its health effect,and facilitate development of mechanismbased strategies for preventing colon cancer.Recent studies show that the previously unappreciated cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-mediated eicosanoid pathway is upregulated in colon cancer and plays critical roles in its pathogenesis,and could contribute to the effects of dietary LA,as well asω-3 fatty acids,on colon tumorigenesis.In this review,we will discuss recent studies about the roles of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in fatty acid metabolism and its roles in colonic inflammation and colon cancer,and how this information could help us to clarify the health impacts of dietary fatty acids.展开更多
<strong>Background:</strong> <span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have some protective benefits for patients with coronary artery and c...<strong>Background:</strong> <span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have some protective benefits for patients with coronary artery and cerebrovascular diseases. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) drugs are prescribed as branded (B: EPADEL</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, " font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"="">?</span></span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) or generic products but no data exist concerning the differences in treatment outcomes between these products. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods and Results: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">We investigated the differences in the serum levels of EPA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA), and the EPA/AA ratios through blood sampling six months after daily administration of 1800 mg of EPADEL</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, " font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"="">?</span></span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and a generic EPA drug was initiated for 96 patients with cardiovascular diseases. All patients received these PUFA treatments while continuing with baseline therapy. After 6 months of administration, EPADEL</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, " font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"="">?</span></span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> produced better results than the generic (G) product (EPA;baseline: 59.4 ± 25.5 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">μ</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">g, B: 215.5 ± 58.8 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">μ</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">g, G: 199.7 ± 63.8 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">μ</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">g, B vs G, p < 0.0005;AA;baseline: 197.4 ± 44.6 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">μ</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">g, B: 158.3 ± 36.3 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">μ</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">g, G: 163.6 ± 38.9 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">μ</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">g, B vs G, p < 0.02, as mean ± SD). </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusions</span></b></span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> There were clear differences between EPA branded and the generic products. Further study is required to determine whether the benefits from the branded product justify the higher price compared to the generic drug cost.</span>展开更多
The current review article discusses several conditions linked to high cholesterol, including their causes, diagnoses, and treatments. Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and hyperc...The current review article discusses several conditions linked to high cholesterol, including their causes, diagnoses, and treatments. Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and hypercholesterolemia is a standalone risk factor for the condition. Numerous cardiovascular illnesses (CVDs) and disorders, including myocardial infarction, hypertension, peripheral vascular diseases, and coronary heart diseases, were highlighted in this article. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) is the key factor in the majority of CVDs. It adheres to fatty deposits and forms plaques inside artery lumen, preventing the heart and other body organs from receiving enough blood and oxygen. Cardiomyopathies and dyslipidemias are the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in men and place a considerable health cost on society. Age, hypertension, obesity-induced blood pressure, and a rise in plasma cholesterol are all factors that raise the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Calorie intake must be controlled, meal composition must be changed, a natural cycle must be established, and circadian timeliness must be maintained in order to live a healthy life. To lower the risks of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, try to go vegetarian and always consume traditional plant-based diets and herbal remedies. Exercise yoga and aerobics every day to stay physically healthy, and have your blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol levels checked on a regular basis. Follow your family doctor’s recommendations for managing high cholesterol risks and diagnosing CVD, obtain a lipid profile, take the recommended medications, maintain composure, and adopt a positive outlook for a long and healthy life.展开更多
Background:Human heart changes its energetic substrates from lactate and glucose to fatty acids during the neonatal period.Noticing the lack of fatty acids in media for the culture of cardiomyocytes derived from human...Background:Human heart changes its energetic substrates from lactate and glucose to fatty acids during the neonatal period.Noticing the lack of fatty acids in media for the culture of cardiomyocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells(hiPS-CM),researchers have supplemented mixtures of fatty acids to hiPS-CM and reported the enhancement in the maturation of hiPS-CM.In our previous studies,we separately supplemented two polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs),docosahexaenoic acid(DHA)or arachidonic acid(AA),to rat fetal cardiomyocytes and found that the supplementations upregulated the expressions of mRNAs for cardiomyocyte differentiation,fatty acid metabolism,and cellular adhesion.The enhancement in cellular contractility was attributed to the improvement in intercellular connection rather than a direct enhancement of the contractile force.Methods:This study reports the successive results of the effects of DHA or AA supplementation on hiPS-CM.In addition to the contractile force and mRNA measurements used in the previous study,we further investigated the effect of different cellular aggregations on the contractile force output by means of finite element analysis,measured glucose and fatty acids metabolites,and assessed cTNT and MLC2v expressions through immunofluorecsence evaluation.Results:It showed that the sole supplementation of albumin-conjugated DHA or AA can be taken up by hiPS-CM without other uptake-enhancing factors,and the supplementations may activate the CD36_ERRγmetabolic pathway.DHA or AA supplementation increased the cellular contractile ratio on collagen gels and AA supplementation stimulated hiPS-CM aggregation to form cellular clusters.The enhancement effect on the hiPS-CM contractile force was modest since the increase in contractile force was not significant.AA supplementation was more effective than DHA supplementation because it significantly upregulated mRNA expressions of P300 and CD36.However,finite element analysis showed that the formation of clusters on a collagen gel attenuated the contractile force exerted by the gel on its surroundings.Conclusion:DHA and AA,as having been supplemented in infant formulas,have no direct and significant enhancement effect on the performance of the hiPS-CM when they were supplemented individually,although they were able to enter the cellular metabolic system.The AA supplementation showed some auxiliary effect on the maturation of hiPS-CM,which is worthy of further investigation under the consideration of membrane composition alteration and remodeling of membrane molecules.展开更多
Alcoholic liver disease(ALD)comprises a spectrum of liver pathology,including steatosis,steatohepatitis,and cirrhosis.Previous work from our group and others suggests that dietary fat,both the amount and composition,p...Alcoholic liver disease(ALD)comprises a spectrum of liver pathology,including steatosis,steatohepatitis,and cirrhosis.Previous work from our group and others suggests that dietary fat,both the amount and composition,plays a pivotal role in ALD development and progression;however,the impact of specific dietary fatty acids on ALD pathogenesis is not fully elucidated.Preclinical rodent models of ALD revealed the deleterious effects of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids(n-6 PUFAs),specifically linoleic acid(LA),and this may be partially attributed to the increased levels of pro-inflammatory oxidized LA metabolites.There is limited understanding regarding the role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(n-3 PUFAs,such as alpha-linolenic acid,eicosapentaenoic acid,and docosahexaenoic acid),and bioactive n-3 PUFAderived lipid molecules in ALD.Given that majority of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs-derived metabolites are potent endogenous signaling molecules,knowledge regarding the changes in these lipid mediators may shed new light on the mechanisms contributing to ALD pathogenesis and reveal novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers of this disease.The current review summarizes relevant scientific literature regarding the role of dietary fat,distinct fatty acids,and bioactive fatty acid metabolites in ALD,and highlights recent advances in the field.展开更多
Elovl4 is a fatty acyl elongase which participates in the biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids(LCPUFA).Herein we isolated and functionally characterized the elovl4a gene in the large yellow croaker L...Elovl4 is a fatty acyl elongase which participates in the biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids(LCPUFA).Herein we isolated and functionally characterized the elovl4a gene in the large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea,and investigated the regulatory effects of transcription factors Hnf4α,Lxrα,Pparαon the activity of elovl4a promoter.Tissue expression pattern revealed that elovl4a was widely expressed in several tissues and predominantly in brain.Heterologous expression in yeast showed that L.crocea Elovl4a could effectively elongate both C18 and C20 PUFA substrates to C22 fatty acid.In addition,the affinity of large yellow croaker Elovl4a to n-6 series fatty acids is weak and cannot prolong 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-6.Moreover,L.crocea elovl4a reporter activities were elevated by 1.31-,1.39-and 1.48-fold via over-expression of Lxrα,Pparαand Hnf4α,respectively.The above findings can enrich the knowledge of biosynthesis pathway of LC-PUFA in the large yellow croaker and contribute to elucidate the LC-PUFA anabolism mechanism in fish.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31702090)Key R&D program of Zhejiang Province(2022C04017)+1 种基金Zhejiang Provincial Major Science and Technology Projects on Agricultural New Varieties Selection and Breeding(2021C02068-6)Opening fund in Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition(Zhejiang University,KLMAN202103).
文摘Background:In rodents,research has revealed a role of liver X receptors(LXR) in controlling lipid homeostasis and regulating the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA).Recent data suggest that LXRB is the predominant LXR subtype in ruminant mammary cells,but its role in lipid metabolism is unknown.It was hypothesized that LXRB plays a role in lipid homeostasis via altering the synthesis of PUFA in the ruminant mammary gland.We used overexpression and knockdown of LXRB in goat primary mammary epithelial cells(GMEC) to evaluate abundance of lipogenic enzymes,fatty acid profiles,content of lipid stores and activity of the stearoyl-Co A desaturase(SCD1) promoter.Results:Overexpression of LXRB markedly upregulated the protein abundance of LXRB while incubation with si RNA targeting LXRB markedly decreased abundance of LXRB protein.Overexpression of LXRB plus T0901317(T09,a ligand for LXR) dramatically upregulated SCD1 and elongation of very long chain fatty acid-like fatty acid elongases 5–7(ELOVL 5–7),which are related to PUFA synthesis.Compared with the control,cells overexpressing LXRB and stimulated with T09 had greater concentrations of C16:0,16:1,18:1n7,18:1n9 and C18:2 as well as desaturation and elongation indices of C16:0.Furthermore,LXRB-overexpressing cells incubated with T09 had greater levels of triacylglycerol and cholesterol.Knockdown of LXRB in cells incubated with T09 led to downregulation of genes encoding elongases and desaturases.Knockdown of LXRB attenuated the increase in triacylglycerol and cholesterol that was induced by T09.In cells treated with dimethylsulfoxide,knockdown of LXRB increased the concentration of C16:0 at the expense of C18:0,while a significant decrease in C18:2 was observed in cells incubated with both si LXRB and T09.The abundance of sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 precursor(p SREBP1) and its mature fragment(n SREBP1) was upregulated by T09,but not LXRB overexpression.In the cells cultured with T09,knockdown of LXRB downregulated the abundance for p SREBP1 and n SREBP1.Luciferase reporter assays revealed that the activities of wild type SCD1 promoter or fragment with SREBP1 response element(SRE) mutation were decreased markedly when LXRB was knocked down.Activity of the SCD1 promoter that was induced by T09 was blocked when the SRE mutation was introduced.Conclusion:The current study provides evidence of a physiological link between the LXRB and SREBP1 in the ruminant mammary cell.An important role was revealed for the LXRB-SREBP1 network in the synthesis of PUFA via the regulation of genes encoding elongases and desaturases.Thus,targeting this network might elicit broad effects on lipid homeostasis in ruminant mammary gland.
基金This work was supported by the National Key R&D Programs of China(No.2018YFD0901103)the Program of the Hainan Association for Science and Technology Plans to Youth R&D Innovation(No.QCXM202003)the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.2019RC093).
文摘Lipases have been widely applied in a variety of industrial fields,such as food,pharmaceuticals,biofuels,and biotechnology.Recent years have witnessed a great interest in modifying lipids for the production of triacylglycerols enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs).Here,a novel salt-tolerant,organic solvent-stable,and bile salt-activated lipase was purified from golden pompano(Trachinotus ovatus)viscera,which was named as golden pompano lipase(GPL).GPL had a specific activity of 57.2U mg^(-1)with an estimated molecular weight of 14 k Da,exhibited optimal activity at 40℃a nd pH 8.0,and showed K_(m)and V_(max)of 40.16μmol L^(-1)and 769.23μmol L^(-1)min^(-1),respectively.GPL activity was enhanced by Mn^(2+)and sodium deoxycholate.It was active in organic solvents,including methanol,ethanol,chloroform,and hexane.GPL also showed a good salinity tolerance of up to 1 mol L^(-1).n-3PUFA enrichment in the glyceride fraction of golden pompano oil was performed by GPL-catalyzed hydrolysis and yielded a total PUFA concentration of 56.99%.EPA,DHA,and DPA were enriched by 10.4-,3.2-,and 1.8-fold of their initial levels,respectively.This study recognized the industrial applicability of GPL to prepare enriched C_(20-22)n-3 PUFA.
基金supported by the two National Natural Science Foundations of China(81872618 and 81573144).
文摘Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(ω-3 PUFAs)can be classifi ed into animal-and plant-derivedω-3 PUFAs.Patients with type 2 diabetes(T2DM)are frequently accompanied by dyslipidemia,which is closely related to the high-density lipoprotein(HDL-C)subfractions change.This study aimed to determine the effects of different sourcesω-3 PUFAs on glucolipid metabolism and lipoprotein subfractions in T2DM with dyslipidemia.Ninety T2DM patients with dyslipidemia were randomly assigned to take 3 g/day fi sh oil(FO,containing eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA)and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA)),3 g/day perilla oil(PO,containingα-linolenic acid(ALA)),or 3 g/day blend oil(BO,containing EPA,DHA and ALA)for 3 months.90 patients completed the intervention.There was a significant reduction of glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c)in all the groups.The triglycerides(TG)in the FO group were signifi cantly different with a group×time interaction(P=0.043),which was higher compared with the other two groups.The serum small HDL-C subfractions in the PO group was higher and the serum large HDL-C subfractions in the PO group was lower than those in the BO and FO groups.Plant-derivedω-3 PUFAs are more effective at controlling blood glucose than animal-derivedω-3 PUFAs.However,animal-derivedω-3 PUFAs have a signifi cant lowering effect on TG compared with plant-derivedω-3 PUFAs.Particularly,large HDL-C subfractions after animal-derivedω-3 PUFAs intake were higher than plant-derivedω-3 PUFAs intake;while small HDL-C subfractions were lower.Both the animal-and plant-derivedω-3 PUFAs have practical value in improving glucose and lipids metabolism in T2DM patients with dyslipidemia.
基金a European Joint Doctorate Degree programme in Molecular Animal Nutrition(MANNA)between University of Milan(Italy)and University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice(Slovakia)funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 programme under the Marie Slodowska-Curie Grant agreement No 765423.
文摘The gastrointestinal tract of livestock and poultry is prone to challenge by feedborne antigens,pathogens,and other stress factors in the farm environment.Excessive physiological inflammation and oxidative stress that arises firstly disrupts the intestinal epithelial barrier followed by other components of the gastrointestinal tract.In the present review,the interrelationship between intestinal barrier inflammation and oxidative stress that contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease was described.Further,the role of naturally existing immunomodulatory nutrients such as the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids,citrus pectin,and milk-derived exosomes in preventing intestinal barrier inflammation was discussed.Based on the existing evidence,the possible molecular mechanism of these bioactive nutrients in the intestinal barrier was outlined for application in animal diets.
基金Funding for this work was provided in part,by the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station and the Hatch Program of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture,U.S.Department of Agriculture
文摘Milk fatty acid composition is determined by several factors including diet. The milk fatty acid profile of dairy cows is low in polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially those of the n-3 series. Efforts to change and influence fatty acid profile with longer chain polyunsaturated fatty acids have proven challenging. Several barriers prevent easy transfer of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids to milk fat including rumen biohydrogenation and fatty acid esterification. The potential for cellular uptake and differences in fatty acid incorporation into milk fat might also have an effect, though this has received less research effort. Given physiological impediments to enriching milk fat with polyunsaturated fatty acids, manipulating the genome of the cow might provide a greater increase than diet alone, but this too may be challenged by the physiology of the cow.
文摘Colorectal cancer(CRC) has been designated a major global problem, especially due to its high prevalence in developed countries. CRC mostly occurs sporadically(75%-80%), and only 20%-25% of patients have a family history.Several processes are involved in the development of CRC such as a combination of genetic and epigenetic alterations. Epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation play a vital role in the progression of CRC. Complex interactions between susceptibility genes and environmental factors, such as a diet and sedentary lifestyle, lead to the development of CRC. Clinical and experimental studies have confirmed the beneficial effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs) in preventing CRC. From a mechanistic viewpoint, it has been suggested that PUFAs are pleiotropic agents that alter chromatin remodeling,membrane structure and downstream cell signaling. Moreover, PUFAs can alter the epigenome via modulation of DNA methylation. In this review, we summarize recent investigations linking PUFAs and DNA methylationassociated CRC risk.
文摘This paper has reviewed that Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), as an essential fatty acids (EFAs), mainly come from fish oil of marine products, has positive effects on treatment and/or prevention of several diseases. In this review, the recent developments by 2019 in the field of enzymatic modification of oils rich in omega 3 PUFAs have summarized. Several different products, such as structured lipids with a variety of FA compositions, nutritional aspects, omega 3 PUFA concentrates and phospholipids,have discussed from the point of process technology as well as possible applications. Enhancing omega 3 PUFA content in diet involves a number of strategies aiming to modify the content of such FAs in fats and oils. Due to the mild reaction conditions used, especially the lipase specificity, the position as well as content of omega 3 PUFAs in lipid molecules being of importance from the point of bioavailability, enzymatic processing of omega 3 PUFA oil is safe, efficient and preferred over chemical treatments.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81873518).
文摘The effects of low ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA)have been clarified against atherosclerosis.Increasing evidence indicated that plant sterols(PS)have a significant cholesterol-lowering effect.This study explored the effects of PS combined with n-6/n-3(2:1)PUFA on atherosclerosis and investigated the possible mechanism.In ApoE−/−mice,the milk fat in high fat diets was replaced with n-6/n-3(2:1)PUFA alone or supplemented with 6%PS for 16 weeks.Results demonstrated that PS combined with PUFA exerted commentary and synergistic effects on ameliorating atherosclerosis,improving lipid metabolism and lipid deposition in liver,and alleviating inflammatory response.These changes were accompanied with decreased serum TC,TG,LDL-C and increased fecal cholesterol efflux,as well as the lower inflammatory cytokine CRP,IL-6,TNF-α.It is suggested that the underlying mechanism of PS combined with n-6/n-3(2:1)PUFA promoting the fecal cholesterol efflux may be mediated by liver X receptorα/ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 pathway.
基金the statutory activity of subsidy from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education for the Faculty of Biotechnology and Faculty of Chemistry of the University of Wroclaw and by Ministero dell’Istruzione,dell’Universit`a e della Ricerca[PRIN 2015.4JRJPP_004].Publication costs were supported by Wroclaw Center of Biotechnology program“The Leading National Research Center(KNOW)for years 2014-2018”.
文摘Alternative therapies are necessary for the treatment of malaria due to emerging drug resistance.However,many promising antimalarial compounds have poor water solubility and suffer from the lack of suitable delivery systems,which seriously limits their activity.To address this problem,we synthesized a series of azacarbazoles that were evaluated for antimalarial activity against D10(chloroquine-sensitive)and W2(chloroquine-resistant)strains of P.falciparum.The most active compound,9H-3-azacarbazole(3),was encapsulated in a novel o/w nanoemulsion consisting of ethyl esters of polyunsaturated fatty acids n-3 and n-6 obtained from flax oil as the oil phase,Smix(Tween 80 and Transcutol HP)and water.This formulation was further analyzed using transmission electron microscopy,dynamic light scattering and in vitro and in vivo studies.It was shown that droplets of the 3-loaded nanosystem were spherical,with satisfactory stability,without cytotoxicity towards fibroblasts and intestinal cell lines at concentrations corresponding to twice the IC50 for P.falciparum.Moreover,the nanoemulsion with this type of oil phase was internalized by Caco-2 cells.Additionally,pharmacokinetics demonstrated rapid absorption of compound 3(tmax=5.0 min)after intragastric administration of 3-encapsulated nanoemulsion at a dose of 0.02 mg/kg in mice,with penetration of compound 3 to deep compartments.The 3-encapsulated nanoemulsion was found to be 2.8 and 4.2 times more effective in inhibiting the D10 and W2 strains of the parasite,respectively,compared to non-encapsulated 3.Our findings support a role for novel o/w nanoemulsions as delivery vehicles for antimalarial drugs.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Plan(2016YFD0400604)National Natural Science Foundation of China(82073551).
文摘Postprandial metabolism plays major roles in many pathological conditions.The n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA)ratio is closely related to various physiological disorders.This study aimed to investigate the effects of high fat meals with different n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios on postprandial metabolism in normal control(NC)and hypertriglyceridemia(HTG)rats.The postprandial response of triglyceride(TG)in HTG groups was higher than that in NC groups after different n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio meals.The HTG groups showed higher postprandial total cholesterol(TC)responses than NC groups after 1:1 and 20:1 ratio meals.The 5:1 n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio elicited lower postprandial responses of tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α)than 1:1 and 10:1 ratios in HTG groups.The postprandial malondialdehyde(MDA)response was lower after a 5:1 n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio meal than 1:1 and 20:1 ratio meals in HTG groups.The 1:1 ratio resulted in a lower postprandial reactive oxygen species(ROS)level than 5:1 and 10:1 n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios in NC groups.The results showed that a low n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio improved postprandial dysmetabolism induced by a high fat meal in NC and HTG rats.A high n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio increased the difference in postprandial metabolism between NC and HTG rats.
文摘Polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs),particularly the omega-3 PUFAs,are thought to be involved in neuronal processes,to play a role in neurodevelopmental disorders and to be important for the integrity of central nervous system functioning.The present study investigated the effects of nutritional omega-3 PUFAs on attentional functions and impulsive behavior in Wistar rats.For this purpose,female Wistar rats were fed an omega-3 deficient diet over several generations,and the dams of the seventh generation were randomly assigned to two diet groups and fed an omega-3 deficient or an omega-3 sufficient diet.In addition,a group of previously untreated dams was fed an omega-3 sufficient diet.The male offspring of these three diet groups were tested using an established paradigm for the assessment of attention and impulsive behavior,i.e.a modified version of the five-choice-serial-reaction-time task(5CSRTT).The present data show that the deficiency of omega-3 PUFAs over generations led to substantial changes in attentional processes and impulsive behaviors.The impairments associated with an omega-3 deficiency were partly corrected by treatment with the omega-3 sufficient diet in the last generation of the omega-3 deficient group which showed substantial improvements in attention parameters.While there were no significant effects of dietary modifications on psychomotor activity levels,there was some evidence for changes in impulsive behavior.In conclusion,transgenerational dietary changes in the availability of omega-3 PUFAs led to changes in attentional processes and impulsive behavior in rats,supporting the hypothesis that omega-3 PUFAs play a role in cognitive and behavioral processes.The present findings offer a promising approach in the investigation of the role of omega-3 PUFAs in a variety of cognitive and behavioral domains.
文摘Cellular and mitochondrial membrane phospholipids provide the substrate for synthesis and release of prostaglandins in response to certain chemical,mechanical,noxious and other stimuli.Prostaglandin D_(2),prostaglandin E_(2),prostaglandin F_(2)α,prostaglandin I_(2)and thromboxane-A_(2)interact with five major receptors(and their sub-types)to elicit specific downstream cellular and tissue actions.In general,prostaglandins have been associated with pain,inflammation,and edema when they are present at high local concentrations and involved on a chronic basis.However,in acute settings,certain endogenous and exogenous prostaglandins have beneficial effects ranging from mediating muscle contraction/relaxation,providing cellular protection,regulating sleep,and enhancing blood flow,to lowering intraocular pressure to prevent the development of glaucoma,a blinding disease.Several classes of prostaglandins are implicated(or are considered beneficial)in certain central nervous system dysfunctions(e.g.,Alzheimer’s,Parkinson’s,and Huntington’s diseases;amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis;stroke,traumatic brain injuries and pain)and in ocular disorders(e.g.,ocular hypertension and glaucoma;allergy and inflammation;edematous retinal disorders).This review endeavors to address the physiological/pathological roles of prostaglandins in the central nervous system and ocular function in health and disease,and provides insights towards the therapeutic utility of some prostaglandin agonists and antagonists,polyunsaturated fatty acids,and cyclooxygenase inhibitors.
文摘In our examination of the distribution of abdominal fat,dietary intake and biochemical data in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),non-obese NAFLD patients without insulin resistance presented a characteristic pattern of dietary intake.Dietary cholesterol intake was superabundant in non-obese patients compared with obese patients,although total energy and carbohydrate intake was not excessive.Namely,excess cholesterol intake appears to be one of the main factors associated with NAFLD development and liver injury.Therefore,the control of dietary cholesterol intake may lead to an improvement in NAFLD,and the NPC1L1 inhibitor ezetimibe might be a promising treatment for NAFLD.We review one pathogenic aspect of lipid metabolism dysregulation in NAFLD and survey new strategies for NAFLD treatment based on the modification of cholesterol metabolism.
文摘Context: Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. (Moraceae), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been extensively applied for many years to treat various diseases. Its fruits (Fructus Broussonetiae) have been commonly used as an important tonic for the treatment of age-related disorders with long history;recent research has proved that it contains 32% to 35% fixed oils. The fixed oil is composed mainly of unsaturated fatty acids, including linoleic acid, methyl palmitate, oleic acid and linoleic acid ester. Objective: To investigate the chemistry of the fatty oil from Fructus Broussonetiae (FOFB) and its effects on plasma lipids. Methods: The chemical composition of FOFB was examined and identified by GC-MS. Thirty male Wistar rats fed diet containing FOFB and cholesterol were studied for 28 days. The effect of dietary FOFB on plasma lipids and adipose tissue was tested. Results: Twelve compounds of FOFB were examined and identified, the major components of fatty oil, 8,11-octadecadienoic acid (83.75%), palmitic acid (10.22%), octadecadienoic acid (2.97%) and 9-octadecenoic acid (1.69%) were found. FOFB significantly exhibited the activities of decreasing the rat adipose tissue weight, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations while the rat body weight remained unchanged. Discussion: FOFB contained a large amount of PUFA which had the effect on reducing plasma lipids and adipose.
基金This research is supported by a new faculty start-up from the University of Massachusetts Amherst,USDA NIFA2016-67017-24423,USDA NIFA 2019-67017-29248,USDA/HatchMAS00492,and NIH/NCIR03 CA218520(to G.Z.).
文摘Human consumption of linoleic acid(LA,18:2ω-6,abundant in vegetable oils)is very high.Animal experiments showed that excessive LA intake increased azoxymethane-induced colon tumorigenesis,however,the impact of excessive LA on colon cancer in human is not conclusive,making it difficult to make dietary recommendations for optimal intake of LA.Understanding the molecular mechanisms of LA on colon tumorigenesis could help to clarify its health effect,and facilitate development of mechanismbased strategies for preventing colon cancer.Recent studies show that the previously unappreciated cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-mediated eicosanoid pathway is upregulated in colon cancer and plays critical roles in its pathogenesis,and could contribute to the effects of dietary LA,as well asω-3 fatty acids,on colon tumorigenesis.In this review,we will discuss recent studies about the roles of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in fatty acid metabolism and its roles in colonic inflammation and colon cancer,and how this information could help us to clarify the health impacts of dietary fatty acids.
文摘<strong>Background:</strong> <span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have some protective benefits for patients with coronary artery and cerebrovascular diseases. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) drugs are prescribed as branded (B: EPADEL</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, " font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"="">?</span></span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) or generic products but no data exist concerning the differences in treatment outcomes between these products. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods and Results: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">We investigated the differences in the serum levels of EPA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA), and the EPA/AA ratios through blood sampling six months after daily administration of 1800 mg of EPADEL</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, " font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"="">?</span></span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and a generic EPA drug was initiated for 96 patients with cardiovascular diseases. All patients received these PUFA treatments while continuing with baseline therapy. After 6 months of administration, EPADEL</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, " font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"="">?</span></span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> produced better results than the generic (G) product (EPA;baseline: 59.4 ± 25.5 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">μ</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">g, B: 215.5 ± 58.8 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">μ</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">g, G: 199.7 ± 63.8 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">μ</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">g, B vs G, p < 0.0005;AA;baseline: 197.4 ± 44.6 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">μ</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">g, B: 158.3 ± 36.3 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">μ</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">g, G: 163.6 ± 38.9 </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">μ</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">g, B vs G, p < 0.02, as mean ± SD). </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusions</span></b></span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> There were clear differences between EPA branded and the generic products. Further study is required to determine whether the benefits from the branded product justify the higher price compared to the generic drug cost.</span>
文摘The current review article discusses several conditions linked to high cholesterol, including their causes, diagnoses, and treatments. Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and hypercholesterolemia is a standalone risk factor for the condition. Numerous cardiovascular illnesses (CVDs) and disorders, including myocardial infarction, hypertension, peripheral vascular diseases, and coronary heart diseases, were highlighted in this article. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) is the key factor in the majority of CVDs. It adheres to fatty deposits and forms plaques inside artery lumen, preventing the heart and other body organs from receiving enough blood and oxygen. Cardiomyopathies and dyslipidemias are the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in men and place a considerable health cost on society. Age, hypertension, obesity-induced blood pressure, and a rise in plasma cholesterol are all factors that raise the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Calorie intake must be controlled, meal composition must be changed, a natural cycle must be established, and circadian timeliness must be maintained in order to live a healthy life. To lower the risks of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, try to go vegetarian and always consume traditional plant-based diets and herbal remedies. Exercise yoga and aerobics every day to stay physically healthy, and have your blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol levels checked on a regular basis. Follow your family doctor’s recommendations for managing high cholesterol risks and diagnosing CVD, obtain a lipid profile, take the recommended medications, maintain composure, and adopt a positive outlook for a long and healthy life.
基金supported financially in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research(C)(21K12661)from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and Grant 12-003-111 from Takahashi Industrial and Economic Research Foundation.
文摘Background:Human heart changes its energetic substrates from lactate and glucose to fatty acids during the neonatal period.Noticing the lack of fatty acids in media for the culture of cardiomyocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells(hiPS-CM),researchers have supplemented mixtures of fatty acids to hiPS-CM and reported the enhancement in the maturation of hiPS-CM.In our previous studies,we separately supplemented two polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs),docosahexaenoic acid(DHA)or arachidonic acid(AA),to rat fetal cardiomyocytes and found that the supplementations upregulated the expressions of mRNAs for cardiomyocyte differentiation,fatty acid metabolism,and cellular adhesion.The enhancement in cellular contractility was attributed to the improvement in intercellular connection rather than a direct enhancement of the contractile force.Methods:This study reports the successive results of the effects of DHA or AA supplementation on hiPS-CM.In addition to the contractile force and mRNA measurements used in the previous study,we further investigated the effect of different cellular aggregations on the contractile force output by means of finite element analysis,measured glucose and fatty acids metabolites,and assessed cTNT and MLC2v expressions through immunofluorecsence evaluation.Results:It showed that the sole supplementation of albumin-conjugated DHA or AA can be taken up by hiPS-CM without other uptake-enhancing factors,and the supplementations may activate the CD36_ERRγmetabolic pathway.DHA or AA supplementation increased the cellular contractile ratio on collagen gels and AA supplementation stimulated hiPS-CM aggregation to form cellular clusters.The enhancement effect on the hiPS-CM contractile force was modest since the increase in contractile force was not significant.AA supplementation was more effective than DHA supplementation because it significantly upregulated mRNA expressions of P300 and CD36.However,finite element analysis showed that the formation of clusters on a collagen gel attenuated the contractile force exerted by the gel on its surroundings.Conclusion:DHA and AA,as having been supplemented in infant formulas,have no direct and significant enhancement effect on the performance of the hiPS-CM when they were supplemented individually,although they were able to enter the cellular metabolic system.The AA supplementation showed some auxiliary effect on the maturation of hiPS-CM,which is worthy of further investigation under the consideration of membrane composition alteration and remodeling of membrane molecules.
基金supported by National Institutes of Health(NIH)grants R01 AA024102-01A1(I.A.Kirpich),U01AA022489(C.J.McClain),1U01AA021901-01(C.J.McClain),1U01AA021893-01(C.J.McClain),R01AA023681(C.J.McClain)the Department of Veterans Affairs I01BX000350(C.J.McClain).Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number T35ES014559(K.H.Zirnheld)+1 种基金an Institutional Development Award(IDeA)from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant number P20GM113226(C.J.McClain)the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number P50AA024337(C.J.McClain).
文摘Alcoholic liver disease(ALD)comprises a spectrum of liver pathology,including steatosis,steatohepatitis,and cirrhosis.Previous work from our group and others suggests that dietary fat,both the amount and composition,plays a pivotal role in ALD development and progression;however,the impact of specific dietary fatty acids on ALD pathogenesis is not fully elucidated.Preclinical rodent models of ALD revealed the deleterious effects of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids(n-6 PUFAs),specifically linoleic acid(LA),and this may be partially attributed to the increased levels of pro-inflammatory oxidized LA metabolites.There is limited understanding regarding the role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids(n-3 PUFAs,such as alpha-linolenic acid,eicosapentaenoic acid,and docosahexaenoic acid),and bioactive n-3 PUFAderived lipid molecules in ALD.Given that majority of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs-derived metabolites are potent endogenous signaling molecules,knowledge regarding the changes in these lipid mediators may shed new light on the mechanisms contributing to ALD pathogenesis and reveal novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers of this disease.The current review summarizes relevant scientific literature regarding the role of dietary fat,distinct fatty acids,and bioactive fatty acid metabolites in ALD,and highlights recent advances in the field.
基金the Natural Science Foun-dation of Fujian Province(No.2018J01450)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U1705231)+2 种基金the National Marine Fisheries Industrial Technology System Post Scientist Project(No.CARS-47-G04)the Scientific Research Foundation of Jimei University(No.ZQ2019046)the Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Re-search&Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries,Ministry of Agriculture,P.R.China,CAFS(No.2017HY-XKQ01).
文摘Elovl4 is a fatty acyl elongase which participates in the biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids(LCPUFA).Herein we isolated and functionally characterized the elovl4a gene in the large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea,and investigated the regulatory effects of transcription factors Hnf4α,Lxrα,Pparαon the activity of elovl4a promoter.Tissue expression pattern revealed that elovl4a was widely expressed in several tissues and predominantly in brain.Heterologous expression in yeast showed that L.crocea Elovl4a could effectively elongate both C18 and C20 PUFA substrates to C22 fatty acid.In addition,the affinity of large yellow croaker Elovl4a to n-6 series fatty acids is weak and cannot prolong 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-6.Moreover,L.crocea elovl4a reporter activities were elevated by 1.31-,1.39-and 1.48-fold via over-expression of Lxrα,Pparαand Hnf4α,respectively.The above findings can enrich the knowledge of biosynthesis pathway of LC-PUFA in the large yellow croaker and contribute to elucidate the LC-PUFA anabolism mechanism in fish.