Contamination of Pond Water and Sediment in Coal Burning Area

The pond water is used by a variety of animals i.e. mammals, birds, duck, and fish. Sediments play a significant role in determining the overall environmental quality for the living organism. Therefore, in this work, chemical characterization of pond water and sediment in the largest coal burning basin of India i.e. Korba basin is described. Elements i.e. C, O, S, F, Cl, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Ti, Fe, As, Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Hg were quantified. Toxic metals i.e. As, Cd, Hg, and Pb were highly enriched in the sediments, ranging from 36 - 154, 0.14 - 1.19, 0.12 - 0.82 and 26 - 127 mg/kg with mean value (p = 0.05) of 95 ± 12, 0.62 ± 0.11, 0.35 ± 0.08 and 75 ± 13 mg/kg, respectively. The concentration variations, pollution indices and sources of elements in water and sediment are discussed.

Urban Pond Water Contamination in India

The stagnant water reservoirs in urban area of India are severely contaminated with surfactant and microbe due to anthropogenic activities. In this work, water quality of pond water of the most industrialized city: Raipur, CG, India is described. The concentration of surfactant in the term of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) in water (n = 16) is ranged from 7.0 - 27 mg/L with mean value of 17 ± 3 mg/L. All ponds are found to be contaminated with microbes i.e. bacteria, algae and fungi at elevated levels. The physico-chemical characteristics of the pond water are discussed.

Assessment of Retention Ponds and Its Impacts on Health of Residents in Mogadishu, Somalia: Mixed Methods

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of retention ponds on the environment and population health by analyzing water samples from various ponds in Mogadishu, to determine the prevalence of waterborne illnesses that occur during the rainy season in Mogadishu, and to find out what experts thought about the effects of retention ponds on the environment as well as population health in Mogadishu. Methods: Mixed designs were used in the study. The first design is an exploratory study where samples are taken from different retention ponds in Mogadishu. The second design involves gathering secondary data from the online FSNAU Dashboard regarding the incidence of rainfall and waterborne illnesses including malaria and cholera. Additionally, a cross-sectional survey of expert opinions using questionnaires was the third design. The 10 water samples were taken from retention ponds in Mogadishu as part of the sample size. Data on the fourth month was also gathered using the FNSAU dashboard, and seventy sample sizes were used for the expert self-administered questionnaire for the third design. Excel was used for data analysis in the initial design. While BMI SPSS versions 22 were used to analyze the data from the Self-administered Questionnaire, additional methods were utilized to compute descriptive statistics, such as mean and standard deviation, and to analyze demographic data in a frequency table. Findings: The results show that three samples had unsatisfactory scores (Grade D): Yaqshid (Warshadda Bastada) had a WQI of 80.85, Boondheer (Bondher Pond) had a WQI of 80.64, and Wartanabad (Xamar Jadiid Pond) had a WQI of 80.89. The remaining samples were all rated as fair (grade), which indicates that they ranged from 50 to 75. The months with the largest rainfall already occurred in December, November, and October, when the prevalence of diseases during the rainy season was highest for cholera cases. Although October and December saw a significant number of malaria cases, November did not. Retention ponds’ overall effects on residential environments were evaluated, and the results showed that the standard deviation was 0.802 and the cumulative average mean scores were 4.41 overall. This indicates that the respondents were in agreement that retention ponds in Mogadishu, Somalia, had an effect on residential areas. Recommendation: The study suggested that in order to identify retention pond contamination and create treatment units for its management, the Ministry of Health forms a district-level public health committee. All districts must have a sewer system installed by the local government, and retention ponds must be made easier in order to move waste outside of the city.

Water quality in forest and village ponds in Burkina Faso(western Africa)

Forest ecosystems help conserve the quality of water resources in aquatic habitats. The conservation of biological diversity in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems remains a communal concern. Aquatic ecosystems and resources are vulnerable but can be preserved and protected by forests. In sub-Saharan regions of Africa, water from ecosystems such as ponds still play important role in the livelihood of local populations. Water from temporary ponds is used by local populations for multiple needs; however, in this part of the world, the population is increasing, thus increasing human needs and activities and land use in the region. Land-use changes lead to deforestation, land degradation and the decline in freshwater, affecting human health and well-being. Forest degradation leads to the decline in ecosystem goods and services, particularly those related to watersheds. This study conducted in eastern Burkina Faso aimed to assess water quality of temporary ponds in protected forest areas (reserves) and surrounding villages. It was conducted in 61 temporary ponds where physical, chemical and biological variables were measured, such as water surface area, depth, transparency, macrophyte cover, pH, dissolved O2, conductivity, nutrient concentrations and algae biomass. The results showed that at p < 5%, water surface area (p = 0.02), depth (p = 0.00), nutrient content (p = 0.00), and algae biomass (p = 0.04) were significantly higher outside reserves than inside reserves. In contrast, macrophyte cover (mean cover percentages 53 vs. 44.5%) and water transparency (p = 0.02) were higher inside reserves. The variations in conductivity and pH were not significant. All trends showed the influences of human activities on water characteristics and the role forests and land cover had in preventing negative human impacts and disturbance of temporary ponds. Forests and land cover are important to water quality conservation and algae biomass regulation in temporary ponds. Protecting and managing forests is therefore an essential part of future strategies for limiting algal blooms and their negative consequences, maintaining water quality and providing clean water to citizens.

Biological Effects of Nutrient Nualgi on the Water Ecological Environment in Culture Pond

In order to study the short-term effects of Nualgi on water quality and phytoplankton in fishpend, we conducted continuous and regular surveys on the phytoplankton community and the water quality indexes in four groups. The four groups were a Nualgi group （ M1 ）, a diatom group （ M2 ）, a Nualgi and diatom group （M3）, and a control group （C）. The results showed that there were no significance differences in pH, dissolved oxygen （DO）, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） among the four groups. The IP concentration of groups MI and M3 was significantly lower than that of groups M2 and C, indicating that Nualgl can reduce the IP concentration of water. The concentrations of NH4＋ -N, NO2- -N and CODMn, of groups M1 , M2 and M3 were sigeificantly lower than those of group C, suggesting that both Nualgi and dominant diatom species can adjust water quality by reducing the concentrations of NH4＋ -N, NO2- -N and CODMR. In this test, we identified 186 species that belonged to 109 genera of seven phyla. Among them, 86 species were Chlorophyta, 48 were Bacillariophyta, 27 were Cyanophyta, 17 were Euglenophyta, three were Dinophyta, three were Cryptophyta and two were Chrysophyta. Both diatom species and Nualgi can promote the growth of Bacillariophyta, restrain the growth of Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta, and thus change phytoplankton community structure. The biomass of Bacillariophyta in groups M1, M2 and M3 was larger than that in group C from the 20th d of the experiment, while the biomasses of Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta were lower than that in group C. Melo- sira granulata became the dominant algae species in groups M1, M2 and M3 , while Coelastrum microporum and Crucigenia tetrapedia were the dominant algae species in group Conly. Scenedesmus quadr/cauda became the dominant algae in groups M1 , M2 and C. There was no remarkable difference in diversity index among the four groups. The Shannon-Wiener index in all the four groups were all above 2.00, suggesting that the addition of Nualgi or diatom species did not affect the species diversity in this experiment.

Determination of five endosulfan pesticides in the fish pond water by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with GC–MS

A simple and rapid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction(DLLME)technique coupled with gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry(GC-MS)was developed for the extraction and analysis of five endosulfan pesticides from the fish pond water.In this work,different parameters affecting the extraction process such as the type and volume of extraction solvent,type and volume of disperser solvent,and extraction time were studied and optimized.Under optimized conditions,the enrichment factor ranged from 189 to 269 and the relative recovery ranged from 88.5%to 94.9%.The linear range was 2.0-80.0 mg/L;the limits of detection and quantitation were in the range 0.04-1.06 mg/L and 0.12-3.53 mg/L,respectively.The relative standard deviations were in the range 0.94%-2.08%(n D 5).The obtained results show that DLLME combined with GC-MS is a fast and simple method for the determination of endosulfan pesticides in fish pond water.

Chemical Compostion of Earthen Pond Feed from Spring Water, in Asaba Campus, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria

Sound pond productivity accompanied with adequate fish health is maintained, when water quality parameters are conducive. The study evaluated the chemical composition of a pond feed from spring water, in Asaba Campus. Sampling was carried out from September 2011 to February 2012 on a monthly basis. Surface water samples were collected between the hours of 7：00-9：00 am from the pond on each sampling day. Hydrogen-ion-concentration was in the range of 6.5 to 8.0 units. Dissolved oxygen was the highest in February 2012 with a value of 11.0 mg/L while it was the lowest in December 2011 with a value of 9.0 mg/L. Biological oxygen demand ranged from 3.5 to 5.0 mg/L. The chemical oxygen demand was the highest in December （10.00 mg/L） and lowest between January and February （8.0mg/L）. The highest alkalinity was observed in October with a value of 1.05 mg/L and lowest in December with a value of 0.042 mg/L. Conductivity values ranged from 0.075 to 0.12 μS/cm. Total phosphorus was the highest in October with a value of 1.01 mg/L and lowest in December with a value of 0.83 mg/L. Total dissolved solids ranged from 90 to 105 mg/L. Values of physco-chemical parameters revealed that the pond was not polluted. Water quality analysis of the aquatics is of economic advantage to the fish farmer, hence, the need for its assessment at regular intervals. This is a quality assurance process that assures early dictation of toxic substances and mitigation processes to adopt before problems arise. In this way, the good health of organisms in the aquatic ecosystem and those of human dependent on them are guaranteed.

Cr （Ⅲ） Removal from Synthetic Waste Water by Using Water Pond Mud

The pollution of aquatic ecosystem by heavy metals has assumed serious proportions due to their toxicity and accumulative behavior. The toxicity metal is dependent on its chemical form and therefore removal of metal is more meaningful than the estimation of its concentrations. In this study, the batch experiments were carried out under 30℃ to study the effect of pH, initial Cr concentration, adsorbent dose and contact time on the removal of Cr （lII）. The maximum adsorption efficiency （99%） was observed when 1.5 g of pond mud was used for removal ofCr （Ⅲ） from test solution containing 150 mg·Cr / 100 ml. The optimal pH and contact time recorded during the study were 6 and 10.0, respectively.

Application of polymeric flocculant for enhancing settling of the pond ash particles and water drainage from hydraulically stowed pond ash

Delayed settling of the ash particles and poor drainage of water from the pond ash are the major problems faced during the hydraulic stowing of pond ash. In this study the effect of polymeric flocculant on settling of the ash particles and drainage of water during pond ash stowing are investigated. In addition, the parameters, viz. drainage and absorption of water during pond ash stowing are quantified by stowing a mine goaf model with pond ash slurries of five different concentrations added with and without flocculant. The study revealed that addition of only 5 10 6 of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose (Na-CMC) flocculant with the pond ash slurries during stowing offers best result in terms of quicker settling of the ash particles and enhanced water drainage from the hydraulically stowed pond ash. Besides, it resulted in drainage of more than 85% of the total water used in the initial 45 min of stowing. The improvement in drainage is caused due to coagulation and flocculation of the pond ash particles because of charge neutralization and particle-particle bridging. This study may provide a basis for estimating the drainage and absorption of water during the real pond ash stowing operation in underground mines.

Models to predict sunlight-induced photodegradation rates of contaminants in wastewater stabilisation ponds and clarifiers

Two kinetic models were established for conservative estimates of photodegradation rates of contaminants under sunlight irradiation,in particular for wastewater stabilisation ponds and clarifiers in conventional wastewater treatment plants.These two models were designated for(1)contaminants with high photolytic rates or high photolytic quantum yields,whose photodegradation is unlikely to be enhanced by aquatic photosensitisers;and(2)contaminants withstanding direct photolysis in sunlit waters but subjected to indirect photolysis.The effortlessly intelligible prediction procedure involves sampling and analysis of real water samples,simulated solar experiments in the laboratory,and transfer of the laboratory results to realise water treatment using the prediction models.Although similar models have been widely used for laboratory studies,this paper provides a preliminary example of translating laboratory results to the photochemical fate of contaminants in real waters.

Water Quality Index of Waste Stabilisation Ponds and Downstream of Discharge Point

Water quality index has been used in various researches for the assessment of water quality for various uses and discharges into the environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the water quality index of the effluent from waste stabilisation ponds and 400 m beyond discharge point. This was achieved by evaluating concentrations of seven parameters from soil, eleven physiochemical parameters from effluent and four microbiological parameters. Corresponding water quality indices calculated from microbiological parameters were 854, 142, 96 and 1539 respectively, at sites 1, 2, 3 and 4. Reductions of magnesium, zinc, lead, sodium adsorption ratio, sodium and electrical conductivity in soil samples at site 4 were 15.5%, 57%, 81.6%, 93.5%, 93.5% and 99% respectively. The percentage increases were 21.4% and 185% respectively, for calcium and iron ions. It can be concluded that the water quality index of the waste stabilisation ponds is unsuitable for discharge into the environment. However, the results revealed improved quality downstream of discharge point.

Annual Variation of Water Quality in Aquaculture Ponds for Apostichopus japonicus

By measuring water temperature,salinity,pH,dissolved oxygen,nitrite and ammonia nitrogen,the annual variation regularity of water quality in the aquaculture ponds for sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus in Dalian were studied.Results showed that the physicochemical indicators kept changing in the year,and the various ranges of water temperature,salinity,pH,dissolved oxygen,nitrite,and ammonia nitrogen were 6.38-27.27℃,29.20‰-33.78‰,7.86-8.38,5.19-13.36 mg/L,0.0037-0.0090 mg/L and 0.0171-0.0908 mg/L,respectively.Analysis indicated that there was an extremely significant negative correlation between water temperature and dissolved oxygen(P<0.01),an extremely significant positive correlation between water temperature and ammonia nitrogen(P<0.01),a significant negative correlation between salinity and nitrite(P<0.05),a significant negative correlation between dissolved oxygen and nitrite(P<0.05),and an extremely significant negative correlation between dissolved oxygen and ammonia nitrogen(P<0.01)in the aquaculture ponds for sea cucumber in Dalian.Research showed that the water quality of aquaculture ponds kept fluctuating all the time during the tested period,there were complicated and close relationships among physicochemical indicators,and a slight variation of external factors would bring consecutive reactions to different indicators in the water quality of aquaculture ponds.A reference for the production and management of sea cucumbers could be provided from the results.

Physico-Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Stagnant Surface Water Bodies (Ponds and Lakes) Used for Drinking and Domestic Purposes in Niger Delta, Nigeria

The surface water quality of some stagnant water bodies (ponds and lakes—Obi Lake, Usede pond, Oguta lake, Omuku pond, Ugheghe pond, Karabodone lake, Abua lake, Ikarama lake, Tenmako lake, and Adiegbe lake) in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria have been investigated experimentally by analysing the physico-chemical and biological characteristics of the surface water samples. Results show: pH (5.10 - 7.40), temperature (26.4°C - 31.0°C), turbidity (7.83 - 27.7NTU), electrical conductivity (13.5 - 34.8 μS/cm), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (1.07 - 19.5 mg/l), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (1.90 - 21.5 mg/l), suspended solids (SS) (9.70 - 37.3 mg/l), dissolved oxygen (DO) (2.7 - 8.7 mg/l), total dissolved solids (TDS) (33.8 - 187.0 mg/l), total phosphorus (0.73 - 2.47 mg/l), ammoniacal nitrogen (AN) (0.018 - 4.70 mg/l) and total fecal coliform count (TFCC) (nil - 2175 cfu/ml). Results on the water quality using Malaysian Water Quality Index (WQI) show that Usede pond and Obi Lake belong to Class II with values that are 75.24 and 76.73 respectively. The WQI of Oguta lake, Omuku pond, Ugheghe pond, Karabodone lake and Abua lake are 67.46, 65.64, 65.87, 50.77, and 67.01 respectively and belongs to class III. The WQI of Ikarama lake, Tenmako lake, and Adiegbe lake are 43.38, 37.60, and 41.40, respectively and belongs to class IV and is described as fair.

淡水养殖池塘水质评价及与底质相关性分析

在哈尔滨地区面积6 600 m^(2)、平均水深1.2 m、多年未清淤的泥沙底质典型淡水精养池溏中混养鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、鲇(Silurus asotus)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)和鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix),春季(4—5月)、夏季(6—8月)和秋季(9月)不同时间采集池塘水体和表层底泥样品,监测养殖周期内水质总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH_(4)^(+)-N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO_(2)^(-)-N)、硝酸盐氮(NO_(3)^(-)-N)和总有机碳(TOC)含量及高锰酸盐指数(COD_(Mn))、p H的季节性变化,利用单项污染指数法、综合污染指数法评价水体污染程度,利用主成分分析法解析水质污染的主要驱动因子,并结合底质指标绘制网络关系图。结果表明:池塘水质整体处于严重污染水平,春季优于夏季和秋季。参与评价时池塘水质为Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类和劣Ⅴ类,水质超标数随着养殖时间延长而增加,TN在全养殖周期内均超出警戒水平;TN、TP、NH_(4)^(+)-N和COD_(Mn)是池塘水体的主要污染物。因子分析结果表明,池塘水质主要受鱼类的生长代谢、溶解氧和投饵的影响,污染物以N、P营养盐为主。水体TP、TN、NH_(4)^(+)-N和底泥NO_(2)^(-)-N呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),与底泥TOC呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。池塘水体和底泥中的有机物污染具有共现性,水体TOC和底泥TOC呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。

Water budgets for freshwater aquaculture ponds with reference to effluent volume

This paper presents the consumptive water use for freshwater pond aquaculture for semi-intensive carps farming practices. The consumptive use of water includes evaporation loss, seepage loss and water exchanges requirements. The water requirement has been estimated to be10.3 m3/Kg of fish production under present study for semi-intensive culture and with supplemental feeding. Out of which7.6 m3/Kg of fish production is system associated requirement. On an average the evaporation loss from the pond is1498.3 mm/year and seepage loss per year is about1182.60 mm/year. Seepage and water exchange losses recharge the ground water aquifers and if they are treated and recycled, the water use in aquaculture can be reduced significantly. A further reduction in fresh water use in pond aquaculture is possible through development of intensive and superintensive culture systems and aqua feeds.

基于改进YOLOv8n-seg的蟹塘水草区域分割与定位方法

目前蟹塘内水草清理以人工作业为主,劳动强度大,作业效率低,自动水草清理船能大幅降低劳动强度,提高作业效率,而确定蟹塘水草分布是规划水草清理船高效作业路径的关键基础。针对无人机采集的蟹塘水草图像中水草与岸边植被相似性高、难以准确区分等问题,该研究提出一种基于改进YOLOv8n-seg的蟹塘水草区域分割与定位方法。改进模型从降低模型大小和提高召回率的角度出发,首先基于RT-DETR(real-timedetectiontransformer)的HGNetv2(hierarchical graph network)轻量化网络结构重设主干特征提取网络,缩减模型体积;其次以Efficient Rep轻量化结构为基准重构颈部网络,在降低参数量的同时增强模型的多尺度特征融合能力;接着在特征提取层引入SegNext注意力机制,加强模型对蟹塘水草区域的敏感度。为了消除模型在识别过程中产生的冗余区域,进一步提高分割精度,采用二值化处理对分割结果进行优化,并结合图像处理算法对水草区域进行面积筛选;经过坐标转换后得到精确水草轮廓经纬度坐标。试验结果表明:改进模型对蟹塘水草具有良好的区分度和分割效果,其参数量和计算量分别为1.49 M和8.4 GFLOPs,召回率和平均精度均值分别为91.5%和95.6%,与原YOLOv8n-seg模型相比,模型体积减小了49.7%,分割速度提升了32.3%。在坐标转换试验中,水草定位精度平均误差为0.22 m,验证了改进模型能够满足蟹塘水草区域分割与定位要求。研究结果为后续水草清理船自动作业路径规划研究提供参考。

淡水池塘养殖尾水处理技术研究综述

为实现水产养殖业节能减排、低碳高效和可持续发展,必须解决传统池塘养殖尾水处理问题。根据典型池塘养殖尾水污染物特性,全面总结国内外淡水池塘养殖尾水的处理方法和技术特点;对比了“三池两坝”“集装箱+生态塘”“生态湿地”等典型池塘养殖尾水处理模式;分析了竖流沉淀、旋流分离、滤筛、气浮等物理净化技术以及臭氧-微纳米浮选、絮凝、微生物制剂、活性污泥、新型生物膜反应器过滤、水生植物等化学及生物净化技术;指出了该领域的热点研究方向和关键技术问题,包括发展“节能、减排、生态、高效”集约化池塘养殖模式、研发养殖尾水专用处理装备、提高净化效率和减少占地面积等,可为池塘养殖尾水处理技术及相关装备研发提供一定的理论参考。

乡村水塘景观生态恢复设计——以武汉市新洲区仓埠镇丰乐村福乐庄园为例

针对乡村水塘因长期缺乏重视与保护,导致大量水塘被填平或废弃,失去原有的蓄洪调蓄功能,反而成为乡村建设中的负担的问题,论文基于低影响开发的雨水利用理念,构建了水塘景观生态网络,并优化了调控途径;采用新型水体生态治理技术,有效治理污染水体,提高水塘的整体净化效果。同时,引植符合当地生境及具备艺术性的适生植被,共同营造集生态效益、经济效益、乡土特色、景观美感等多层次人工湿地生态景观。进而以武汉市新洲区仓埠镇丰乐村福乐庄园为例,详细阐述低影响开发的雨水利用理念的应用,得出针对乡村水塘的生境与植物群落景观营造需要协调内在关系的结论。这一研究不仅对区域水塘景观规划和生态保护具有重要意义,而且为我国乡村水塘治理提供了新的思路和方向。

基于水气两相模拟的薄水舌、大落差水力特性分析及结构影响分析

对高拱坝深孔小开度泄流时,薄水舌、大落差条件下的水力特性及对水垫塘底板结构影响进行分析。通过水力学规范公式、刘培清等人总结的经验公式对不考虑空气阻力、掺气作用时的临底水力特性进行分析;并考虑水气两相作用,采用数值模拟方法对比研究薄水舌、大落差条件下,空气对水舌的阻力及掺气作用,分析临底水力特性及结构影响,为通过坝身孔口实现水垫塘反充水的思路提供支撑,为类似研究和工程应用提供借鉴和参考。

不同面积蒸发池水温特征及Penman模型改进

分析蒸发池水温特征可深入认识蒸发池能量平衡特性,研究Penman模型计算误差来源并改进,对农业计划、水源评估和水文预报具有重要意义。基于太谷均衡实验站3个不同面积蒸发池的水温、蒸发量及气象数据,分析各蒸发池的垂向水温分布和蒸发量的变化特征,基于Penman模型探究适合3个蒸发池的模型参数。结果表明:1 m^(2)和5 m^(2)蒸发池4—8月水温随水深增加而显著降低,20 m^(2)蒸发池各月水温分布均比较均匀,且水温更高;1 m^(2)和5 m^(2)蒸发池各月蒸发量相近,与净辐射变化趋势一致,20 m^(2)蒸发池蒸发峰值滞后于净辐射峰值3个月;Penman模型中加入反映除净辐射外能量的综合影响参数可提高模型计算精度,夏季尤为明显,1、5、20 m^(2)蒸发池夏季的参数值分别为3.5、3.3和2.1。