With the rapid development of urbanization construction in China,population and industries are rapidly gathering in cities,bringing about economic development and also causing a large number of environmental problems,...With the rapid development of urbanization construction in China,population and industries are rapidly gathering in cities,bringing about economic development and also causing a large number of environmental problems,among which PM_(2.5) is the most concerned.In this paper,a spatial gravity center model was used to systematically analyze the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of PM_(2.5) and population scale in China from 1999 to 2016.Conclusions were as below:(1)there were significant regional differences in PM_(2.5) pollution from 1999 to 2016,characterized by a spatial distribution of"high in the north and low in the south,and high in the inland and low in the coastal areas".(2)Nationwide,there was a significant spatial mismatch between the gravity center of PM_(2.5) pollution and the gravity center of population scale,with the two centers showing a trend of reverse dislocation development.展开更多
The development of multiscale models of infectious disease systems is a scientific endeavour whose progress depends on advances on three main frontiers:(a)the conceptual framework frontier,(b)the mathematical technolo...The development of multiscale models of infectious disease systems is a scientific endeavour whose progress depends on advances on three main frontiers:(a)the conceptual framework frontier,(b)the mathematical technology or technical frontier,and(c)the scientific applications frontier.The objective of this primer is to introduce foundational concepts in multiscale modelling of infectious disease systems focused on these three main frontiers.On the conceptual framework frontier we propose a three-level hierarchical framework as a foundational idea which enables the discussion of the structure of multiscale models of infectious disease systems in a general way.On the scientific applications frontier we suggest ways in which the different structures of multiscale models can serve as infrastructure to provide new knowledge on the control,elimination and even eradication of infectious disease systems,while on the mathematical technology or technical frontier we present some challenges that modelers face in developing appropriate multiscale models of infectious disease systems.We anticipate that the foundational concepts presented in this primer will be central in articulating an integrated and more refined disease control theory based on multiscale modelling-the all-encompassing quantitative representation of an infectious disease system.展开更多
文摘With the rapid development of urbanization construction in China,population and industries are rapidly gathering in cities,bringing about economic development and also causing a large number of environmental problems,among which PM_(2.5) is the most concerned.In this paper,a spatial gravity center model was used to systematically analyze the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of PM_(2.5) and population scale in China from 1999 to 2016.Conclusions were as below:(1)there were significant regional differences in PM_(2.5) pollution from 1999 to 2016,characterized by a spatial distribution of"high in the north and low in the south,and high in the inland and low in the coastal areas".(2)Nationwide,there was a significant spatial mismatch between the gravity center of PM_(2.5) pollution and the gravity center of population scale,with the two centers showing a trend of reverse dislocation development.
基金The author acknowledges with thanks financial support from NRF,South Africa Grant No.IPRR(UID 81235).
文摘The development of multiscale models of infectious disease systems is a scientific endeavour whose progress depends on advances on three main frontiers:(a)the conceptual framework frontier,(b)the mathematical technology or technical frontier,and(c)the scientific applications frontier.The objective of this primer is to introduce foundational concepts in multiscale modelling of infectious disease systems focused on these three main frontiers.On the conceptual framework frontier we propose a three-level hierarchical framework as a foundational idea which enables the discussion of the structure of multiscale models of infectious disease systems in a general way.On the scientific applications frontier we suggest ways in which the different structures of multiscale models can serve as infrastructure to provide new knowledge on the control,elimination and even eradication of infectious disease systems,while on the mathematical technology or technical frontier we present some challenges that modelers face in developing appropriate multiscale models of infectious disease systems.We anticipate that the foundational concepts presented in this primer will be central in articulating an integrated and more refined disease control theory based on multiscale modelling-the all-encompassing quantitative representation of an infectious disease system.
