Linear numerical calculation method for obtaining critical point,pore fluid,and framework parameters of gas-bearing media

Up to now, the primary method for studying critical porosity and porous media are experimental measurements and data analysis. There are few references on how to numerically calculate porosity at the critical point, pore fluid-related parameters, or framework-related parameters. So in this article, we provide a method for calculating these elastic parameters and use this method to analyze gas-bearing samples. We first derive three linear equations for numerical calculations. They are the equation of density p versus porosity Ф, density times the square of compressional wave velocity p Vp^2 versus porosity, and density times the square of shear wave velocity pVs^2 versus porosity. Here porosity is viewed as an independent variable and the other parameters are dependent variables. We elaborate on the calculation steps and provide some notes. Then we use our method to analyze gas-bearing sandstone samples. In the calculations, density and P- and S-velocities are input data and we calculate eleven relative parameters for porous fluid, framework, and critical point. In the end, by comparing our results with experiment measurements, we prove the viability of the method.

Mechanisms of salt rejection at the ice-liquid interface during the freezing of pore fluids in the seasonal frozen soil area

Seasonal frozen soil accounts for about 53.50%of the land area in China.Frozen soil is a complex multiphase system where ice,water,soil,and air coexist.The distribution and migration of salts in frozen soil during soil freezing are notably different from those in unfrozen soil areas.However,little knowledge is available about the process and mechanisms of salt migration in frozen soil.This study explores the mechanisms of salt migration at the ice-liquid interface during the freezing of pore fluids through batch experiments.The results are as follows.The solute concentrations of liquid and solid phases at the ice-liquid interface(C*_(L),C*_(S))gradually increased at the initial stage of freezing and remained approximately constant at the middle stage.As the ice-liquid interface advanced toward the system boundary,the diffusion of the liquid phase was blocked but the ice phase continued rejecting salts.As a result,C*_(L)and C*_(S)rapidly increased at the final stage of freezing.The distribution characteristics of solutes in ice and the liquid phases before C*_(L)and C*_(S)became steady were mainly affected by the freezing temperature,initial concentrations,and particle-size distribution of media(quartz sand and kaolin).In detail,the lower the freezing temperature and the better the particle-size distribution of media,the higher the solute proportion in the ice phase at the initial stage of freezing.Meanwhile,the increase in concentration first promoted but then inhibited the increase of solutes in the ice phase.These results have insights and scientific significance for the tackling of climate change,the environmental protection of groundwater and soil,and infrastructure protection such as roads,among other things.

Evolution of pore fluid of low porosity and permeability reservoir in Qinnan Sag:a case study of 29-2 structurein Qinhuangdao area

The southeast depression of Qinnan Sag is a potential oil-gas exploration region in the Bohai Sea area. With the analysis of large quantity of rock thin sections,scanning electron microscope and the physical property data of reservoir,the authors studied the petrological characteristics and the evolution of pore and fluid of sandstone in the deeper strata in 29-2 structure in Qinhuangdao area. The results show that the evolutionary tendency of Paleogene sandstone reservoir porous fluid in research area is changed from alkaline porous fluid to acidic porous fluid,and back to alkaline porous fluid. There are three stages of reservoir porous evolution in Qinhuangdao area,namely sharp decrease in porosity due to mechanical compaction,increase in porosity because of corrosion and dissolution,and remarkable reduction owing to carbonate cementation.

The effect of pore fluid on seismicity: a computer model

The influence of fluid on seismicity of a computerized system is analyzed in this paper. The diffusion equation of fluid in a crustal fault area is developed and used in the calculation of a spring slide damper model. With mirror imagin boundary condition and three initial conditions, the equation is solved for a dynamic model that consists of six seismic belts and eight seismogenous sources in each belt with both explicit algorithm and implicit algorithm. The analysis of the model with water sources shows that the implicit algorithm is better to be used to calculate the model. Taking a constant proportion of the pore pressure of a broken element to that of its neighboring elements, the seismicity of the model is calculated with mirror boundary condition and no water source initial condition. The results shows that the frequency and magnitude of shocks are both higher than those in the model with no water pore pressure, which provides more complexity to earthquake prediction.

Uncoupled state space solution to layered poroelastic medium with anisotropic permeability and compressible pore fluid

This paper presents an uncoupled state space solution to three-dimensional consolidation of layered poroelastic medium with anisotropic permeability and compressible pore fluid.Starting from the basic equations of poroelastic medium,and introducing intermediate variables,the state space equation usually comprising eight coupled state vectors is uncoupled into two sets of equations of six and two state vectors in the Laplace-Fourier transform domain.Combined with the continuity conditions between adjacent layers and boundary conditions,the uncoupled state space solution of a layered poroelastic medium is obtained by using the transfer matrix method.Numerical results show that the anisotropy of permeability and the compressibility of pore fluid have remarkable influence on the consolidation behavior of poroelastic medium.

Fluid sensitivity study of elastic parameters in lowmedium porosity and permeability reservoir rocks

In this article,based on the acoustic measurements of core samples obtained from the low to medium porosity and permeability reservoirs in the WXS Depression,the densities and P and S wave velocities of these core samples were obtained.Then based on these data,a series of elastic parameters were computed.From the basic theory and previous pore fluid research results,we derived a new fluid identification factor（F）.Using the relative variations,Ag/w and Ao/w,of the elastic parameters between gas and water saturated samples and between oil and water saturated samples,λρ,σHSFIF,Kρ,λρ-2μρ,and F as quantitative indicators,we evaluate the sensitivity of the different fluid identification factors to identify reservoir fluids and validate the effects by crossplots.These confirm that the new fluid identification factor（F） is more sensitive for distinguishing oil and water than the traditional method and is more favorable for fliud identification in low to medium porosity and permeability reservoirs.

基于压裂液自发吸入模型的页岩气压裂液滤失定量预测

非常规油气资源开发常使用水力压裂技术提高单井产量,然而压裂现场数据表明,大量压裂液会滞留在地层中导致压裂液的返排率较低,将对储层和地下水环境造成一定影响。为进一步研究压裂液滤失机理并准确预测压裂液滤失量,首先建立了由毛细管力作用引起的压裂液自发吸入模型,然后对压裂液滤失量进行定量计算,并在现场进行了验证。最后,引入无量纲吸入率参数分析了控制压裂液滤失的关键因素。研究结果表明:(1)页岩气水平井压裂施工中大约50%~95%的压裂液通过基质吸入,压裂液吸入量仅与吸入率参数、裂缝面积和吸收时间有关;(2)当润湿相黏度与非润湿相黏度之比超过阈值时,吸入率参数主要由岩石的孔径分布参数决定,流体黏度的影响非常有限;(3)当孔径分布参数介于0.5~0.7时,吸入率参数达到相对较高的值,即更多的压裂液被吸收到地层中;(4)当润湿相黏度与非润湿相黏度之比大于10,孔径分布参数小于0.8时,优化后的自吸模型具有较大的适用性;(5)由毛细管力机理引起的压裂液滤失量与实际储层观察到的滤失量相近,可认为页岩储层有足够的存储滤失液的能力,不会影响地下水层中的饮用水。结论认为,建立的压裂液自发吸入模型,能够准确预测页岩气水平井压裂液滤失量,为非常规油气的生产及环境保护提供了技术支撑。

基于“玄府气液”理论治疗慢性难愈性溃疡

慢性难愈性溃疡是“虚”“瘀”两种致病因素相互交织、相互作用的结果,“虚”“瘀”贯穿疾病发展的始终。而“玄府开阖失司,气液代谢失调”是本病迁延难治的病机关键。刘丽芳教授综合运用煨脓生肌、阳和通玄、托里消毒诸法开玄府、调气液,令玄府开阖有司,气液代谢调和,临床疗效满意,附验案一则加以阐明。

Mechanical Analysis of Viscous-Elastic Fluid Acting on Residual Oil in the Micro Pore

In order to analyze the normal deviatoric stress that viscous-elastic fluid acting on the residual oil under the situation of different flooding conditions and different permeabilities, Viscous-elastic fluid flow equation is established in the micro pore by choosing the continuity equation, motion equation and the upper-convected Maxwell constitutive equation, the flow field is computed by using numerical analysis, the forces that driving fluid acting on the residual oil in micro pore are got, and the influence of flooding conditions, pore width and viscous-elasticity of driving fluid on force is compared and analyzed. The results show that: the more viscous-elasticity of driving fluid increases, the greater the normal deviatoric stress acting on the residual oil increases;using constant pressure gradient flooding, the lager the pore width is, the greater normal deviatoric stress acting on the residual oil will be.

考虑饱和砂土液化阶段性特征的触变性流体本构模型

合理评价循环荷载作用下饱和砂土的液化过程及性质演变规律,是解决液化砂土大变形问题的关键。通过饱和砂土不排水循环三轴试验,分析了饱和中密南京细砂液化阶段性特征,引入Gompertz函数来描述表观黏度与孔压比之间的关系,提出了一种修正的孔压触变性流体模型,并验证了模型的合理性。①饱和砂土液化过程具有明显的阶段性特征,根据孔压比增长速率可分为固态土体阶段、固液相变阶段、触变性流体阶段和稳定性流体阶段,并基于其他学者的试验结果验证了四阶段特性及阶段划分方法的适用性。②采用Gompertz函数代替线性函数来描述表观黏度与孔压比之间的关系,并利用不同的破坏速率参数c来表征循环荷载作用下饱和砂土的不同阶段,提出了考虑液化阶段性特征的修正孔压触变性流体模型,为解决地震液化问题提供了一种新的统一方法。

致密砂岩储层可动流体分布特征及主控因素

针对鄂尔多斯盆地富县地区长8储层流体分布差异显著、孔隙结构复杂、渗流能力相对薄弱等问题,选取研究区5块典型岩样开展测试分析,利用铸体薄片、扫描电镜(SEM)、X衍射黏土矿物分析(XRD)、恒速压汞实验,对可动流体主控因素进行分析。研究表明:致密砂岩储层中可动流体饱和度为26.31%~50.61%,平均值为35.15%;可动流体孔喉半径为0.10~0.50μm;T_(2)截止值为6.69~49.90 ms,可动流体最小孔喉半径为0.16~0.36μm。储层渗透率较孔隙度对可动流体的控制更强;中值半径、最大孔喉半径、平均孔喉半径与可动流体均具有正相关性,中值半径影响较大;长石含量越高,越容易形成长石溶孔,可动流体饱和度越大;I类和Ⅱ类储层中高岭石含量较高,呈分散质点式填充孔隙,Ⅲ类储层中伊利石和伊蒙混层含量较高,呈搭桥式分割孔隙,是堵塞孔喉的主要原因。该研究成果可为提高致密油藏采收率提供参考和借鉴。

压裂液渗吸与富气页岩气井典型生产规律关系剖析

压裂液渗吸会改变储层内的原始气水赋存特征,进而影响页岩气井生产规律。为此,通过动态驱替与核磁共振实验,结合前人研究成果,剖析了孔隙内原始气水分布、压裂液渗吸对通孔和盲孔内气体赋存的影响以及气井生产规律与压裂液渗吸的关系。研究表明:孔隙内原始气水赋存类型与矿物种类、裂缝孔径及储层湿度有关,小孔隙、孔角处存在束缚水,大孔隙内甲烷吸附面积随储层湿度的增大而减小,吸附气含量受有机质孔隙占比及成熟度的影响;近裂缝区存在渗吸影响区,在影响区内压裂液渗吸可促进吸附气解吸,并驱替非均衡渗吸通孔中的游离气,压缩均衡渗吸通孔及盲孔中的游离气;非均衡渗吸通孔中被驱替出的气体是水力裂缝中游离气的主要来源之一,只有当井筒、裂缝及影响区内滞留的压裂液排出,各区域内部的气体才能产出,从而导致产气曲线滞后于产水曲线的现象,且裂缝排液阻力远小于基质孔隙排液阻力,是产气及产水曲线呈“L”形递减的主要因素。该研究成果聚焦于压裂液渗吸对气体赋存及产出的影响,可丰富页岩气储层保护理论,对气井高效开发具有指导作用。

注热化学流体吞吐解除岩石储层反凝析伤害评价

为长期有效解除凝析气藏反凝析带来的储层伤害,提出了一种注热化学流体吞吐解除凝析油堵塞孔喉的新方法。针对致密砂岩、碳酸盐岩和页岩3类岩石,开展了注热化学流体吞吐岩心驱油实验,评价了热化学流体解除凝析油堵塞的可行性,并基于核磁共振技术分析了吞吐前后3类岩石微观孔隙结构的变化特征,明确了热化学流体解除反凝析伤害机理。实验结果表明,热化学流体(NH_(4)Cl和NaNO_(2))在乙酸溶液催化下能够迅速释放大量气体和蒸汽,提高岩心压力和温度,降低原油黏度,使凝析油由液态转变为气态,减小渗流阻力。致密砂岩、碳酸盐岩和页岩岩心注热化学流体吞吐累积凝析油采出程度分别为65.7%,73.9%和46.3%。其中,致密砂岩和碳酸盐岩岩心仅需2轮吞吐即可有效清除55.5%和67.6%的凝析油堵塞。而页岩岩心需要延长焖井时间及增加吞吐次数方能提高凝析油的采出程度。热化学流体吞吐后,致密砂岩、碳酸盐岩和页岩岩心平均孔径分别由0.37,1.04和0.0021μm增大至0.84,2.04和0.0058μm。热化学流体吞吐效果是注CH_(4)吞吐和注甲醇吞吐效果的1.85和1.32倍。

基于储层砂岩孔隙结构的地震岩石物理模型

在实验室内对新疆车排子地区春光油田沙湾组储层砂岩样品进行了系统地震岩石物理实验,在确定储层砂岩中不同孔隙类型组成条件下,基于非接触模型综合考虑储层砂岩孔隙度以及孔隙形状对于干燥岩石骨架弹性性质的影响,并利用实验结果对模型参数进行标定进而建立表征目标储层岩石骨架地震弹性性质的岩石物理模型,模型结果与实验结果吻合良好。依据实验及模型结果,利用喷射流作用模型替代传统Gassmann方程进行流体替换,同样能够较好地对超声频率实验结果进行解释。

基于“玄府-气液-络脉”理论探析糖尿病胃轻瘫病机与治法

糖尿病胃轻瘫属于气血津液类疾病,脾胃位于中焦,主运化,为气血津液生成、输布之枢纽。玄府与络脉为气液升降出入、运行周身的微观结构,气液为气血津液等精微物质的统称。糖尿病胃轻瘫发病、发展及恶化与玄府、气液、络脉三者的病变关系密切。糖尿病胃轻瘫常因脾胃玄府郁闭,精微不散,蓄于脉中使血糖升高而发病,随着病情发展,气液失宣,络脉瘀阻,加剧病情。故临床治疗以芳香开玄、调中畅液、辛润通补为治则,随证加减。本文旨在从“玄府-气液-络脉”角度探讨糖尿病胃轻瘫的病机演变规律和治疗方法,以期为中医临床治疗糖尿病胃轻瘫提供参考。

碳酸盐岩成岩重结晶作用及其储层意义

为探究碳酸盐岩重结晶作用的微观机理及其储层地质意义,基于碳酸盐岩重结晶作用相关理论和最新研究成果,探讨温度、压力和流体成分等因素对矿物晶体-孔隙流体反应的影响,并构建地质-数学模型来阐明重结晶作用与碳酸盐岩物性参数间的关系。结果表明,碳酸盐岩重结晶作用是一系列微观尺度的溶解-再沉淀以及岩石矿物相趋于稳定的过程,受温度、压力和流体溶质等多种因素的影响。重结晶作用通过改变碳酸盐矿物的粒度及自形程度来调整孔隙迂曲度和孔喉半径比等孔隙结构参数,从而达到改善岩石多孔介质渗流能力的效果。此外,基于不同成岩环境条件构建重结晶-岩石物性协同演变模式,发现流体压力是影响重结晶作用过程中孔隙结构保存及调整的关键因素,表现为封闭的流体超压体系中碳酸盐矿物在重结晶作用下趋于形成自形晶体结构,岩石孔隙保存较好;开放的流体常压体系中碳酸盐岩趋于形成致密镶嵌的岩石结构,孔隙结构和储渗能力均遭到破坏。

玛湖凹陷风城组储集层孔喉结构及流体赋存特征

为了揭示和对比玛湖凹陷北部风城组砂岩和泥页岩2类岩性储集层微观结构及不同尺寸孔隙内流体赋存特征,基于高压压汞、核磁共振、大视域拼接电镜扫描等实验,定量表征2类岩性储集层的孔喉尺寸和流体赋存特征,并对比原始样品和加压饱和原油样品的核磁共振以及抽提前后的高压压汞实验结果,揭示不同尺寸孔喉系统内束缚态流体和可动流体的分布。研究表明:2类岩性储集层孔隙和喉道尺寸差异均不明显,主要发育直径为0.01~10.00μm的孔隙和半径小于10.00 nm的喉道,以中孔-细喉为主,其中,泥页岩孔隙直径略大于砂岩,喉道半径略小于砂岩。泥页岩多发育晶间孔、蜂窝状溶孔等导管状孔,砂岩导管状孔和球形孔各占一半,且随着孔径增大,粒间孔、粒间溶孔等球形孔占比增大。流体赋存及可动性受矿物组分、孔径等多种因素影响,有机质、白云石以及黄铁矿的偏油润湿性以及黏土矿物晶间孔的强毛细管束缚致使页岩油可动性降低,可动流体主要分布在直径大于300 nm的中—大孔隙内。综合储集层物性和可动流体分布特征,研究区页岩油有利区块为东部的玛51X井区,该井区泥页岩和砂岩均可作为有利的开发对象。

Quantitative evaluation of geological fluid evolution and accumulated mechanism:in case of tight sandstone gas field in central Sichuan Basin

Tight gas exploration plays an important part in China’s unconventional energy strategy.The tight gas reservoirs in the Jurassic Shaximiao Formation in the Qiulin and Jinhua Gas Fields of central Sichuan Basin are characterized by shallow burial depths and large reserves.The evolution of the fluid phases is a key element in understanding the accumulation of hydrocarbons in tight gas reservoirs.This study investigates the fluid accumulation mechanisms and the indicators of reservoir properties preservation and degradation in a tight gas reservoir.Based on petrographic observations and micro-Raman spectroscopy,pure CH4 inclusions,pure CO2 inclusions,hybrid CH4–CO2 gas inclusions,and N2-rich gas inclusions were studied in quartz grains.The pressure–volume–temperature–composition properties(PVT-x)of the CH4 and CO2 bearing inclusions were determined using quantitative Raman analysis and thermodynamic models,while the density of pure CO2 inclusions was calculated based on the separation of Fermi diad.Two stages of CO2 fluid accumulation were observed:primary CO2 inclusions,characterized by higher densities(0.874–1.020 g/cm3)and higher homogenization temperatures(>210°C)and secondary CO2 inclusions,characterized by lower densities(0.514–0.715 g/cm3)and lower homogenization temperatures:~180–200°C).CO2 inclusions with abnormally high homogenization temperatures are thought to be the result of deep hydrothermal fluid activity.The pore fluid pressure(44.0–58.5 MPa)calculated from the Raman shift of C–H symmetric stretching(v1)band of methane inclusions is key to understanding the development of overpressure.PT entrapment conditions and simulation of burial history can be used to constrain the timing of paleo-fluid emplacement.Methane accumulated in the late Cretaceous(~75–65 Ma),close to the maximum burial depth during the early stages of the Himalayan tectonic event while maximum overpressure occurred at~70 Ma,just before uplift.Later,hydrocarbon gas migrated through the faults and gradually displaced the early emplaced CO2 in the reservoirs accompanied by a continuous decrease in overpressure during and after the Himalayan event,which has led to a decrease in the reservoir sealing capabilities.The continuous release of overpressure to present-day conditions indicates that the tectonic movement after the Himalayan period has led to a decline in reservoir conditions and sealing properties.

鄂尔多斯盆地七里村油田长7段致密储层孔隙结构特征及流体可动性

孔隙结构和流体可动性是当前致密储层研究的重点和难点。以铸体薄片、扫描电镜、高压压汞和核磁共振等实验方法为基础,结合岩心特征等对鄂尔多斯盆地七里村油田长7段致密储层孔隙结构特征及流体可动性进行研究,为该区进一步勘探开发提供参考依据。研究结果表明:七里村油田长7段储层岩性为长石砂岩,储集空间类型主要是残余粒间孔与溶蚀孔,平均孔隙度为6.4%,平均渗透率为0.43×10^(-3)μm^(2)。研究区储层非均质性较强,孔喉结构参数和可动流体参数分布范围广,最大进汞饱和度和退汞效率都偏低,排驱压力较大,孔喉细小且连通性较差。核磁共振实验T_( 2)谱分布均呈左高右低的“双峰”形态,反映了研究区储层以小孔隙为主,可动流体饱和度较低,平均可动流体饱和度为23.39%,储层岩石孔隙结构复杂,储层物性、微观孔隙结构特征和黏土矿物含量都是储层流体可动性的重要影响因素。根据高压压汞曲线特征,将研究区储层孔隙结构划为Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类,不同类型孔隙结构的孔喉结构特征和可动流体含量及分布具有明显区别。

致密砂岩储层孔喉结构特征及流体可动性影响因素

为了明确核磁共振T2谱与孔喉半径的转换及优选评价储层流体可动性参数,选取鄂尔多斯盆地定边地区延长组长7段14块致密砂岩样品,开展了储层物性、高压压汞及核磁共振等实验,分析储层孔喉结构特征及其对流体可动性的影响。结果表明:研究区致密砂岩储层孔喉结构可划分为Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类,对应的平均孔喉半径逐渐减小,且储层物性和流体可动性依次变差;通过高压压汞来转换核磁共振可动流体T2谱可以精确表征半径为0.001~4μm的全孔径孔喉大小分布以及可动流体赋存特征;可动流体有效孔隙度可定量表示可动流体占据岩样内有效孔隙空间的大小,能够有效评价储层流体的可动性;致密砂岩储层流体可动性主要受控于孔喉结构参数,且受储层物性和黏土矿物含量的综合影响。研究成果可为致密砂岩储层质量评价和开发潜力预测提供依据。