Prediction method of reservoir pore types based on pore shape substitution

Carbonate,tight sandstone,and shale reservoirs have many pore types,and the relationship between the porosity and elastic parameters is extremely discrete due to the complex pore shape.This paper presents a method for predicting reservoir pore types based on pore shape substitution.The pore shape substitution allows for accurately characterizing the changes in the elastic properties of the rock with the changes in pore shape,assuming there are no changes in terms of minerals,porosity,or fl uids.By employing a multiple-porosity variable critical porosity model,the eff ective pore aspect ratio could be inverted from the velocities of the rock.To perform pore shape substitution,we could replace the eff ective pore aspect ratio with another pore aspect ratio or increase/decrease the volume content of diff erent pore shapes.The reservoir pore types could be evaluated by comparing the differences in the reservoir velocities before and after the substitution of the pore shape.The test results pertaining to the theoretical model and the well logging data indicated that the pore shape substitution method could be applied to characterize pore types in terms of separating the eff ects of the pore shapes from the eff ects of the minerals,porosity,or fl uids on the velocities.

Formation of layer-shaped pores in TiC-Fe cermet by combustion synthesis

To study the formation of layer shaped pores in TiC Fe cermet, two Ti C Fe powder compacts containing Ti powders with two size ranges (< 44μm and 135～ 154μm ) respectively were ignited in a special ignition mode. The combustion temperatures of the reactions were measured, the phase constituents of the combustion synthesized products were inspected by X ray diffractometry (XRD), and the structures of the products were observed with scanning electron microscope (SEM). In the case of the finer Ti powder used, TiC Fe cermet and pore rank in an alternately laminar shape, and the shape of the pore is the same as that of the combustion wavefront, implying that the layer shaped pore results from a gather of the retained gas into the combustion wavefront. While in the case of the coarser Ti powder used, the lower combustion temperature causes the gather of the retained gas to be difficult, the pore being present in an arbitrary shape and distributing randomly.

New Method for Calculating Slit-Shaped Pore Size In Solids from Adsorption Isotherm

Assuming the pores in a porous solid to be slit-shaped,according to the principle of surface chemical thermody-namics,an equation for the calculation of pore size fromthe desorption branch of the isotherm of physical adsorp-tion of nitrogen on the porous solid at liquid nitrogentemperature is derived.The calculation results obtainedby different methods,namely,the classical method,BBmethod and the method of this paper,are compared.Comparison shows that the pore sizes d_T and d_H calculat-ed by the method of this paper and BB method respec-tively are larger than the pore size d_c calculated by theclassical method in the range 0【p/p_s【1;d_T】d_Hatp/p_s【0.71 and d_H】d_T at p/p_s】0.71;The results byBB method and the method of this paper tend to be thesame as that by the classical method while p/p_s ap-proaches 1.

Constitutive Laws for Visco-plastic Porous Medium Shaped by Regularly Distributed Circular Particles

A numerical study is presented,using a homogenization technique to consider the plain strain problem of visco-plastic porous medium shaped by regularly distributed circular particles. Based on a rigid plastic material,the paper derives the macroscopic constitutive laws for homogenous equivalent medium. By changing the shape parameter of circular particles,the effect of pore shape on macroscopic constitutive laws is explored. Yield surfaces with different pore shapes are obtained. About voids,a two-scale conception is introduced,which regards main void as macroscopic scale and secondary cavities as microscopic scale. The macroscopic potential involving main and secondary voids is achieved. The proposed macroscopic constitutive law taking microscopic features as influence factors is helpful for exploring the macroscopic mechanical properties of porous medium when numerical simulation is required.

基于X-CT扫描技术的泡沫轻质土孔结构分析

为研究泡沫轻质土内部孔隙三维空间分布状态和形态特征,采用X射线计算断层扫描技术(X-ray computed tomography,X-CT)获取了3种湿密度等级泡沫轻质土孔结构,并进行定量分析。基于混合高斯模型,通过解卷积确定孔相和固相灰度阈值,根据阈值将灰度图像划分为孔和固体两相材料,定量表征孔隙率、孔径、球度和孔隙形态等孔结构特征参数。将孔结构特征参数与强度进行关联分析,结果表明:随着泡沫轻质土的湿密度增大,孔径分布更加均匀,平均孔径降低,球状孔隙增多,导致泡沫轻质土应力分布更加均匀,抵抗外部荷载能力更强,整体强度更高。

粉末近净成形在航天发动机领域的应用

粉末近净成形(Powder metallurgy near net shaping,PM-NNS)技术能够制备出具有优异综合力学性能的粉末合金复杂部件。介绍了粉末热等静压(Hot isostatic pressing,HIP)近净成形技术原理及优势,综述了近年来国内外粉末近净成形在航天发动机领域的研究现状,从工艺路线和构件研制两方面展开,简述了构件制备过程的影响因素及缺陷控制,结合中国科学院金属研究所粉末近净成形技术在航天发动机领域的研究及应用情况,总结了粉末近净成形技术当前存在的主要问题及发展方向,以期进一步拓宽该技术的应用范围。

泾阳浅层黄土细微观孔隙结构试验

降雨与灌溉是黄土地区最常见的地灾驱动力。通常情况下,入渗深度较浅且主要受细微观通道的控制,孔隙结构对渗流特性的影响十分显著。为了研究浅层黄土孔隙结构分布规律,以泾阳南塬黄土为研究对象,采用CT断层扫描法和压汞法分析黄土结构,观察并讨论细微观孔隙结构特性随黄土埋深的变化规律。研究表明:①泾阳浅层黄土根据其孔隙结构特征可划分为三层,1~2 m为第一层,3~4 m为第二层,5 m为第三层;②孔径小于1.0 mm的孔隙占总孔隙数量的95%以上,以类球状和柱状的封闭孔隙为主;③孔径大于0.8 mm的孔隙占总孔隙体积的65%以上,多为枝杈状和柱状的连通孔隙;④随着埋深的增加,连通性逐渐降低,大孔隙的变形破坏对黄土结构的稳定起着关键作用;⑤根据压汞试验可知,集粒内孔隙以0.2μm为界,随着埋深的增加左侧孔隙占比无明显变化,右侧随之增大。研究成果可为进一步探索浅表层黄土细微观孔隙渗流机制提供参考。

ZSM-5分子筛结构对苯烷基化反应性能影响的数值模拟研究

以ZSM-5分子筛催化苯和乙烯烷基化为体系,建立并验证了一种三维各向异性扩散-反应数学模型,该模型考虑了分子筛形貌、孔结构和扩散各向异性的影响。模拟发现当分子筛颗粒体积和abc轴尺寸保持不变时,改变分子筛形貌并不会显著影响其表观活性,因而该情况下无须调控分子筛形貌;而当分子筛颗粒体积不变时,仅缩短b轴尺寸才能显著降低扩散阻力,提高催化剂表观活性,因而合成ZSM-5分子筛时缩短b轴尺寸最有利于扩散和反应。在分子筛颗粒中引入大孔可显著提高分子筛催化剂利用率和表观活性,保持大孔孔隙率不变时,减小大孔孔径更有利。存在最优大孔孔隙率以平衡扩散阻力和活性材料含量,当分子筛粒径4μm、大孔孔径300 nm时,最优大孔孔隙率0.16,对应最高表观反应速率80.5 mol/(m^(3)·s)。另外,由于分子筛内扩散各向异性的影响,当大孔取向平行于c轴时最有利。结果可为苯和乙烯烷基化ZSM-5分子筛催化剂乃至其他分子筛催化剂的设计优化提供一定的理论指导。

基于循环孔洞扩张模型的X型圆管节点超低周疲劳寿命预测

海洋工程钢结构在服役过程中,受风、浪、流或地震等极端循环载荷的影响,易发生超低周疲劳断裂破坏,造成人员伤亡及财产损失,因此超低周疲劳断裂分析及寿命预测对于海工结构安全性评估至关重要。然而,现阶段基于累积损伤理论提出的多种超低周疲劳寿命预测模型无法对多尺度节点实现统一预测,造成了实际工程应用的不便。因此文中基于循环孔洞扩张模型开展X型圆管节点超低周疲劳寿命预测。首先,开发了基于循环孔洞扩张模型的VUSDFLD程序,实现ABAQUS与FORTRAN子程序联合应用,利用有限元分析验证循环孔洞扩张模型在X型圆管节点超低周疲劳断裂分析中的有效性;其次,根据多组X型圆管节点超低周疲劳断裂有限元分析结果,在宏观层面提出了一种基于Manson-Coffin公式的超低周疲劳寿命预测公式;最后,依据Miner理论,将适用于等幅加载的超低周疲劳寿命公式扩展至变幅加载情况,验证了多种节点尺寸下超低周疲劳公式的适用性,为工程应用提供了理论依据。

焦煤孔隙结构形态的实验研究

利用微焦点显微CT技术和压汞法分别对东曲2号焦煤的孔隙结构进行测试,综合分析两种方法所测结果,从孔隙连通性和尺度两个方面,全面研究了2号焦煤的孔隙结构和形态特征。研究表明:2号焦煤的孔隙率为17.2%,连通的开放孔隙占27.04%,封闭孔隙占72.96%;孔径大于0.64μm的孔占67.74%,孔径介于0.64μm和7.50 nm的孔占32.26%,但比表面积占总比表面积的93.4%,煤中微孔径的孔数量很大;大量微孔径孔和封闭孔的存在导致煤体渗透性、连通性很差。东曲2号煤的封闭孔多呈圆形、葫芦形和不规则形,孔隙壁厚,连通团呈镂空的雪片状,相互连通的吼道小且少。

辽西黄土湿陷变形特性及湿陷后微观结构变化

初始含水率对黄土湿陷性具有重要的影响。利用人工制备不同含水率的试样对辽西黄土的湿陷变形特性进行了试验研究,并采用SEM技术测试了黄土湿陷前后的微观结构变化,采用微结构定量化分析方法和分形几何方法分析了黄土试样微观孔隙的变化特征。结果表明:1)初始含水率对辽西黄土的湿陷变形具有显著的影响,随着试样初始含水率的增大,同一压力下的湿陷变形量越来越小;2)不同初始含水率试样的压力-变形关系曲线可以统一用双曲线形式表达;3)湿陷后黄土试样的结构变得较为致密,孔隙总数显著增加,而孔隙面积减小。湿陷过程主要是小孔隙数量增加、孔隙形状分维数减小、孔隙复杂程度显著增加的过程。

应力路径试验前后不同黄土的孔隙分形特征

为了解不同黄土孔隙形状复杂程度的差异和应力路径对孔隙形状复杂程度的影响,对两种黄土应力路径前后孔隙分形特征进行了研究。首先比较了3种分维模型所得孔隙分形维数的可靠性,然后选用热力学关系模型,由进汞、退汞试验得到地裂缝区黄土、充填黄土初始样和三轴应力路径试验后的孔隙分布,据此分析了两种土体进汞孔隙和退汞孔隙分形维数的差异和受载后的分形维数变化,根据退汞过程仅管形孔内的汞流出及孔隙由管形孔和球形孔组成的假定,得到了应力路径试验前后孔隙形状的改变。结果表明,热力学关系模型得到的孔隙分形维数合理、可靠。初始状态,原状和重塑充填黄土的孔隙形状比原状和重塑黄土复杂;常规三轴试验后试样孔隙比减少,孔隙分形维数增加,球形孔向管形孔转变;相对于常规三轴压缩试验,减围压三轴压缩试验后试样的孔隙分形维数较小,管形孔占总孔隙的体积比例较少;总体上管形孔的分形维数比球形孔大,且基本不受应力路径的影响,其占总孔隙的体积比例随着试样宏观孔隙比的减少而增加。

等离子喷涂ZrO_2热障涂层孔隙结构的研究

采用等离子喷涂在铝合金基体表面制备ZrO2-Ni／A1梯度热障涂层。利用定量金相分析技术对ZrO2陶瓷层、陶瓷-中间层过渡区和ZrO2＋Ni／Al中间层的孔隙率、孔隙大小和孔隙形态进行了分析。结果表明，各区域的孔隙率、孔隙大小、孔隙形状服从相似的概率分布；陶瓷-中间层过渡区的孔隙率最高（5．97％），ZrO2陶瓷层和ZrO2＋Ni／Al中间层的孔隙率略低；涂层中孔隙尺寸为1～10μm的占72％～80％；孔隙大多呈现等轴状（形状系数Fk〉0．94），其数量约为84％～87％。

等离子喷涂ZrO_2涂层孔隙定量分析

利用等离子喷涂技术制备了两种不同结构的梯度热障涂层.利用定量金相技术对两种涂层富陶瓷区域不同位置的孔隙率、孔隙大小和形态进行了定量分析.结果表明:两涂层富陶瓷区域孔隙率相近,其中界面处孔隙率较高,但在6%以下;孔隙大小服从相似的概率分布,其中直径在1～10um范围内的孔隙含量最多,在72%～80%之间,其次是1um以下的孔隙,在20%～25%之间,而10um以上的孔隙含量在0.2%～4%之间;孔隙形状同样服从相近的概率分布,而且等轴孔隙比重最大,在82%～87%之间,其次为不等轴孔隙,在13%～17%之间,缝隙状孔隙最少,在0.1%～0.4%之间.说明涂层结构对富陶瓷区域的孔隙没有影响.

不同埋深马兰黄土孔隙结构试验

本文采用"注胶法"制得用以观察分析和定量研究的黄土微观结构试样,借助扫描电子显微镜和数字化图像分析系统,观察并讨论黄土孔隙结构特征及其随黄土埋深增加的变化规律。结果表明,不同埋深马兰黄土依据孔隙率或孔隙面积率分类均属于疏松多孔性土。黄土孔隙连通性随埋深增加逐渐减弱;埋深由小到大,马兰黄土孔隙的主要结构特征由相对不稳定的大、中架空孔隙,过渡为相对稳定的微、小镶嵌孔隙,定量表现为大、中孔隙面积率之和随黄土埋深的增加减小约63.04%,而小孔隙面积率增加约40.57%,微孔隙面积率增加约22.47%。通过对孔隙形状分布的分析,上述不同类型孔隙面积率的增加或减少主要源于细长形和不规则形孔隙面积的改变。此外,不同埋深马兰黄土中细长孔隙的面积在微、小、中、大孔隙的面积中均占主导地位。就孔隙数量而言,马兰黄土中微、小、中、大孔隙的数量随深度增加依次急剧减少,此现象主要由4种孔隙中圆孔数量的显著差异引起,表明圆孔的孔径多偏小。

两种孔隙形状泡沫铝/环氧树脂复合材料弹性常数研究

泡沫铝中填充环氧树脂形成的复合材料兼具金属和树脂的双重性能。本文基于细观力学胞元法建立了两种孔隙形状的泡沫铝/环氧树脂复合材料的细观力学模型,通过理论分析得出了复合材料的弹性模量预测公式,并计算了4种孔隙率情况下复合材料的弹性模量,分析了孔隙率对材料弹性模量的影响。通过建立数值模拟模型,对复合材料的弹性模量和泊松比进行了模拟分析。研究结果表明:理论预测与模拟结果较为吻合,且孔隙率越高,其差值越小;孔隙形状对复合材料的弹性模量具有较大影响,球形孔隙形状复合材料的力学性能较矩形孔隙形状的力学性能更为优异。

Effect of Sprinkler and Border Irrigation on Topsoil Structure in Winter Wheat Field

A two-year experiment was carried out on the effect of sprinkler irrigation on the topsoil structure in a winter wheat field. A border-irrigated field was used as the control group. The total soil porosity, pore size distribution, pore shape distribution, soil cracks and soil compaction were measured. The sprinkler irrigation brought significant changes to the total soil porosity, capillary porosity, air-filled porosity and pore shape of topsoil layers in comparison with the border irrigation. The total porosity and air-filled porosity of the topsoil in the sprinkler irrigation were higher than those in the border irrigation. The changes in the air-filled and elongated pores were the main reasons for the changes in total porosity. The porosities of round and irregular pores in topsoil under sprinkler irrigation were lower than those under border irrigation. Sprinkler irrigation produced smaller soil cracks than border irrigation did, so sprinkler irrigation may restrain the development of macropore flow in comparison with border irrigation. The topsoil was looser under sprinkler irrigation than under border irrigation. According to the conditions of topsoil structure, it is preferable for crops to grow under sprinkler irrigation than under border irrigation.

钛镍多孔材料的制备及其显微组织与形状记忆性能

采用粉末烧结法制备了高孔隙率的Ti-50.8 at%Ni形状记忆合金(SMA),并对其显微组织和形状记忆性能进行了研究。结果表明,用该种方法制备的多孔合金样品具有孔隙分布均匀以及开孔率高的特点,其平均孔径在200μm左右。合金组织主要由奥氏体NiTi相(B2)和单斜马氏体NiTi相(B19’)组成。循环加载-卸载实验结果表明,该多孔材料能表现出一定的形状记忆效应,而且形状记忆效应随孔隙率的增加而降低。

纺粘非织造布孔隙形状的定量分析

为探究纺粘非织造布孔隙形状特征,按不同网帘频率制备了5种聚丙烯纺粘非织造布。采用宽长比等8个指标对孔隙形状作定量描述,并基于数字图像处理技术对指标值进行测量。运用主成分分析法对上述指标进行降维处理,提取反映孔隙扁平程度和边界光滑程度的2个主成分,由此不仅消除了原指标之间的不独立性,而且使研究得以简化。分析了网帘频率对孔隙形状的影响规律,结果表明随着网帘频率的增大,孔隙形状趋于扁平,边界光滑度呈先升后降态势。研究结果对揭示孔隙形状影响非织造材料过滤性能和力学性能的内在机制具有一定的参考价值。

一种低表观密度大孔球形氧化铝的制备

对一种低表观密度、大孔球形活性氧化铝的制备和物化性能进行了研究 ,采用并流法 ,以硫酸铝和偏铝酸钠为原料制备拟薄水铝石凝胶 ,并在稀硝酸或铝胶作用下制得铝溶胶 ,经油柱成型得到球形活性γ -氧化铝 。