Effects of hepatotrophic factors on the liver after portacaval shunt in rats with portal hypertension

Background Portacaval shunt （PCS） prevent hepatotrophic factors from flowing into the liver, but they enter directly the systemic circulation and worsen liver injury. This study was designed to investigate the effects of hepatotrophic factors through the portal vein on the liver in rats with portal hypertension after portacaval shunt. Methods Intrahepatic portal hypertension （IHPH） was induced by intragastric administration of carbon tetrachloride, and end-to-side PCS was performed. Eight normal rats served as controls, and eight rats with IHPH served as IHPH model （IHPH group）. Another 32 rats with IHPH-PCS were randomly subdivided into 4 groups： normal saline （NS） given to 8 rats, hepatocyte growth factor （HGF） 8, insulin （INS） 8, hepatocyte growth factor and insulin （HGF＋INS） 8. Hepatotrophic factors were infused into the portal vein through an intravenous catheter. Portal venous pressure （PVP） was measured. The levels of serum alanine aminotransferase （ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase （AST） were tested biochemically and those of hyaluronic acid （HA） and laminin （LN） were measured by radioimmunoassay. Hepatic fibrosis was assessed histologically and the expression of collagens type I and In were detected immunohistochemically. Ultrastructural change of hepatocytes and the number of mitochondria were observed under an electron microscope. The data were compared between groups and subgroups by Student-Newman-Keuls procedure with SPSS 10.0.Results PVP was significantly higher in the IHPH rats than in the control rats （P〈0.05）. The levels of serum ALT, AST, HA, and LN, hepatic fibrosis score, the amount of collagen deposition, collagens type I and III increased more significantly in the IHPH group than in the control rats （P〈0.05）. The number of mitochondria decreased more significantly in the IHPH rats than in the control rats （P〈0.05）. The levels of serum ALT, AST, HA and LN as well as hepatic fibrosis score, the amount of collagen deposition, and the amount of collagens type I and M in the HGF and HGF＋INS rats were significantly lower than those in the NS rats （P〈0.05）. The damage to hepatocyte ultrastructure was markedly alleviated and the number of mitochondria was increased more significantly in the HGF and HGF＋INS rats than in the NS rats under an electron microscope.Conclusions Perfusion of exogenous hepatotrophic factors through the portal vein can alleviate liver injury, minimize the damage to the ultrastructure of hepatocyte, protect liver function, and lessen hepatic fibrosis in rats with portal hypertension after PCS.

Small-diameter prosthetic H-graft portacaval shunts in the treatment of portal hypertension

Background Portasystemic shunts, especially total shunts, are effective tools for reducing portal pressure and controlling variceal bleeding but lead to high risk of encephalopathy and accelerating liver failure. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical effects of small-diameter expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE ) H-graft portacaval shunts in the treatment of portal hypertension.Methods Thirty-one patients with portal hypertension were treated with ePTFE small-diameter H-graft portacaval shunts from December 1995 to April 2002. Twenty-one had externally ringed grafts and 10 had non-ringed grafts; 20 had 10 mm diameter grafts and 11 had 8 mm grafts. The left gastric artery and coronary vein were ligated in 22 patients. Additionally, 6 patients underwent pericardial devascularization, and splenectomies were performed on 30 patients.Results An average decrease of free portal pressure (FPP) from (32. 13 ±4. 86) cmH2O before shunting to (12. 55 ±5. 57) cmH2O after shunting was observed. Portal blood flow was reduced by 1/3 compared with the levels measured before shunting. Twenty-eight patients survived after the operation, and no upper gastrointestinal rebleeding occurred in the follow-up period (40. 2 months on average). We lost contact with one patient. Color Doppler ultrasonography and/or portography revealed the shunts to be patent in 28 cases and occluded in 2 (6. 4%) cases. Encephalopathy developed in 4 patients (12. 9%).Conclusion Small-diameter ePTFE H-graft portacaval shunts can effectively reduce portal pressure. Moreover, the majority of the hepatopetal flow from the portal vein can be adequately maintained. The reinforced shunts may achieve a higher rate of patency. Morbidity from encephalopathy was less frequent than in pateints receiving total shunts. Small-diameter H-graft portacaval shunts are also effective in preventing recurrent variceal bleeding.

Partial portacaval shunt with H-grafts to treat portal hypertension

Partial portosystemic shunts have been popularized because of a reported low rate of mortality and morbidity(especially encephalopathy,liver failure and occlusion).The results of partial portacaval shunts[small-diameter expanded polytetrafluoroethylene(ePTFE)H-graft portacaval shunt]were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate the clinical efficacy in the treatment of portal hypertension.Forty-three patients with portal hypertension were treated by small-diameter H-graft of ePTFE portacaval shunt from May 1995 to April 2006.Thirty-three had externally ringed grafts and ten had non-ringed ones.Ten had grafts of 10 mm in diameter and 33 had grafts of 8 mm.The left gastric artery and coronary vein were ligated in all the cases.Six had pericardial devascularization and splenectomy was performed in 42.An average decrease of free portal pressure(FPP)from(33.24 P4.78)cmH2O before shunting and(13.65P5.65)cmH2O after shunting was observed.The portal blood flow was reduced by one-third of that before shunt.Thirty-eight patients survived and no upper gastro-intestinal rebleeding occurred in the follow-up period(50.5 months in average).Two were out of contact.Color Doppler ultrasonography and/or portography revealed the shunts were patent in 38 cases and were occluded in three cases(3/41,7.3%).Encephalopathy developed in five cases(5/41,12.2%).Partial(small-diameter ePTFE H-graft)portacaval shunting can reduce the portal pressure effectively.Majority of the hepatic flow from the portal vein can be maintained adequately.The shunts with reinforced grafts can keep a higher rate of patency.The morbidity of encephalopathy was lower than those with total shunt.The partial portacaval shunt is effective in preventing recurrent variceal bleeding.

Partial IVC Clamping Improves Intraoperative Hemodynamic Parameters in the Rodent Portacaval Anastomosis Model

The mechanisms involved in the development of hepatic encephalopathy still remain uncertain. The rodent portacaval shunt is a model that reproduces many of the pathological features observed in humans (1), but is a technically demanding exercise. While the traditional technique involves complete occlusion of the IVC, a c-clamp was fashioned to partially clamp the IVC thereby sustaining venous return and cardiac output. The aim of this study is to determine if the c-clamp technique provides greater hemodynamic stability and enhances the success rate of the portacaval shunt procedure. To answer this question, two experimental groups, c-clamp (N = 7) and cross-clamp (N = 7), and a sham group (N = 3) were included. Intraoperative hemodynamic parameters were recorded at specific times during the procedure. The c-clamp group showed greater hemodynamic stability when compared to the cross-clamp group. It was manifested by 1) significantly higher mean arterial blood pressure [63 (range, 8) vs 47 (range, 10) mmHg, p < 0.05], 2) faster capillary refill [4 (range, 2) vs 6 (range, 2) seconds, p < 0.05], 3) higher urinary output [0.18 (range, 0.02) vs 0.14 (range, 0.02) ml, p < 0.05], and 4) lower bowel wet-to-dry ratio [4.168 (range, 0.258) vs 4.731 (range, 0.271), p<0.05]. We conclude partial IVC clamping improves hemodynamic stability during the construction of the rat portacaval shunt model.

产前超声诊断胎儿VACTERL联合征合并肝内门-腔静脉分流1例

孕妇25岁,孕3产1;孕25^(+5)周产前超声提示胎儿发育异常,无家族遗传病史及不良孕产史。产科查体及实验室检查无特殊。产前超声:胎儿生长发育与孕周相符,胎心率148次/分;C3为半椎体(图1A),左侧第10、11肋间隙变窄(图1B),T_(6-7)椎间隙变窄;室间隔上部回声连续性中断约0.30cm,心室水平见过隔血流信号(图1C);食管上段盲袋样扩张,宽约0.80cm;胃泡充盈差。

Could there be light at the end of the tunnel? Mesocaval shunting for refractory esophageal varices in patients with contraindications to transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

Cirrhotic patients with recurrent variceal bleeds who have failed prior medical and endoscopic therapies and are not transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt candidates face a grim prognosis with limited options. We propose that mesocaval shunting be offered to this group of patients as it has the potential to decrease portal pressures and thus decrease the risk of recurrent variceal bleeding. Mesocaval shunts are stent grafts placed by interventional radiologists between the mesenteric system, most often the superior mesenteric vein, and the inferior vena cava. This allows flow to bypass the congested hepatic system, reducing portal pressures. This technique avoids the general anesthesia and morbidity associated with surgical shunt placement and has been successful in several case reports. In this paper we review the technique, candidate selection, potential pitfalls and benefits of mesocaval shunt placement.

Surgical method of lateral ventriculo-superior sagittal sinus shunt surgery for hydrocephalus

From August 2016 to June 2018, a total of 7 patients underwent lateral ventriculo-superior sagittal shunt surgeries in our hospital. All cases were followed up for 3 months to 2 years after the surgeries. The results of their head CT scans or MRI scans indicated that the conition of hydrocephalus generally improved, and the symptoms of intracranial hypertension significantly improved or disappeared. The superior sagittal sinus shunt surgery for hydrocephalus is simple to operate and also safe and effective, and it's an important method of treatment for hydrocephalus. This article described the specific surgical procedure for lateral ventriculo-superior sagittal shunt surgery in detail so that this surgical procedure can be better promoted.

Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Versus Surgical Shunting in the Management of Portal Hypertension

Background:The purpose of this article was to clarify the optimal management concerning transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPSs) and surgical shunting in treating portal hypertension.Methods:All databases,including CBM,CNKI,WFPD,Medline,EMBASE,PubMed and Cochrane up to February 2014,were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing TIPS with surgical shunting.Four RCTs,which were extracted by two independent investigators and were evaluated in postoperative complications,mortality,2-and 5-year survival,hospital stay,operating time and hospitalization charges.Results:The morbidity in variceal rehemorrhage was significantly higher in TIPS than in surgical shunts (odds ratio [OR] =7.45,95％confidence interval [CI]:(3.93-14.15),P ＜ 0.00001),the same outcomes were seen in shunt stenosis (OR =20.01,95％ CI:(6.67-59.99),P ＜ 0.000001) and in hepatic encephalopathy (OR =2.50,95％ CI:(1.63-3.84),P ＜ 0.0001).Significantly better 2-year survival (OR =0.66;95％ CI:(0.44-0.98),P =0.04) and 5-year survival (OR =0.44; 95％ CI:(0.30-0.66),P ＜ 0.00001) were seen in patients undergoing surgical shunting compared with TIPS.Conclusions:Compared with TIPS,postoperative complications and survival after surgical shunting were superior for patients with portal hypertension.Application of surgical shunting was recommended for patients rather than TIPS.

门静脉高压自发性分流患者食管胃底静脉曲张特点

目的：了解门静脉高压自发性分流患者门静脉及食管胃底静脉曲张的特点。方法：回顾性分析2012年1月至2015年8月间均行门静脉CT血管造影成像和胃镜检查诊断为食管胃底静脉曲张的118例患者的临床资料。结果：门静脉CT血管造影成像检查发现，存在脾—肾或胃—肾分流患者24例（分流组）、无上述分流患者94例（无分流组）。分流组门静脉直径为（12.48±2.79） mm，无分流组门静脉直径为（13.58±3.46） mm，两组差异无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）。分流组胃底曲张静脉面积为294.00（0.00～2400.00） mm2，显著大于无分流组[26.00（0.00～1620.00）mm2， P＜0.001]。分流组与无分流组食管静脉曲张范围及严重程度分布差异均有统计学意义，分流组食管静脉曲张范围小、程度较轻。无论有无消化道出血史，分流组的胃底静脉面积均大于无分流组（ P＜0.05）；无内镜治疗史的患者中，分流组的胃底静脉面积大于无分流组（ P＜0.001）；无脾切除治疗史的患者中，分流组的胃底静脉面积大于无分流组（ P＜0.001），分流组的门静脉直径小于无分流组（P＜0.05）；Child-Pugh A、B级的患者中，分流组胃底静脉面积均大于无分流组（均P＜0.05）。结论：门静脉高压自发性分流且未接受脾切除手术的患者具有更小的门静脉直径，食管静脉曲张程度较轻；自发性分流患者内镜表现有较大扭曲的胃底曲张静脉。

分流加断流联合手术治疗门静脉高压症58例

目的:探索脾切除、门奇断流附加小口径脾腔静脉分流术治疗门静脉高压症的临床效果。方法:采用脾切除、门奇断流附加小口径脾腔静脉分流术治疗的58例门静脉高压症。结果:58例均为择期手术,术前及术后自由门静脉压力分别为(39.83±3.86)cmcmH2O和(34.42±3.51)cmH2O,随访3月至7年,术后发生肝性脑病3例,再出血1例,腹水消退或好转率87.5%,曲张静脉消失或减轻率89.6%。结论:脾切除、门奇断流附加小口径脾腔静脉分流术是治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症的首选术式。

介入性门腔分流术治疗门脉高压症所致曲张静脉出血及腹水疗效观察

目的 评价介入性门腔分流术治疗门脉高压症所致曲张静脉出血及腹水的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2004年2月—2010年1月我院55例良性门脉高压症行介入性门腔分流术患者的临床资料,观察分流道近期和远期的通畅情况,并分析生存时间和并发症。结果 手术成功率为100%,患者门静脉压力梯度(portal pressure gradient,PPG)均达到要求,即PPG≤1.60kPa或PPG降低2.00kPa。术后1～5年生存率分别为70.4%、60.8%、60.8%、60.8%、60.8%;分流道再狭窄率分别为7.3%、13.1%、24.0%、24.0%、24.0%;消化道曲张静脉出血复发率分别为9.8%、19.3%、26.0%、26.0%、26.0%;肝性脑病发生率分别为14.8%、23.9%、35.8%、57.2%、57.2%。结论 介入性门腔分流术治疗门脉高压症所致曲张静脉出血及腹水疗效可靠。如应用覆膜支架,门腔分流道通畅率较高。肝性脑病及复发性出血等并发症的发生率较低。

应用PTFE人造血管行门腔H型吻合治疗门静脉高压症

目的 了解血管移植物PTFE在H型门腔分流道的通畅率,分流口径对向肝血流的影响以及减压效果和并发症。方法 用内径10mm普通型PTFE和带支撑环的PTFE分别为12例及8例肝硬化门静脉高压症患者进行了门腔静脉间的H型分流术。其中肝功能ChildA级13例,B级5例,C级2例。平均年龄434岁。结果 无手术死亡。术后平均随访172个月,脑病Ⅰ～Ⅱ级2例,无曲张静脉破裂再出血。术后门脉系统彩色多普勒超声及血管造影检查,向肝血流量无明显影响,分流道通畅率90%。普通PTFE者血栓形成2例(167%);带支撑环PTFE者无血栓形成。结论 该技术在减低门静脉压力,维持向肝血流,预防再出血等方面均取得了良好结果,其中带支撑环者优于普通型。

小口径人造血管门腔静脉H型分流治疗门静脉高压症

目的 评价小口径人造血管门腔静脉 H型分流治疗门脉高压症的临床效果。方法 1995年 11月～ 1999年 9月采用小口径 e PTFE(膨化聚四氟乙烯 )人造血管门腔静脉 H型分流治疗 2 3例门静脉高压症患者 ,同时行胃左动脉及冠状静脉结扎 ,2 2例同时切除脾脏。结果 自由门脉压平均由分流前 31.2 7± 4.71cm H2 O降至分流后 16 .82± 3.2 8cm H2 O,门脉向肝血流量较术前减少约 1/ 3。平均随访 2 0 .2月 ,2 3例全部存活 ,均未发生消化道再出血 ,彩超和 /或下腔静脉造影检查示 2 1例分流道通畅 ,2例闭塞 (8.7% ) ,3例发生肝性脑病 (13% )。结论 小口径 e PTFE人造血管门腔静脉 H型分流能有效的降低门脉压力 ,亦能维持大部分门脉向肝血流 ,肝性脑病发生率较低 ,带支持环者通畅率高 ,疗效确切。

经皮经肝门腔静脉分流术血流动力学与支架构型关系的临床研究

目的介绍一种全新肝内分流预应力支架的结构和在经皮经肝肝内门腔静脉分流术(PTPS)中应用的临床结果。分析应用该支架建立的门腔静脉分流道与经典TIPS所用支架血流动力学之间的区别,探讨其潜在的临床意义。方法38例门静脉高压患者采用预应力支架行经皮经肝途径门腔静脉分流术(PTPS)。静脉曲张出血36例,难治性腹水1例及肝肺综合征1例;Child’s B级27例、C级11例。经皮经肝穿刺进入门静脉右支,再经门静脉左支矢状部穿刺肝段下腔静脉,经皮经肝植入预应力支架于门静脉左支与肝段下腔静脉之间。结果38例采用预应力支架行PTPS均获成功,技术成功率100%,未出现术中与技术相关并发症,术后门腔压力梯度平均下降14 cmH2O,平均随访493 d,所有患者未发生再出血,难治性腹水得到有效地控制。初步开通率98.9%,明显高于经典直管形裸支架TIPS。结论采用预应力支架经皮经肝途径建立门腔静脉分流是安全可行的,其血流动力学结果提示:预应力支架形状及与相关血管壁间“吻合”严密,符合正常肝内门静脉血流动力学分布,既起到门静脉部分性降压作用,亦保障了门静脉右支血流的肝内灌注,对预防术后分流道再狭窄及降低肝性脑病发生率具有明显的临床意义。

经颈静脉肝内门体分流术穿刺点的研究

为明确ＴＩＰＳＳ的最佳穿刺点，本文对正常肝脏和肝硬变患者各５０例的肝脏的ＭＲＩ或ＣＴ增强扫描图像进行了研究，并依此建立了空间直角坐标系。在该坐标系中，测量了肝静脉及肝内门静脉各主支的管径，计算了穿刺点间距离及穿刺角度，提出了最佳穿刺点，并初步用于临床。本方法和结果对指导ＴＩＰＳ操作有重要意义。

经颈静脉途径肝内门－体支架分流治疗肝硬化门脉高压症

报告１８例经颈静脉途经肝内门－体支架分流术，全部病例均有肝炎后肝硬化并门脉高压症，食道胃底静脉曲张，以及反复静脉曲张破裂出血病史。术后平均门静脉压由术前（４．１３±０．６８）ｋＰａ降至（２．１０±０．３２）ｋＰａ，门静脉血液流速由前（１４．１±８．２４）ｃｍ／ｓ增加至（５１．６±３．４４）ｃｍ／ｓ。术后６个月追踪观察中，食道胃底静脉曲张完全消失１２例，缓解３例，另３例再次出现轻度～中度上消化道出血。

经皮经肝门腔静脉分流术

目的 评价经皮经肝途径建立门腔静脉分流术的可行性及探讨其临床意义。 方法 19例门静脉高压患者行经皮经肝途径门腔静脉分流术 (PTPS)。静脉曲张出血 16例 ,难治性腹水 2例 ,肝肺综合征 1例 ;Child′sB级 4例、C级 15例。经皮经肝穿刺门静脉左支再穿刺肝段下腔静脉 ,经肝植入PTFE覆膜支架于门静脉左支与腔静脉之间。 结果 19例经肝段下腔静脉TIPS分流术均获成功 ,技术成功率 10 0 % ,未出现术中与操作技术相关并发症 ,术后门腔压力梯度平均下降 13cmH2 O ,平均随访 2 16d ,所有患者未发生再出血 ,难治性腹水得到有效地控制。一年内初步开通率 94 8% ,明显高于传统TIPS。 结论 经皮经肝途径建立门腔静脉分流是安全可行的 ,结果提示由于PTPS肝内具有顺直的分流道的优势 ,一年内支架初步开通率明显高于传统TIPS。

64层容积CT在直接性肝内门腔分流术穿刺定位中的应用

目的通过64层容积CT(64-VCT)对门静脉左、右支与肝后下腔静脉模拟穿刺途径的角度进行测量,以期为临床直接性肝内门腔分流术(DIPS)提供解剖学资料。方法将接受64-VCT检查的60例患者分为非肝病组(n=43,非肝病患者)与肝硬化组(n=17,肝硬化患者)。采用64-VCT扫描仪(GE,美国)、双筒CT专用高压注射器(Nemoto,日本)进行操作,并将所得数据在GE ADW4.2工作站进行处理。结果非肝病组及肝硬化组,门静脉左、右支1、2 cm处与肝后下腔静脉的模拟穿刺途径,下等分线入口顺行角度均大于上等分线相应途径角度(P<0.05);门静脉左、右支1 cm处与肝后下腔静脉上、下等分线的模拟穿刺途径出口角度大于门静脉左、右支2 cm处相应途径角度(P<0.05)。结论 64-VCT可提供活体解剖学资料,有助于DIPS的穿刺定位。

PACS手术和传统SRS、PCDV手术治疗门脉高压症的比较

目的:对丝线栓塞性门脉高压模型犬进行PACS手术和传统SRS手术、PCDV手术,分别观察不同术式对门静脉血流动力学的影响。方法:制备门脉高压动物模型;PCDV组实施脾切除、贲门周围血管离断术;SRS组实施脾切除,远端脾肾分流术。PACS组实施脾切除、门静脉-脾动脉吻合、门静脉-腔静脉吻合。彩色多普勒超声测量手术前后的入肝门脉血流、压力、入下腔门脉血流、压力;门静脉、肠系膜上静脉的内径、最大血流速度、血流方向、门静脉侧支循环和血栓形成情况,术中动态测量门静脉压(PVP)。结果:PCDV组术后门静脉流量(PVF)下降17%,PVP下降5%,门静脉血栓发生率为37%;SRS组术后PVF下降51%,PVP下降50%;PACS术后向肝PVF上升至原来的180%,向肝PVP上升至原来的196%,门静脉入下腔门脉血流量增至原来的130%,门静脉入下腔门脉压力保持低压,约为原来的45.5%,相对于传统手术SRS或PCDV的门脉PVF和PVP治疗结果均具有极为显著的统计学差异(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:PCDV术后门静脉高压瘀血状态并无明显改善,胃粘膜瘀血加重,复发曲张静脉破裂出血的威胁依然存在;SRS术后PVF减少和PVP均有显著性下降,门静脉血流量进一步减少,肝脏血供术后仍然受到很大影响;PACS手术成功率较高,手术死亡率等同SRS手术,可同时提高入肝血流和降低侧支压力,是一种值得尝试和进一步研究的新手术方法。

分流术及断流术对门静脉高压症病人血胰岛激素水平的影响

本文报告不同术式对门静脉高压症病人血胰岛激素水平影响的临床实验研究结果。21例肝硬变门静脉高压症病人外周血和门脉血IRI、IRG水平均显著升高。DSCS和PAD能不同程度改善病人胰岛素血症,但未能改善病人胰高糖素血症;MCS术后胰岛素血症和胰高糖素血症则较术前加重。