Effect of ankle versus thigh tourniquets on post-operative pain in foot and ankle surgery

BACKGROUND Tourniquets are commonly used in elective extremity orthopaedic surgery to reduce blood loss,improve visualization in the surgical field,and to potentially reduce surgical time.There is a lack of consensus in existing guidelines regarding the optimal tourniquet pressure,placement site,and duration of use.There is a paucity of data on the relationship between the site of a tourniquet and postoperative pain in foot and ankle surgery.AIM To explore the relationship between tourniquet site and intensity of post-operative pain scores in patients undergoing elective foot and ankle surgery.METHODS Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data on 201 patients who underwent foot and ankle surgery in a single institution was undertaken.Intraoperative tourniquet duration,tourniquet pressure and site,and postoperative pain scores using Visual Analogue Score were collected in immediate recovery,at six hours and at 24 h post-op.Scatter plots were used to analyse the data and to assess for the statistical correlation between tourniquet pressure,duration,site,and pain scores using Pearson correlation coefficient.RESULTS All patients who underwent foot and ankle surgery had tourniquet pressure of 250 mmHg for ankle tourniquet and 300 mmHg for thigh.There was no correlation between the site of the tourniquet and pain scores in recovery,at six hours and after 24 h.There was a weak correlation between tourniquet time and Visual Analogue Score immediately post-op(r=0.14,P=0.04)but not at six or 24 h post-operatively.CONCLUSION This study shows that there was no statistically significant correlation between tourniquet pressure,site and postop pain in patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery.The choice of using a tourniquet is based on the surgeon's preference,with the goal of minimizing the duration of its application at the operative site.

Comparing role of ATP between acute pain in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and peripheral neuropathic pain

In this article, we present our previous research, which highlighted adenosine triphosphate(ATP) as the cause of neuropathic pain during the acute phase of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder(NMOSD). In NMOSD pathology, damageassociated molecular patterns(DAMPs), including ATP, are released from damaged astrocytes, triggering the activation of innate immune cells. ATP is a central mediator of acute pain in NMOSD.

Lighting the shades of hidden pain:a role for spinal cord neurons and microglia in vestibulodynia

Vulvodynia,a chronic pain disorder affecting the vulvar region,represents a significant challenge in both diagnosis and treatment within the field of women’s health.This condition is characterized by chronic pain that significantly affects the quality of life of afflicted women.The present perspective paper examines the role of spinal sensitization and microglial activation in vulvodynia.

Effect of esketamine on reducing postpartum pain and depression

In this editorial,we comment on a recent article by Chen et al,that addressed the effect of intraoperative injection of esketamine on postoperative analgesia and postoperative rehabilitation after cesarean section.Poor management of postcesarean pain is associated with decreased maternal care for the baby,longer hospitalization,and higher risk of developing postpartum depression.Esketamine is a more potent S-enantiomer of ketamine which has shown promising analgesic and antidepressant properties for managing post-cesarean pain and depression in clinical studies.However,due to its potential adverse effects on the neurological and hemodynamic status of patients,it is recommended that its usage in low doses should be limited to cesarean candidates experiencing unbearable pain.Before any recommendation for routine perioperative use of esketamine,more standardized clinical trials are needed to strengthen our existing knowledge of its effectiveness in reducing postpartum pain and depression.

Application of virtual reality technology improves the functionality of brain networks in individuals experiencing pain

Medical procedures are inherently invasive and carry the risk of inducing pain to the mind and body.Recently,efforts have been made to alleviate the discomfort associated with invasive medical procedures through the use of virtual reality(VR)technology.VR has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment for pain associated with medical procedures,as well as for chronic pain conditions for which no effective treatment has been established.The precise mechanism by which the diversion from reality facilitated by VR contributes to the diminution of pain and anxiety has yet to be elucidated.However,the provision of positive images through VR-based visual stimulation may enhance the functionality of brain networks.The salience network is diminished,while the default mode network is enhanced.Additionally,the medial prefrontal cortex may establish a stronger connection with the default mode network,which could result in a reduction of pain and anxiety.Further research into the potential of VR technology to alleviate pain could lead to a reduction in the number of individuals who overdose on painkillers and contribute to positive change in the medical field.

Inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acidergic neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex participate in the comorbidity of pain and emotion

Pain is often comorbid with emotional disorders such as anxiety and depression.Hyperexcitability of the anterior cingulate cortex has been implicated in pain and pain-related negative emotions that arise from impairments in inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid neurotransmission.This review primarily aims to outline the main circuitry(including the input and output connectivity)of the anterior cingulate cortex and classification and functions of different gamma-aminobutyric acidergic neurons;it also describes the neurotransmitters/neuromodulators affecting these neurons,their intercommunication with other neurons,and their importance in mental comorbidities associated with chronic pain disorders.Improving understanding on their role in pain-related mental comorbidities may facilitate the development of more effective treatments for these conditions.However,the mechanisms that regulate gamma-aminobutyric acidergic systems remain elusive.It is also unclear as to whether the mechanisms are presynaptic or postsynaptic.Further exploration of the complexities of this system may reveal new pathways for research and drug development.

Protein arginine methyltransferase-6 regulates heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein-F expression and is a potential target for the treatment of neuropathic pain

Protein arginine methyltransferase-6 participates in a range of biological functions,particularly RNA processing,transcription,chromatin remodeling,and endosomal trafficking.However,it remains unclear whether protein arginine methyl transferase-6 modifies neuropathic pain and,if so,what the mechanisms of this effect.In this study,protein arginine methyltransferase-6 expression levels and its effect on neuropathic pain were investigated in the spared nerve injury model,chronic constriction injury model and bone cancer pain model,using immunohistochemistry,western blotting,immunoprecipitation,and label-free proteomic analysis.The results showed that protein arginine methyltransferase-6 mostly co-localized withβ-tubulinⅢin the dorsal root ganglion,and that its expression decreased following spared nerve injury,chronic constriction injury and bone cancer pain.In addition,PRMT6 knockout(Prmt6~(-/-))mice exhibited pain hypersensitivity.Furthermore,the development of spared nerve injury-induced hypersensitivity to mechanical pain was attenuated by blocking the decrease in protein arginine methyltransferase-6 expression.Moreover,when protein arginine methyltransferase-6 expression was downregulated in the dorsal root ganglion in mice without spared nerve injury,increased levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases were observed in the ipsilateral dorsal horn,and the response to mechanical stimuli was enhanced.Mechanistically,protein arginine methyltransferase-6 appeared to contribute to spared nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain by regulating the expression of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein-F.Additionally,protein arginine methyltransfe rase-6-mediated modulation of hete rogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein-F expression required amino atids 319 to 388,but not classical H3R2 methylation.These findings indicated that protein arginine methyltransferase-6 is a potential therapeutic target fo r the treatment of peripheral neuro pathic pain.

Enhancing postoperative pain control by surgically-initiated rectus sheath block in abdominal aortic aneurysm open repair: A case report

BACKGROUND Abdominal aortic aneurysm(AAA)repair often involves significant postoperative pain,traditionally managed with systemic opioids,which can cause undesirable side effects.This case report explores the novel use of a surgically-initiated rectus sheath block with a catheter-over-needle assembly for pain management in AAA repair.CASE SUMMARY A 67-year-old female with hypertension and previous aortic dissection underwent elective open repair of an infrarenal AAA,which had grown from 3.4 cm to 4.3 cm over 14 months.A rectus sheath block was initiated surgically for postoperative pain control.The patient reported low pain scores and did not require systemic intravenous opioids,enabling early ambulation and discharge on postoperative day seven without complications.By preventing complications of systemic opi-oids,the method indicating a promising direction for postoperative pain management in major vascular surgeries.CONCLUSION Surgically-initiated rectus sheath block as a valuable tool for managing postoperative pain in AAA repair.

The sexually dimorphic expression of glutamate transporters and their implication in pain after spinal cord injury

In addition to the loss of motor function,~60% of patients develop pain after spinal cord injury.The cellular-molecular mechanisms are not well understood,but the data suggests that plasticity within the rostral,epicenter,and caudal penumbra of the injury site initiates a cellularmolecular interplay that acts as a rewiring mechanism leading to central neuropathic pain.Sprouting can lead to the formation of new connections triggering abnormal sensory transmission.The excitatory glutamate transporters are responsible for the reuptake of extracellular glutamate which makes them a critical target to prevent neuronal hyperexcitability and excitotoxicity.Our previous studies showed a sexually dimorphic therapeutic window for spinal cord injury after treatment with the selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen.In this study,we investigated the anti-allodynic effects of tamoxifen in male and female rats with spinal cord injury.We hypothesized that tamoxifen exerts anti-allodynic effects by increasing the expression of glutamate transporters,leading to reduced hyperexcitability of the secondary neuron or by decreasing aberrant sprouting.Male and female rats received a moderate contusion to the thoracic spinal cord followed by subcutaneous slow-release treatment of tamoxifen or matrix pellets as a control(placebo).We used von Frey monofilaments and the“up-down method”to evaluate mechanical allodynia.Tamoxifen treatment decreased allodynia only in female rats with spinal cord injury revealing a sexdependent effect.The expression profile of glutamatergic transporters(excitatory amino acid transporter 1/glutamate aspartate transporter and excitatory amino acid transporter 2/glutamate transporter-1)revealed a sexual dimorphism in the rostral,epicenter,and caudal areas of the spinal cord with a pattern of expression primarily on astrocytes.Female rodents showed a significantly higher level of excitatory amino acid transporter-1 expression while male rodents showed increased excitatory amino acid transporter-2 expression compared with female rodents.Analyses of peptidergic(calcitonin gene-related peptide-α)and non-peptidergic(isolectin B4)fibers outgrowth in the dorsal horn after spinal cord injury showed an increased calcitonin gene-related peptide-α/isolectin B4 ratio in comparison with sham,suggesting increased receptive fields in the dorsal horn.Although the behavioral assay shows decreased allodynia in tamoxifen-treated female rats,this was not associated with overexpression of glutamate transporters or alterations in the dorsal horn laminae fibers at 28 days post-injury.Our findings provide new evidence of the sexually dimorphic expression of glutamate transporters in the spinal cord.The dimorphic expression revealed in this study provides a therapeutic opportunity for treating chronic pain,an area with a critical need for treatment.

重型创伤性脑损伤去骨瓣减压应用改良Paine点穿刺监测脑室内颅内压的优势

目的探讨重型创伤性脑损伤(TBI)开颅去骨瓣减压术(DC)中应用改良Paine点穿刺行脑室内颅内压(ICP)监测探头置入的优势。方法回顾性分析2020年4月-2022年4月嘉兴市第二医院收治的48例重型TBI患者的临床资料。所有患者均行DC联合脑室内ICP监护术,按照ICP监测术式的不同,分为观察组(23例)与对照组(25例),其中观察组行DC切口内改良Paine点穿刺脑室内ICP监测探头置入术,对照组行传统DC对侧切口颅骨钻孔经Kocher点脑室内ICP监测探头置入术。比较两组术前一般资料、手术用时、术后甘露醇使用剂量及持续时间、ICP监测持续时间、术后再出血率、颅内感染率、术后3个月时格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)。结果两组一般资料、甘露醇使用剂量、甘露醇持续时间和ICP监测持续时间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组手术用时、术后再出血率、颅内感染率明显少于或低于对照组(P<0.05);两组术后3个月GOS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论相较传统的DC对侧切口颅骨钻孔经Kocher点行脑室内ICP监测探头置入术,重型脑外伤DC术中通过切口内改良Paine点穿刺行脑室内ICP监测探头置入术可缩短手术用时,降低术后再出血率、颅内感染率。

Lipid bound extended release buprenorphine(high and low doses)and sustained release buprenorphine effectively attenuate post-operative hypersensitivity in an incisional pain model in mice(Mus musculus)

Background:Extended-release buprenorphine(XR)is indicated for pain management in rodents,but little is known about its use in mice.This study aimed to investigate whether high dose XR effectively attenuates post-operative hypersensitivity better than low dose XR in a mouse model of incisional pain.Methods:Mice(n 44)were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups:(a)saline(1 ml/kg SC,once);(b)sustained release buprenorphine(Bup-SR,1 mg/kg SC,once);(c)low dose extended-release buprenorphine(XR-lo,3.25 mg/kg SC,once);(d)high dose extended-release buprenorphine(XR-hi,6.5 mg/kg SC,once).On days1,0(4 hours),1,2,and 3,mechanical and thermal hypersensitivities were evaluated,and plasma buprenorphine concentrations were measured.Results:Mechanical(days 0-2)and thermal(days 0-1)hypersensitivities were ob-served in the saline group.Bup-SR,XR-lo,and XR-hi attenuated mechanical hyper-sensitivity on days 0,1,and 2.None of the treatment groups,except XR-Lo on day 0,attenuated thermal hypersensitivity on days 0 or 1.Plasma buprenorphine concen-tration peaked at 4 hours(day 0)in all treatment groups and remained greater than 1 ng/mL on days 0-2.No abnormal clinical observations or gross pathologic findings were seen in any groups.Conclusion:The results indicate XR-hi did not effectively attenuate post-operative hypersensitivity better than XR-lo.Thus both 3.25 and 6.5 mg/kg XR are recom-mended for attenuating post-operative hypersensitivity for at least up to 48 hours in mice.

Evaluation of Continuous Peripheral Nerve Block in Total Knee Arthroplasty Post-Operative Pain Management

Total knee arthroplasty （TKA） can contribute to significant pain for the patient. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks （CPNBs） have been shown to be efficacious in treating post-surgical pain. The objective of this study is to determine the efficacy of a bupivacaine 0.2% solution administered via CPNB plus standard of care （SOC） compared to SOC alone. SOC for this institution includes the use of opioid analgesics, non-opioid analgesics, regional anesthesia, and other adjuncts. The primary outcome is the overall use of post-operative pain medication. Secondary outcomes include the average length of stay and average pain scores. Methods： A data surveillance system was used to retrospectively identify all patients who underwent TKA with and without the use of CPNB. To be included, patients must have been male or female ≥ 18 years of age who underwent TKA from September 2016 through September 2017. And 70 patients were included in both the CPNB and SOC groups. A retrospective chart review determined the following data： The types and amounts of pain medications used, the length of stay, and patient-reported pain scores. Results： There was an increase in the amount of as needed pain medication use in the CPNB ＋ SOC vs. SOC group with 12.97 administrations vs. 12.67 administrations respectively. Length of stay was increased in the CPNB ＋ SOC vs. SOC group with 3.65 days in the CPNB ＋ SOC group vs. 3.5 days in the SOC group. Pain scores were increased in the CPNB ＋ SOC group with a patient average pain score of 4.5 vs. the SOC groups average pain score of 4.4. Conclusions： The use of a 0.2% bupivacaine solution administered via CPNB in addition to SOC resulted in increased utilization of as needed pain medication administration, increased average length of stay, and increased average pain scores when compared to SOC alone.

Investigating epithelial-neuronal signaling contribution in visceral pain through colon organoid-dorsal root ganglion neuron co-cultures

Abdominal pain is a common symptom associated with irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel diseases(IBDs),affecting about 20%of the global population(Grundy et al.,2019).Current pain therapies are poorly effective on visceral pain of intestinal origin and present several side effects,hence the need to identify novel molecular and cellular targets for drug development.

Rehabilitation care for pain in elderly knee replacement patients

BACKGROUND Total knee arthroplasty(TKA)is recognized as the most effective surgical intervention for relieving pain and improving joint mobility and deformity in patients with knee osteoarthritis and other synovial diseases.The application of accelerated postoperative rehabilitation(enhanced recovery after surgery)has demonstrated its efficacy in improving patient outcomes,and early postoperative joint function exercise has become a key prognostic factor in knee replacement.The unexpected appearance of limb pain and swelling hindered the patient’s tendency for early mobilization,leading in prolonged hospitalization,delayed functional recovery and negative psychological responses.A retrospective analysis was conducted on a cohort of 116 patients who under-went TKA at our hospital between July 2019 and July 2021.The patients were divided into two groups:A control group(n=58)receiving programmatic nur-sing,and an observed group(n=58)receiving programmed nursing combined with a collaborative nursing model.A pain management team consisting of attending physicians,head nurses,and responsible nurses was established.Outcome measures included visual analogue scale(VAS)scores,activities of daily living(ADL)scale scores,and functional scores.The ADL scores of patients in both groups exhibited a continuous increase.However,there was no statistically significant difference in the ADL scores between the two groups at 48 h and the 7th d post-surgery(P>0.05).Upon reexamination at the 3rd mo,the observation group demonstrated higher ADL scores compared to the control group(67.48±14.69 vs 59.40±16.06,P<0.05).The VAS scores of both groups significantly decreased,with no significant difference observed between the groups at each time point(P>0.05).The functional status of patients in both groups exhibited a gradual increase prior to intervention and at the 1st,2nd,and 3rd month following discharge(P<0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in knee joint function scores between the two groups at the 1st month after discharge(47.52 vs 45.81,P>0.05).However,the knee joint function scores of patients in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group at the 2nd(59.38 vs 53.19,P<0.05)and 3rd month(71.92 vs 64.34,P<0.05)following discharge.CONCLUSION The utilization of programmed pain nursing in conjunction with collaborative nursing for out-of-hospital care of TKA patients has demonstrated favorable outcomes,encompassing pain reduction,enhanced prognosis,and improved nursing quality for patients.

Brain regulates weight bearing bone through PGE2 skeletal interoception: implication of ankle osteoarthritis and pain

Bone is a mechanosensitive tissue and undergoes constant remodeling to adapt to the mechanical loading environment.However,it is unclear whether the signals of bone cells in response to mechanical stress are processed and interpreted in the brain.In this study,we found that the hypothalamus of the brain regulates bone remodeling and structure by perceiving bone prostaglandin E2(PGE2)concentration in response to mechanical loading.Bone PGE2 levels are in proportion to their weight bearing.When weight bearing changes in the tail-suspension mice,the PGE2 concentrations in bones change in line with their weight bearing changes.Deletion of cyclooxygenase-2(COX2)in the osteoblast lineage cells or knockout of receptor 4(EP4)in sensory nerve blunts bone formation in response to mechanical loading.Moreover,knockout of TrkA in sensory nerve also significantly reduces mechanical load-induced bone formation.Moreover,mechanical loading induces cAMP-response element binding protein(CREB)phosphorylation in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus(ARC)to inhibit sympathetic tyrosine hydroxylase(TH)expression in the paraventricular nucleus(PVN)for osteogenesis.Finally,we show that elevated PGE2 is associated with ankle osteoarthritis(AOA)and pain.Together,our data demonstrate that in response to mechanical loading,skeletal interoception occurs in the form of hypothalamic processing of PGE2-driven peripheral signaling to maintain physiologic bone homeostasis,while chronically elevated PGE2 can be sensed as pain during AOA and implication of potential treatment.

Effect of Transverse Abdominis Plane Block on Chronic Post-Operative Pain—A Review

Chronic post-operative pain is a recognized adverse consequence of surgery;managing and preventing it are always a better choice. Proper choice of Anesthetic technique, use of combined anesthesia and pre-emptive analgesia may prevent and decrease the incidence of chronic post-operative pain. Transverse abdominis plane block (TAP Block) is a regional anesthesia technique following abdominal surgeries which involve injection of a large amount of local anesthetics in TAP, an anatomical space between the internal oblique and transverse abdominis muscle. The aim of this review is to show the effect and uses of TAP block as a combined anesthesia and multimodal analgesia in preventing chronic post-operative pain.

Meta-analysis of factors influencing anterior knee pain after total knee arthroplasty

BACKGROUND Total knee arthroplasty(TKA)is a mature procedure recommended for correcting knee osteoarthritis deformity,relieving pain,and restoring normal biomechanics.Although TKA is a successful and cost-effective procedure,patient dissatisfaction is as high as 50%.Knee pain after TKA is a significant cause of patient dissatisfaction;the most common location for residual pain is the anterior region.Between 4%and 40%of patients have anterior knee pain(AKP).AIM To investigate the effect of various TKA procedures on postoperative AKP.METHODS We searched PubMed,EMBASE,and Cochrane from January 2000 to September 2022.Randomized controlled trials with one intervention in the experimental group and no corresponding intervention(or other interventions)in the control group were collected.Two researchers independently read the title and abstract of the studies,preliminarily screened the articles,and read the full text in detail according to the selection criteria.Conflicts were resolved by consultation with a third researcher.And relevant data from the included studies were extracted and analyzed using Review Manager 5.4 software.RESULTS There were 25 randomized controlled trials;13 were comparative studies with or without patellar resurfacing.The meta-analysis showed no significant difference between the experimental and control groups(P=0.61).Six studies were comparative studies of circumpatellar denervation vs non-denervation,divided into three subgroups for meta-analysis.The two-subgroup meta-analysis showed no significant difference between the experimental and the control groups(P=0.31,P=0.50).One subgroup meta-analysis showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups(P=0.001).Two studies compared fixed-bearing TKA and mobile-bearing TKA;the results meta-analysis showed no significant difference between the experimental and control groups(P=0.630).Two studies compared lateral retinacular release vs non-release;the meta-analysis showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups(P=0.002);two other studies compared other factors.CONCLUSION Patellar resurfacing,mobile-bearing TKA,and fixed-bearing TKA do not reduce the incidence of AKP.Lateral retinacular release can reduce AKP;however,whether circumpatellar denervation can reduce AKP is controversial.

Persistent Post-Operative Low Back Pain, True Radiculopathy and Pseudoradiculopathy: Retrospective Observational Study and Point of View of a Practicing Clinician

Purpose: Persistent Postoperative Low Back Pain (PLBP) is inordinately common, and has been attributed to various pre-operative and post-operative anatomical and mechanical factors in the spine. It may or may not be associated with sensory symptoms in the lower extremities—frequently termed “radiculopathy”—with or without Electromyographic (EMG) or imaging abnormalities. The present study aimed to look at these various symptoms in the lower extremities from a different angle and perspective and to clarify the distinction between true radiculopathy and pseudoradiculopathy;and determine their possible relationship with the outcome of surgery. Methods: Medical records of twenty-four patients with PLBP who were referred to the author for clinical and electrodiagnostic examinations several months after surgery were reviewed. Clinical symptomatology, with special reference to the presence or absence of sensory and motor deficits together with EMG findings, were reviewed and categorized into 4 groups: non radicular, true radiculopathy, pseudoradiculopathy, and peripheral neuropathy. Results: Lower Back Pain (LBP) in all patients persisted following successful and uncomplicated surgery. LBP in patients with true radiculopathy persisted but was less disabling when the neurologic deficits resolved partially or significantly. As expected, the neurologic deficits related to peripheral neuropathy, together with LBP, remained persistent. Conclusion: LBP and various sensory and motor symptoms in the lower extremities are 2 distinct entities, both clinically and pathophysiologically. These sensory and motor symptoms, together with the heightened activity of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophins—setting aside the various anatomical and mechanical factors in the spine—can influence the outcome of surgery, favorably or unfavorably.

Strengthening Post-Operative Pain Assessment in Patients with Major Abdominal Surgery, University Teaching Hospitals, Zambia

Systematic, routine pain assessment using standardized clinical guidelines is the foundation of effective pain management for patients who are unable to self-report pain. In Zambia, there are no context appropriate standardised clinical guidelines for post-operative pain observations. This study sought to develop such a clinical guideline in form of an assessment tool. The study adopted an exploratory sequential mixed method through a three-phased approach and an adapted Clinical Decision Making Survey instrument was used. Snowball sampling was employed and in phases II and III, purposive sampling was used. The study was conducted at the University Teaching Hospitals where 120 participants were enrolled in the study. Phases II and III provided preliminary internal validation processes of the developed tool, where discussions, orientation and trial implementation of the tool were done. In phase II of the study, 47 participants comprising of nurses participated while in phase III, there were 11 nurses and 32 participants. The results yielded the first ever standardised post-operative pain assessment tool for patients with major abdominal surgery in Zambia. The tool is made up of six dimensions of the identified nonverbal indicators of post-operative pain in patients with major abdominal surgery namely: facial expressions, mobility, activity intolerance, behavioural disturbance, communication ability and vital signs. The present study showed that the developed post-operative pain assessment tool for Zambia is acceptable for use among patients who have had major abdominal surgery and can facilitate improved post-operative pain management for most patients.

Relationship between Kawasaki disease and abdominal pain

This editorial presents an analysis of an article recently published in the World Journal of Clinical Cases.Kawasaki disease(KD)is a well-known pediatric vasculitis characterized by fever,rash,conjunctivitis,oral mucosal changes,and swelling of the extremities.This editorial aims to delve into the intricate relationship between KD and abdominal pain,drawing insights from recent research findings to provide a comprehensive understanding and potential avenues for future investigation.