Hybrid Approach for Cost Efficient Application Placement in Fog-Cloud Computing Environments

Fog computing has recently developed as a new paradigm with the aim of addressing time-sensitive applications better than with cloud computing by placing and processing tasks in close proximity to the data sources.However,the majority of the fog nodes in this environment are geographically scattered with resources that are limited in terms of capabilities compared to cloud nodes,thus making the application placement problem more complex than that in cloud computing.An approach for cost-efficient application placement in fog-cloud computing environments that combines the benefits of both fog and cloud computing to optimize the placement of applications and services while minimizing costs.This approach is particularly relevant in scenarios where latency,resource constraints,and cost considerations are crucial factors for the deployment of applications.In this study,we propose a hybrid approach that combines a genetic algorithm(GA)with the Flamingo Search Algorithm(FSA)to place application modules while minimizing cost.We consider four cost-types for application deployment:Computation,communication,energy consumption,and violations.The proposed hybrid approach is called GA-FSA and is designed to place the application modules considering the deadline of the application and deploy them appropriately to fog or cloud nodes to curtail the overall cost of the system.An extensive simulation is conducted to assess the performance of the proposed approach compared to other state-of-the-art approaches.The results demonstrate that GA-FSA approach is superior to the other approaches with respect to task guarantee ratio(TGR)and total cost.

Layered Coded Cache Placement and Cooperative Delivery with Sharing Links in Satellite-Terrestrial Integrated Networks

Cooperative utilization of multidimensional resources including cache, power and spectrum in satellite-terrestrial integrated networks(STINs) can provide a feasible approach for massive streaming media content delivery over the seamless global coverage area. However, the on-board supportable resources of a single satellite are extremely limited and lack of interaction with others. In this paper, we design a network model with two-layered cache deployment, i.e., satellite layer and ground base station layer, and two types of sharing links, i.e., terrestrial-satellite sharing(TSS) links and inter-satellite sharing(ISS) links, to enhance the capability of cooperative delivery over STINs. Thus, we use rateless codes for the content divided-packet transmission, and derive the total energy efficiency(EE) in the whole transmission procedure, which is defined as the ratio of traffic offloading and energy consumption. We formulate two optimization problems about maximizing EE in different sharing scenarios(only TSS and TSS-ISS),and propose two optimized algorithms to obtain the optimal content placement matrixes, respectively.Simulation results demonstrate that, enabling sharing links with optimized cache placement have more than 2 times improvement of EE performance than other traditional placement schemes. Particularly, TSS-ISS schemes have the higher EE performance than only TSS schemes under the conditions of enough number of satellites and smaller inter-satellite distances.

Efficient placement technology of proppants based on structural stabilizers

Fiber is highly escapable in conventional slickwater,making it difficult to form fiber-proppant agglomerate with proppant and exhibit limited effectiveness.To solve these problems,a novel structure stabilizer(SS)is developed.Through microscopic structural observations and performance evaluations in indoor experiments,the mechanism of proppant placement under the action of the SS and the effects of the SS on proppant placement dimensions and fracture conductivity were elucidated.The SS facilitates the formation of robust fiber-proppant agglomerates by polymer,fiber,and quartz sand.Compared to bare proppants,these agglomerates exhibit reduced density,increased volume,and enlarged contact area with the fluid during settlement,leading to heightened buoyancy and drag forces,ultimately resulting in slower settling velocities and enhanced transportability into deeper regions of the fracture.Co-injecting the fiber and the SS alongside the proppant into the reservoir effectively reduces the fiber escape rate,increases the proppant volume in the slickwater,and boosts the proppant placement height,conveyance distance and fracture conductivity,while also decreasing the proppant backflow.Experimental results indicate an optimal SS mass fraction of 0.3%.The application of this SS in over 80 wells targeting tight gas,shale oil,and shale gas reservoirs has substantiated its strong adaptability and general suitability for meeting the production enhancement,cost reduction,and sand control requirements of such wells.

Characteristics of proppant transport and placement within rough hydraulic fractures

A three-dimensional reconstruction of rough fracture surfaces of hydraulically fractured rock outcrops is carried out by casting process,a large-scale experimental setup for visualizing rough fractures is built to perform proppant transport experiments.The typical characteristics of proppant transport and placement in rough fractures and its intrinsic mechanisms are investigated,and the influences of fracture inclination,fracture width and fracturing fluid viscosity on proppant transport and placement in rough fractures are analyzed.The results show that the rough fractures cause variations in the shape of the flow channel and the fluid flow pattern,resulting in the bridging buildup during proppant transport to form unfilled zone,the emergence of multiple complex flow patterns such as channeling,reverse flow and bypassing of sand-carrying fluid,and the influence on the stability of the sand dune.The proppant has a higher placement rate in inclined rough fractures,with a maximum increase of 22.16 percentage points in the experiments compared to vertical fractures,but exhibits poor stability of the sand dune.Reduced fracture width aggravates the bridging of proppant and induces higher pumping pressure.Increasing the viscosity of the fracturing fluid can weaken the proppant bridging phenomenon caused by the rough fractures.

Efficient Digital Twin Placement for Blockchain-Empowered Wireless Computing Power Network

As an open network architecture,Wireless Computing PowerNetworks(WCPN)pose newchallenges for achieving efficient and secure resource management in networks,because of issues such as insecure communication channels and untrusted device terminals.Blockchain,as a shared,immutable distributed ledger,provides a secure resource management solution for WCPN.However,integrating blockchain into WCPN faces challenges like device heterogeneity,monitoring communication states,and dynamic network nature.Whereas Digital Twins(DT)can accurately maintain digital models of physical entities through real-time data updates and self-learning,enabling continuous optimization of WCPN,improving synchronization performance,ensuring real-time accuracy,and supporting smooth operation of WCPN services.In this paper,we propose a DT for blockchain-empowered WCPN architecture that guarantees real-time data transmission between physical entities and digital models.We adopt an enumeration-based optimal placement algorithm(EOPA)and an improved simulated annealing-based near-optimal placement algorithm(ISAPA)to achieve minimum average DT synchronization latency under the constraint of DT error.Numerical results show that the proposed solution in this paper outperforms benchmarks in terms of average synchronization latency.

Analysis of the Application Effect of Tracheal Stent Placement in the Nutritional Support Treatment of Tracheoesophageal Fistula

Objective:To evaluate and analyze the application effect of tracheal stent placement in nutritional support therapy for tracheoesophageal fistula.Methods:Clinical data of 32 patients who underwent nutritional support therapy for tracheoesophageal fistula in our hospital from September 2021 to September 2022 were collected,and all patients underwent tracheal silicone stenting,comparing dyspnea classification and Karnofsky score before and after stenting,and conducting post-treatment follow-up.Results:In 32 patients with tracheoesophageal fistula,dyspnea grading improved from grades III and IV to grades 0 to II.Before treatment,10 patients(31.06%)were in grade IV,17 patients(53.12%)were in grade III,and five patients(15.62)were in grade II;after treatment,13 patients(40.63%)were in grade I,12 patients(37.50%)were in grade I,and seven patients(21.87%)were in grade 0(P<0.05);Karnofsky score(37.52±4.86 before treatment)improved significantly to 71.39±8.24 one week after treatment(P<0.05).Nine patients with tracheoesophageal fistula were placed with silicone Y14-10-10 stent,11 with silicone 18-14-14 stent,three with silicone Y15-12-12,and seven with silicone stent 16-13-13.Conclusion:Silicone tracheobronchial stent placement for the treatment of tracheoesophageal fistula is technically feasible,simple,and safe,with reliable near-term efficacy,and is worthy of popularization and application.

Clinical Study on Improving Articulation Clarity in Spastic Cerebral Palsy with 120 Cases of Oral-Facial Acupressure Combined with Oral Placement Therapy

Objective:To observe the efficacy of oral-facial acupressure combined with oral placement therapy(OPT)in improving articulation clarity in 120 children with spastic cerebral palsy,and to explore effective therapeutic solutions for speech disorders associated with spastic cerebral palsy.Methods:A total of 120 children with spastic cerebral palsy and speech disorders,meeting the inclusion criteria,were randomly assigned into two groups:60 cases in the treatment group and 60 cases in the control group.The treatment group received orofacial acupressure combined with OPT,while the control group received only OPT.The Oral Motor Function Assessment Scale(OMFAS),developed by the China Rehabilitation Research Centre(CRRC),was used to evaluate the treatment outcomes before and after the intervention.Results:After the treatment,both the treatment and control groups showed improved mobility of the mandible,lips,and tongue.However,the treatment group exhibited significantly better improvement than the control group,with the difference between the two groups being statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:Oral-facial acupressure combined with OPT can effectively improve articulation clarity in children with spastic cerebral palsy.This combined therapy is recommended for clinical promotion and application.

Factors facilitating the successful post-pyloric placement of spiral naso-jejunum tube in crit-ically ill patients

Objective To analyze the potential factors facilitating post-pyloric placemet of spiral naso-jejunum tube in critically ill patients. Methods A retrospective study was carried out m patients requiring enteral nutrition(EN)from Apr 2005 through Dec 2011 in Intensive Care

Sea Turtle Foraging Optimization-Based Controller Placement with Blockchain-Assisted Intrusion Detection in Software-Defined Networks

Software-defined networking(SDN)algorithms are gaining increas-ing interest and are making networks flexible and agile.The basic idea of SDN is to move the control planes to more than one server’s named controllers and limit the data planes to numerous sending network components,enabling flexible and dynamic network management.A distinctive characteristic of SDN is that it can logically centralize the control plane by utilizing many physical controllers.The deployment of the controller—that is,the controller placement problem(CPP)—becomes a vital model challenge.Through the advancements of blockchain technology,data integrity between nodes can be enhanced with no requirement for a trusted third party.Using the lat-est developments in blockchain technology,this article designs a novel sea turtle foraging optimization algorithm for the controller placement problem(STFOA-CPP)with blockchain-based intrusion detection in an SDN environ-ment.The major intention of the STFOA-CPP technique is the maximization of lifetime,network connectivity,and load balancing with the minimization of latency.In addition,the STFOA-CPP technique is based on the sea turtles’food-searching characteristics of tracking the odour path of dimethyl sulphide(DMS)released from food sources.Moreover,the presented STFOA-CPP technique can adapt with the controller’s count mandated and the shift to controller mapping to variable network traffic.Finally,the blockchain can inspect the data integrity,determine significantly malicious input,and improve the robust nature of developing a trust relationship between sev-eral nodes in the SDN.To demonstrate the improved performance of the STFOA-CPP algorithm,a wide-ranging experimental analysis was carried out.The extensive comparison study highlighted the improved outcomes of the STFOA-CPP technique over other recent approaches.

Multi-Layer Fog-Cloud Architecture for Optimizing the Placement of IoT Applications in Smart Cities

In the smart city paradigm, the deployment of Internet of Things(IoT) services and solutions requires extensive communication and computingresources to place and process IoT applications in real time, which consumesa lot of energy and increases operational costs. Usually, IoT applications areplaced in the cloud to provide high-quality services and scalable resources.However, the existing cloud-based approach should consider the above constraintsto efficiently place and process IoT applications. In this paper, anefficient optimization approach for placing IoT applications in a multi-layerfog-cloud environment is proposed using a mathematical model (Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP)). This approach takes into accountIoT application requirements, available resource capacities, and geographicallocations of servers, which would help optimize IoT application placementdecisions, considering multiple objectives such as data transmission, powerconsumption, and cost. Simulation experiments were conducted with variousIoT applications (e.g., augmented reality, infotainment, healthcare, andcompute-intensive) to simulate realistic scenarios. The results showed thatthe proposed approach outperformed the existing cloud-based approach interms of reducing data transmission by 64% and the associated processingand networking power consumption costs by up to 78%. Finally, a heuristicapproach was developed to validate and imitate the presented approach. Itshowed comparable outcomes to the proposed model, with the gap betweenthem reach to a maximum of 5.4% of the total power consumption.

Improved Harris Hawks Optimization Algorithm Based Data Placement Strategy for Integrated Cloud and Edge Computing

Cloud computing is considered to facilitate a more cost-effective way to deploy scientific workflows.The individual tasks of a scientific work-flow necessitate a diversified number of large states that are spatially located in different datacenters,thereby resulting in huge delays during data transmis-sion.Edge computing minimizes the delays in data transmission and supports the fixed storage strategy for scientific workflow private datasets.Therefore,this fixed storage strategy creates huge amount of bottleneck in its storage capacity.At this juncture,integrating the merits of cloud computing and edge computing during the process of rationalizing the data placement of scientific workflows and optimizing the energy and time incurred in data transmission across different datacentres remains a challenge.In this paper,Adaptive Cooperative Foraging and Dispersed Foraging Strategies-Improved Harris Hawks Optimization Algorithm(ACF-DFS-HHOA)is proposed for optimizing the energy and data transmission time in the event of placing data for a specific scientific workflow.This ACF-DFS-HHOA considered the factors influencing transmission delay and energy consumption of data centers into account during the process of rationalizing the data placement of scientific workflows.The adaptive cooperative and dispersed foraging strategy is included in HHOA to guide the position updates that improve population diversity and effectively prevent the algorithm from being trapped into local optimality points.The experimental results of ACF-DFS-HHOA confirmed its predominance in minimizing energy and data transmission time incurred during workflow execution.

Different percutaneous transhepatic biliary stent placements and catheter drainage in the treatment of middle and low malignant biliary obstruction

BACKGROUND For cases of middle and low biliary obstruction with left and right hepatic duct dilatation,the type of approach and whether different approaches affect the difficulty of puncture operation and intraoperative and postoperative complications have not been discussed in detail.AIM To compare the efficacy of different percutaneous transhepatic biliary stent placements and catheter drainage in treating middle and low biliary obstruction.METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical records of 424 patients with middle and low biliary obstruction who underwent percutaneous liver puncture biliary stent placement and catheter drainage at the Department of Interventional Radiology,Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital between March 2016 and March 2022.Based on the puncture path,patients were categorized into two groups:Subxiphoid left hepatic lobe approach group(Group A,224 cases)and right intercostal,right hepatic lobe approach group(Group B,200 cases).Liver function improvement,postoperative biliary bleeding incidence,postoperative pain duration,and abdominal effusion leakage around the drainage tube were compared between the two groups at 3 d and 1 wk after the surgery.Patient survival time was recorded during follow-up.RESULTS All 424 surgeries were successful without adverse events.Group A comprised 224 cases,and Group B had 200 cases.There was no statistically significant difference in basic data between Group A and Group B(P>0.05).No significant difference in postoperative biliary bleeding incidence was observed between the groups(P>0.05).The decreased rates for total bilirubin(Group A:69.23±4.50,Group B:63.79±5.65),direct bilirubin(Group A:79.30±11.19,Group B:63.62±5.64),and alkaline phosphatase(Group A:60.51±12.23,Group B:42.68±23.56)in the 1st wk after surgery were significantly faster in Group A than in Group B.The decreased rate of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase was also significantly faster in Group A at both 3 d(Group A:40.56±10.32,Group B:32.22±5.12)and 1 wk(Group A:73.19±7.05,Group B:58.81±18.98)after surgery(P<0.05).Group A experienced significantly less peritoneal effusion leakage around the drainage tube than Group B(P<0.05).The patient survival rate was higher in Group A compared to Group B(P<0.05).CONCLUSION In treating jaundice patients with middle and low biliary obstruction,a percutaneous left liver puncture demonstrated better clinical efficacy than a percutaneous right liver puncture.

Ruppert's Delaunay Triangulation Refinement Scheme for Optimal RSUs Placement in Vehicle to Infrastructure Communication Network

Road Side Units(RSUs)are the essential component of vehicular communication for the objective of improving safety and mobility in the road transportation.RSUs are generally deployed at the roadside and more specifically at the intersections in order to collect traffic information from the vehicles and disseminate alarms and messages in emergency situations to the neighborhood vehicles cooperating with the network.However,the development of a predominant RSUs placement algorithm for ensuring competent communication in VANETs is a challenging issue due to the hindrance of obstacles like water bodies,trees and buildings.In this paper,Ruppert’s Delaunay Triangulation Refinement Scheme(RDTRS)for optimal RSUs placement is proposed for accurately estimating the optimal number of RSUs that has the possibility of enhancing the area of coverage during data communication.This RDTRS is proposed by considering the maximum number of factors such as global coverage,intersection popularity,vehicle density and obstacles present in the map for optimal RSUs placement,which is considered as the core improvement over the existing RSUs optimal placement strategies.It is contributed for deploying requisite RSUs with essential transmission range for maximal coverage in the convex map such that each position of the map could be effectively covered by at least one RSU in the presence of obstacles.The simulation experiments of the proposed RDTRS are conducted with complex road traffic environments.The results of this proposed RDTRS confirmed its predominance in reducing the end-to-end delay by 21.32%,packet loss by 9.38%with improved packet delivery rate of 10.68%,compared to the benchmarked schemes.

Optimal Placement and Sizing of Distributed Generations for Power Losses Minimization Using PSO-Based Deep Learning Techniques

The integration of distributed generations (DGs) into distribution systems (DSs) is increasingly becoming a solution for compensating for isolated local energy systems (ILESs). Additionally, distributed generations are used for self-consumption with excess energy injected into centralized grids (CGs). However, the improper sizing of renewable energy systems (RESs) exposes the entire system to power losses. This work presents an optimization of a system consisting of distributed generations. Firstly, PSO algorithms evaluate the size of the entire system on the IEEE bus 14 test standard. Secondly, the size of the system is allocated using improved Particles Swarm Optimization (IPSO). The convergence speed of the objective function enables a conjecture to be made about the robustness of the proposed system. The power and voltage profile on the IEEE 14-bus standard displays a decrease in power losses and an appropriate response to energy demands (EDs), validating the proposed method.

双目标优化与生成对抗网络结合的框架结构阻尼器布置方案智能设计方法

为实现框架结构的阻尼器智能化布置,结合减震设计原理和智能算法,采用双目标优化算法和生成对抗网络算法分别进行阻尼器竖向和水平智能布置研究,并将该方法应用到两个框架结构减震设计工程案例中。在框架结构减震设计中,采用双目标优化算法进行阻尼器竖向布置,并与逐层逼近法、工程师设计和非减震设计进行对比,结果表明,采用该优化算法得到的阻尼器竖向布置方案能有效降低层间位移角和楼层加速度,提高结构的抗震性能。在确定各楼层的阻尼器数量后,利用训练好的生成对抗网络生成模型,可快速、自动地选择和确定各楼层阻尼器的平面安装位置,生成的平面布置与工程师设计的平面布置在相似性差异度综合评价指标上小于临界值0.1,说明两者相似度较高,且有利于提高原结构的抗扭能力。将双目标优化算法与生成对抗网络相结合,不仅能满足框架结构的减震性能目标,而且可实现阻尼器布置方案的智能设计,提升减震工程设计效率。

UUV水下动态布放回收流体动力性能数值模拟

UUV与水下对接装置对接的过程中存在双体干扰问题,非线性特征强烈。为了探明UUV在对接过程中流体动力随着对接姿态以及运动距离变化规律,本文借助Fluent软件中的动网格技术开展非定常工况下UUV动态回收过程的数值模拟研究。系统分析UUV运动速度、运动姿态(主要是攻角)对其流体动力性能以及流场结构的影响。本文研究成果可为后续样机试验提供技术指导和理论支撑。

粗糙壁面压裂裂缝内支撑剂运移铺置特征

采用铸模工艺对岩石露头粗糙劈裂裂缝面进行立体重建,搭建大型可视化粗糙裂缝实验装置并开展支撑剂运移实验,研究粗糙壁面裂缝内支撑剂运移铺置的典型特征及其内在机制,分析裂缝倾斜程度、裂缝宽度以及压裂液黏度对支撑剂在粗糙裂缝内运移铺置的影响规律。研究表明:裂缝的粗糙特征会引起流道形状和流体流动模式的改变,导致支撑剂运移时易发生桥接堆积并形成未充填区,携砂液出现窜流、反向流和绕流等多种复杂流动形式,并影响砂丘堆积的稳定性;支撑剂在倾斜粗糙裂缝内具有更高的铺置率,实验中相较于垂直裂缝其铺置率最大增加了22.16个百分点,但砂丘的稳定性差;缝宽减小会加剧支撑剂的桥接堆积并导致更高的泵注压力;增大压裂液黏度能够减轻裂缝面粗糙特征引起的支撑剂桥接堆积。

3D打印辅助寰枢椎置钉的临床分析

目的探讨3D打印辅助寰枢椎置钉的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2014年3月到2022年9月安徽医科大学第二附属医院收治的33例寰枢椎后路钉棒固定融合术患者的临床资料,其中3D打印组15例,男11例,女4例;年龄20~80岁,平均年龄(52.87±16.97)岁;对照组18例,男13例,女5例;年龄19~68岁,平均年龄(43.39±13.59)岁。3D打印组进行3D打印模型的制作、模型研读、模型模拟制作钉道、预制好理想钉道的模型术中参考置钉;对照组根据术者经验常规徒手置钉。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、透视次数、术后住院天数、置钉准确性Kawaguchi分级、不同时间点疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)、颈椎功能障碍指数(neck disability index,NDI)。结果两组患者均获随访,随访时间12~36个月,平均(32.88±7.15)个月。3D打印组手术时间(131.07±28.65)min,短于对照组的(168.11±61.75)min,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3D打印组透视次数(9.80±2.21)次,少于对照组的(14.00±3.36)次,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3D打印组术后3 d VAS评分(2.84±1.04)分,较对照组的(3.37±1.26)分更低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3D打印组置钉60枚,Kawaguchi分级0级56枚,优良率93.33%;对照组置钉72枚,Kawaguchi分级0级57枚,优良率79.17%;3D打印组置钉准确性优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。其他相关指标组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论3D打印辅助寰枢椎置钉技术可缩短手术时间,提高螺钉的置入精度,减少潜在的神经血管损伤风险,疗效满意。

智能反射面室内部署的位置规划方法

智能反射面(IRS/RIS)应用于实际无线通信系统时,如何优选布放位置及面板取向,是提升技术实效所面临的主要问题之一。RIS布放的数学规划问题,不仅有优化目标的设计,还要考虑通信环境的建筑物分布和可选部署面的有效散射截面。相比于室外较为开放的空间,RIS的室内部署存在更多限制性条件。针对室内既有墙面的RIS布放,该文设计了多终端接入选址规划模型和等价问题。为约化其非线性计算,通过单终端退化分析,给出目标函数的卡西尼卵形线分布特征,证明RIS布放范围限于各终端及基站在部署面投影的重叠区,提出基于对半搜索法的高效启发式算法。数值仿真了2种复杂室内结构的多终端接入场景,结果表明所提算法不仅有显著加速效益,还可扩展用于多RIS网络规划。

基于结构稳定剂的支撑剂高效铺置技术

针对纤维在常规滑溜水中逸出量较高,难以与支撑剂形成纤维-支撑剂簇、作用效果有限等问题,开发出一种结构稳定剂,基于微观结构观察和性能评价室内实验,分析结构稳定剂作用下支撑剂的铺置机理及结构稳定剂对支撑剂铺置规模、裂缝导流能力等的影响。研究表明:结构稳定剂与聚合物、纤维、石英砂之间可形成稳定的纤维-支撑剂团簇,与单纯支撑剂相比,密度降低,体积增大,沉降过程中与液体的接触面积增大,浮力与曳力增加,沉降速度变缓,更易被流体携带进裂缝深处。将纤维及结构稳定剂随支撑剂一起泵入储层可降低纤维逸出率、增加支撑剂在滑溜水中占据的体积,大幅提高支撑剂铺置高度、输送距离及裂缝导流能力,降低支撑剂返排率。实验结果表明,结构稳定剂最佳质量分数为0.3%。致密气、页岩油、页岩气80井次的应用效果证实,结构稳定剂具有较好的适应性,基本能满足该类油气井的提产、降本和防砂需求。