Domestication of Marama Bean in Arid Namibia: Challenges and Opportunities in a Climate Changing Agroecology

Tylosema esculentum (Burch.) A. Schreib. (Marama bean), referred to as marama in sections of this article, is an obligate outcrossing native plant with a yield potential of 2 ton/hectare which grows naturally in the deep sandy soils of the Kalahari Desert. It has adapted to the low precipitation levels in that agro-ecosystem. Marama serves as a staple food for the San and Bantus in that area. In Namibia, in the past you could find wild stands of marama in the Khomas region, Omaheke region, and the Otjozondjupa region without must struggle. It is renowned for its brown seeds, which are rich in high-quality oils and proteins. The tuberous root contains a significant amount of starch. The objective of domesticating orphaned marama is to provide farmers in this climate change-prone region with a viable alternative for food and nutrition security. This program, initiated in 2008 with an open-minded mindset, required swift implementation using harsh and occasionally unconventional methods. To introduce indigenous tools for resource-poor farmers, the domestication program prioritized the utilization of farmer-participatory methodologies. It was crucial to integrate old and new approaches to ensure learning from past and present experiences, leading to innovative solutions. There is little research and development of native crops in Africa because most of the currently cultivates crops were brought for use from abroad. Only a few numbers of indeginous African crops can be named. The arid Kalahari region, susceptible to climate change, necessitates the revival of indigenous crops like marama, which are resilient and well-adapted to the region’s conditions and have thrived for centuries. In many discussions regarding the health and nutrition of Africa, the recommendation to consume traditional foods to avoid exposure to modern foods, which may not be genetically compatible, is frequently emphasized. Regardless of their validity, these opinions must be acknowledged, and steps need to be taken to ensure a positive legacy for future generations. However, this chapter will address the limitations and challenges that exist in this regard. This article will summarize the progress made in the domestication program of the marama bean in Namibia thus far. Furthermore, this article will highlight the challenges that have been faced during the domestication journey for marama bean and other orphaned crops. The domestication program commenced with a broad germplasm collection, characterization, and preselection for breeding. Crop selection in this program was influenced by climate change-related concerns of shorter and uncertain rain seasons, and recurrent droughts. Selection included but was not limited to identifying marama genotypes with superior characteristics, early germination and many seeds per pod were among some of the identified and selected characteristics. The Namibia University of Science and Technology (NUST) has compiled a list of potential marama bean varieties and is currently testing marama seeds in anticipation of their introduction as a new crop alternative with good adaptation to the effects of climate change, since conventional crops like maize underperform due to persistent droughts. Marama bean, if properly developed, holds significant potential to address issues of hunger and malnutrition in arid regions of Southern Africa and other similar territories. The findings presented here are the result of ongoing field research and experiments conducted at multiple sites using superior marama bean varieties.

The Application of the Domestication and Foreignization Translation Strategies in the Context of the Dissemination of Chinese Culture:A Case Study of the English Translation of Long

In January 2024,the Chinese Year of the Loong,how to translate the Chinese character Long went viral on the Internet.Taking the English translation of Long as an example,this study tends to make a tentative analysis of the application of translation strategies in the macro context of the dissemination of Chinese culture.Moreover,it probes into the phenomenon of Chinese cultural aphasia by analyzing the domestication and foreignization of Long in three aspects.The three attitudes provided ought to be addressed in the Chinese-English translations.This study emphasizes enhancing translators’cultural awareness and their cultural confidence in the process of translating the source language to the target language.

Akebia ― a valuable wild fruit under domestication

Akebia is a wild fruit originating in the Yangtse river valley and the surrounding areas. It includes mainly three species （subspecies）： Akebia trifoliata, Akebia trifoliata subsp, australis, and Akebia quinata. It has many good traits, such as large fruit size, early fruit-setting and high yield, excellent eating quality, and good environmental adaptability. However, there are some shortcomings with the fruit, including thick skin, excessive number of seeds, and relatively small proportion of edible flesh. Akebia is also a traditional Chinese medicine, which has the functions of relieving internal heat and diuresis, dredging venation and improving blood circulation, cleansing facial chloasma, detoxication and anti-cancer activities. Akebia can be used as fresh fruit, for processing, and for pharmaceutical purposes. We have been undertaking a series of research on the domestication and utilization of Akebia, including cultivar selection, techniques for cultivation, storage and processing, and related basic studies. A Chinese trade name “Hehuanguo” and an English trade name “Joyfruit” have been registered for Akebia to facilitate its commercial development.

国内归化、异化与西方domestication/foreignization对比研究

很多学者都认为当今国内的归化、异化概念等同于西方韦努蒂笔下的domestication与foreignization。追溯二者的定义,探讨二者的相似点和不同点,认为二者虽然在某些方面有所相似,但并非是等同的两对术语,不能将二者相互替代,更不能将其等同起来。

English Film Subtitle Translation from the Perspective of Domestication and Foreignization—A Case Study of Ice Age

Nowadays,cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries have become increasingly frequent,which boosts the development of film industry and highlights the importance of subtitle translation.However,in China,subtitling is a relatively new research field of translation.This study explores the guiding role of domestication and foreignization strategies in English film subtitle translation.On the basis of material from Ice Age,the paper carries on the analysis of film subtitle translation in terms of expressions with typical cultural features and idioms&proverbs under the effective guidance of domestication and foreignization translation strategies.It’s concluded that domestication and foreignization strategies can provide theoretical guidance for subtitling and appropriate combination of the two strategies can achieve better translation effects.

Application of Domestication Theory in Translation of Movie Titles

This thesis attempts to discuss Chinese and English movie titles translation from the perspective of domestication theory and concludes domestication translation can break through restricts at the linguistic level to convey the meaning and spirit of movie titles efficiently.

Domestication and Foreignization Concerning the Relation between Culture Types and Translating Approaches

As translating in most cases is considered a bicultural or even multicultural activity,cultural discrepancies and voids inevitably occur during the language decoding and encoding process of the translating.This is a heated issue that has existed for long,and translators frequently turn to two major approaches for a solutiondomestication and foreignization.However,no matter which approach a translator chooses,it is essential to make a comprehensive analysis of the cultural and influential factors that contained in the source language text,rather than simply checking through a dictionary or cyclopedia.Based on the types of culture classified by Professor Chen Hongweimaterial culture,institutional culture and mental culture,the following discussion will make an exemplification of the merits and choice between domestication and foreignization,concerning the relation between culture types and translating approaches.

Research on Rapid Propagation and Domestication of Wild Raspberry Plantlets

[Objective] This study was conducted to acquire a large quantity of wide raspberry plantlets and provide a basis for large-scale production. [Method] Re- search was performed on series tissue culture propagation of wide raspberry. [Re- sult] Adventitious shoots were induced with stem segments, and the best induction medium was MS ＋1.5 mg/L BA ＋0.3 mg/L NAA with an induction rate of 96%; and the best differentiation medium was MS ＋2.0 mg/L KT ＋0.5 mg/L NAA, which ex- hibited high root number and quality, with an average root number of 4.5 per plant. The substratum for training plantlets was leaf mould 60%＋perlite 30%＋vermiculite 10%; and the temperature of 23-27℃ and relative air humidity of 80%-90% were beneficial to survival of trained plantlets.[Conclusion] This study laid a foundation for further large-area cultivation of Rubus chingii Hu.

The Rapid Propagation and Domestication of Wild Bletilla striata

The research explored rapid multiplication on Bletilla striata and the re- suits showed that the medium of MS＋2.5 mg/L6-BA＋0.2 mg/L NAA performed the best in induction, with induction rate at 98%; the medium with MS＋IAA2.5mg/L＋ 2.5 mg/L6-BA＋2.0 mg/L NAA was the best in terms of induction and multiplication; the medium with 1/2MS＋0.01 mg/L NAA 1＋0.01 mg/L IAA promoted rooting.The harden- ing temperature was the optimal at 23℃-28 ℃ and relative humidity of 80%-90% the best.

鲁迅的“保存洋气”非韦努蒂的“异化”——鲁迅提出“归化”翻译策略比韦努蒂的domestication(“归化”)早60年

鲁迅是"归化"翻译策略的首创者。在鲁迅提出这一策略的60年之后,韦鲁蒂提出的domestication策略被译成"归化"策略,于是中国一些译论家说韦努蒂是"归化"策略的专利权拥有者。鲁迅提出"归化"策略的同时提出"保持洋气"策略。60年以后,韦鲁蒂提出foreignization策略,中国一些译论家将foreignization译成"异化",并说鲁迅的"保持洋气"是"保持异国情调",其中有"异"字,一些研究者据此就认为韦努蒂的foreignization("异化")和鲁迅的"保持洋气"是一回事,于是就去掉鲁迅的"保持洋气"。中国译论界普遍认为是韦努蒂提出"归化"和"异化"策略,于是鲁迅的译论贡献被抹杀了。事实是,鲁迅是"归化"和"保存洋气"两个策略的首创者。韦努蒂是foreignizatio("洋化",被误译成"异化")策略的首创者。

The Dispute over Domestication and Foreignization in China

Foreignization and domestication as two major translation techniques have long been the focus of the debate in translation circles.The paper reviews the history of the dispute by introducing some essays on domestication and foreignization published in key translation journals in China.The ultimate aim of this dissertation is to propose that domestication and foreignization co-exist and a good translation contains both strategies.So it is unnecessary to argue which one is better.As the number of the example in this paper is limited,its credibility needs further investigation and research.

The Descriptive Study of “Sun Zi:The Art of War- Making Assessments”——Domestication and Foreignization in the English translation of the Article

The ideasof "Domestication" and "Foreignization" in Translation wasput forward by the American scholar L. Venuti in 1995, indicating that there are two aspects involved in the process of translation. Of one is that a translation should get the readers closer to the author, while the other one is to get the author closer to the readers. The English translation of "Sun Zi: The Art of War" done by Lin Maosun is an outstanding example representing these two basic concepts in translation principles. It abounds with plenty of excellent examples demonstrating how domestication and foreignization can be achieved in the translation of Chinese classics.

Asymmetric evolution and domestication in allotetraploid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Polyploidy plays a major role in genome evolution,which corresponds to environmental changes over millions of years.The mechanisms of genome evolution,particularly during the process of domestication,are of broad interest in the fields of plant science and crop breeding.Upland cotton is derived from the hybridization and polyploidization of its ancient A and D diploid ancestors.As a result,cotton is a model for polyploid genome evolution and crop domestication.To explore the genomic mysteries of allopolyploid cotton,we investigated asymmetric evolution and domestication in the A and D subgenomes.Interestingly,more structural rearrangements have been characterized in the A subgenome than in the D subgenome.Correspondingly,more transposable elements,a greater number of lost and disrupted genes,and faster evolution have been identified in the A subgenome.In contrast,the centromeric retroelement(RT-domain related) sequence of tetraploid cotton derived from the D subgenome progenitor was found to have invaded the A subgenome centromeres after allotetrapolyploid formation.Although there is no genome-wide expression bias between the subgenomes,as with expression-level alterations,gene expression bias of homoeologous gene pairs is widespread and varies from tissue to tissue.Further,there are more positively selected genes for fiber yield and quality in the A subgenome and more for stress tolerance in the D subgenome,indicating asymmetric domestication.This review highlights the asymmetric subgenomic evolution and domestication of allotetraploid cotton,providing valuable genomic resources for cotton research and enhancing our understanding of the basis of many other allopolyploids.

On the application of domestication and foriengination strategies to film titles' E-C translation

This thesis discusses English film title translation from the perspective of domestication and foreignization.The paper concludes that in film title translation,domestication and foreignization will coexist at present and for a long time under such circumstances.While as the international communication has become increasingly frequent,the audience's ability of accepting another culture will also improve gradually,which will raise the proportion of foreignization translation.

The importance of an indigenous tree to southern African communities with specific relevance to its domestication and commercialization: a case of the marula tree

Local communities in southern Africa derive many benefits from marula [Sclerocarya birrea（A.Rich.） Hochst.subsp.caffra（Sond.） Kokwaro].These include the contribution of this species towards health,nutrition,food security and conservation by sharing local skills and knowledge related to it.Marula fruits can be eaten fresh,squeezed to make juice,brewed in traditional beer or used to make jam and jelly.The kernels are also edible and can be pressed to extract oil for cooking and cosmetics,i.e.,for skin and hair application.The bark,roots,seeds and leaves are exploited for traditional medicinal purposes.Marula has acquired significant commercial value since its fruits and other products have entered local,regional and international trade in southern Africa.To diver-sify fruit production and satisfy the increasing demands for this resource,several domestication initiatives have been carried out at regional and international levels.The accumulated knowledge and skills relevant to the establishment and commercialization of marula therefore provide an effective guide in areas where marula remains undomesticated or underutilized.We discuss the great importance of marula in southern Africa to reveal its great potential to regions where it remains unexploited.

Deciphering the puzzles of dog domestication

The domestic dog,as a highly successful domestication model,is well known as a favored human companion.Exploring its domestication history should provide great insight into our understanding of the prehistoric development of human culture and productivity.Furthermore,investigation on the mechanisms underpinning the morphological and behavioral traits associated with canid domestication syndrome is of significance not only for scientific study but also for human medical research.Current development of a multidisciplinary canine genome database,which includes enormous omics data,has substantially improved our understanding of the genetic makeup of dogs.Here,we reviewed recent advances associated with the original history and genetic basis underlying environmental adaptations and phenotypic diversities in domestic dogs,which should provide perspectives on improving the communicative relationship between dogs and humans.

Foreignization or Domestication in Translation of Color Words from English to Chinese

This paper introduced the translation theory of domestication and foreignization at first.Then,the author made a comparison about the cultural connotations of color words between English and Chinese,and set detailed examples to explain the application of these two strategies with literal translation,free translation and annotation in color words translation from English to Chinese.At last,the paper tries to propose that domestication and foreignization can be used when translating color words and the tendency of usage of these two strategies.

Experimental Tibetan monkey domestication and its application for intraocular pressure measurement

AIM: To train Tibetan monkey (Macaca thibetana) for intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement in conscious state and obtain normal IOP in conscious Tibetan Macaque. METHODS: The training was based on award-conditioned behavior. Food stimulation and human-animal interaction were used in this training. RESULTS: Trained Tibetan monkeys calmly accepted IOP measurement by the TonoVete (R) rebound tonometer without sedation or anesthesia and their IOP values were similar to other primates. CONCLUSION: Human-cultivated Thibetan monkeys are tamable, and can be used for biomedical research such as ophthalmic research without anesthesia.

What happened during domestication of wild to cultivated rice

Domestication of crops is one of the greatest inventions of the human race and has played a vital role in the progress of human civilization.Understanding the genetic mechanisms of crop domestication could shed light on its history and would advance crop breeding.Cultivated rice species,which were domesticated from wild rice species,are important food crops worldwide.Morphological traits,physiological characteristics,and ecological adaptability of cultivated rice are very different from those characters of wild rice.In this review,we summarize current knowledge of the genetic mechanisms underlying these differences between wild and cultivated rice and discuss the application of wild rice species in modern breeding.

Domestication and breeding changed tomato fruit transcriptome

Tomato(Solanum lycopersicum) stress resistance and fruit total soluble solid(TSS) content have changed dramatically during selective breeding, and transcriptome variation has played a critical role in this rewiring. However, the single tomato reference genome impedes characterization of whole-transcriptome variation during domestication and breeding at the population level. Here, we constructed a pan-transcriptome of orange-stage tomato fruit, and investigated global expression presence/absence variation(e PAV) and differentially expressed genes(DEGs) based on RNA sequencing(RNA-seq) data from 399 tomato accessions. A total of 7 181 genes absent from the reference genome were identified, 6 122 of which were e PAV genes during tomato domestication and breeding including resistance genes such as late blight resistance gene PIM_DN29746_c0_g3_i1 and peroxidase P7-like gene PIM_DN30274_c0_g2_i1. In addition, 3 629 genes were significantly differentially expressed during tomato selection, among which 19 genes were associated with the reduced fruit TSS content of modern tomato cultivars, including LIN5, TIV1, and seven novel sugar transporter genes. Our results indicate that natural and artificial selection greatly shaped the tomato transcriptome, thereby altering the fruit TSS content and resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses.