Postcolonialism in Morrison' s Works——exemplified with The Bluest Eye

As the first African American woman winner of the Nobel Prize for literature,Toni Morrison is the most outstanding African-American woman author of the 20th century and the brightest star in contemporary African-American literary arena.Toni Morrison is a voluminous writer and she has published nine novels up to the present.Since 1980,her works have been getting more and more widespread attention from literary critics of the world since 1980s.The topic of postcolonialism has been the one of the focuses of Morrison' s novels.This paper is a literature review of Toni Morrison and postcolonialism in her works including the following points:a brief introduction to Morrison and her works,the research on Morrison,the post colonial theory and postcolonialism in Morrison' s works.

Postcolonialism Revisited： Representations of the Subaltern in Fadia Faqir＇s Pillars of Salt

Postcolonial theory is a well-established critical approach that addresses issues such as the quest for identity, the significance of land, homelessness, resistance, and the encounter between the colonized and the colonizers. This paper examines the postcolonial elements utilized by the Anglo-Jordanian novelist Fadia Faqir in her novel Pillars of Salt. It discusses the novel＇s themes and techniques associated with postcolonialism as a literary theory and as a critical approach. Being a postcolonial text, the novel shows the writer＇s attempt at writing back in response to the colonial past with its power structures and social hierarchies. Thematically, the novel is analyzed with special reference to such topics as the subaltern, Anglo-Jordanian ties, language, othemess, and identity. The paper also traces the continuity of postcolonial discourse in Faqir＇s novel and gives a short survey of the historical events that provide the background to the main events in this essentially postcolonial work.

An Analysis of "the Other" and "the Other World" in Doris Lessing's The Grass Is Singing

The term "Other" is a key concept in the framework of postcolonialism.This paper attempts to analyze the native black people's role-"the Other" in the process of colonization.The British writer Doris Lessing finds the unltimate expression in her first novel The Grass Is Singing.With the settlement of the colonizers,the South Africa has been rendered by the white colonizers as "the Other World" and the native people are regarded as "the Other" who are degraded into unspeakable animals by white people.

A Right, Not a Privilege： Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak＇s An Aesthetic Education in the Era of Globalization

Gayatri Spivak proposes that providing all citizens throughout the Middle East and North Africa with an aesthetic education will enhance the quality of life for all people of the region, especially women. She argues that an education in the humanities is vital for improving the environment, the political climate, the economy, and for increasing global justice.

In Quest of＂Answers＂ in the Colonial Sands： A Comparative Study of Waliullah and Camus＇ ＂Absurd＂ Protagonists

Syed Waliullah （1922-1971） and Albert Camus （1913-1960） are two distinct writers from two different continents. These writers have interesting commonness, especially in two of their novels—Chander Amabasya （Night of No Moon）, by Walilullah and The Outsider by Camus. The protagonists in both of these novels, ArifAli and Meursault respectively, suffer from existentialist crisis, mainly fueled by the impacts of the tarnished history of colonialism and the aftermaths. Even though the stories of the these protagonists take place almost halfway round the world in entirely different settings, the impacts and facades of the crisis are strikingly similar. This paper is a comparative study of soul-searching Arif Ali and Meursault.

National Nonsense and V. S. Naipaul＇s Ethical Distance

This paper examines two postcolonial writings by the Nobel Prize winner Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul, The Mimic Men （1969） and In a Free State （1984）. In particular, it studies how Naipaul reflects on the historical experiences of national nonsense--the seemingly contradictory existence of transnationality in nationality--and how he manages in his writings to keep an ethical distance from both the colonial empires and the nation-states that came up to replace the colonial empires in the postcolonial world.

Dreaming Forward: Postidentity and the Generative Thresholds of Tourism

This manuscript from Hollinshead and Vellah calls for researchers in Tourism Studies and related Fields to reflect upon their own role in refreshing the social imaginaries of“after-colonialism”under the nomadisms of our time.Deleuzian in outlook,it positions the“post”of postcolonialism not as an end to colonialism’s imperatives but as a generative-portal through which new-seeds-of-”becoming”are discernable as the postidentities(rather than the“identities”)of populations are interpretable in multidirectional,non-hierarchical,and not easily-predictable ways.In provoking(after Deleuze)thought per rhizomatic processes(rather than via fixed concepts),the manuscript-critiquing these dynamic matters of“postidentity”-then harnesses the insights of(Leela)Ghandi’s on hybrid-nomadic-subjects,and of Venn on alternative-(com)possible-futures.Thereafter,these concerns of and about“after-colonialism”are critically contextualised within Aboriginal“Australia”,via the views of a pool of Indigenous intellectuals there,who synthesise the disruptive dialectics of belonging-cum-aspiration which they maintain that they and fellow Aboriginal people(of many sorts)face today.Throughout this manuscript,the agency and authority of tourism hovers in its sometimes-manifest/sometimes-latent generative power to project empowering postidentities for the world’s“host”or“visited”populations today.

Posture and Strategy: Rethinking the Writing of Cultural Identity in Francophone Caribbean Literature from a Post-colonial Perspective

Since the 1980s,profound changes in the global political landscape have led to numerous diaspora groups in the French-speaking world.Many writers born in former colonies in the French Caribbean chose to immigrate to metropolitan France or Quebec.They formulated the concept of a cosmopolitan cultural identity that differs from the racist view of Négritude put forward by previous generations.This research explores their writing of cosmopolitan cultural identity from a post-colonial perspective by referring to the concept of voyage in proposed by Edward Said and that of post-colonial intelligentsia by Arif Dirlik.By taking Dany Laferrière and some other Caribbean writers of the-1980s generation as examples,we will reveal how their cosmopolitan ideology and identity strategies colluded with the French cultural hegemony and ensured their legitimacy in the Francophone space.

Interpretation of William Faulkner's Forest Triology in the Perspective of Postcolonial Ecocriticism

This paper aims to interpret Faulkner' s Forest Triology in the perspective of postcolonial eeoeritieisra and focuses on the relationship among the white settlers with nature,animals and the Indians,so as to deeply analyze the destruction of the ecology and of the American Indians life by the white settlers.The posteolonial ecoeritieal reading of the short stories help readers understand the dilemma that humans face in the process of modernization and industrialization.

Analysis on the Theme of The White Seal from the Postcolonial Perspective

Joseph Rudyard Kipling is the first English writer who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.The White Seal is ashort story of The Jungle Books,which is a popular book among children in the world.Recently,more and more researchers werestudying this famous writer according to his special life experience,and then,they found that in Kipling’s works,the idea of colo-nialism is obvious.This paper aims to analyze The White Seal from the Postcolonial perspective by the way of close reading.That is,to say that the white seal in the short story is a kind of symbol of west colonists,and the other seals in the short story are the sym-bols of the colonized,the process of the white seal searching the safe place for other seals is a symbol of the west colonists"moraliz-ing"and"helping"those colonized.By so,we can see that in this short story,Kipling is standing on the side of the westerns tospeak in defense of what westerns have done to the country of the third world.

Trickster or Colonizer： The Latent Effects of Colonialism in Efua Sutherland＇s Play The Marriage of Anansewa

The essay analyzes the play written by the late Efua Sutherland （from Ghana） and shows the effects of colonization among the Ghanaians. First, it explores the historical inroads made by the colonizer in West African countries, such as Ghana, causing the debilitation of the culture of such countries by erasing its history. One way in which such erasure occurred was in the destruction of sacred sites of the people. Further connections will also be made to West African cultural contexts with the history of colonization in Africa and its effects on popular culture, specifically drama in countries like Ghana. Next, the essay draws upon the role of the trickster figure of Ananse, the spider who features in many West African and Caribbean folkloric traditions. Sutherland＇s play revolves around the main character of the play, Ananse, and he is likened to the trickster figure, but the essay shows how this figure is also debilitated by the colonizer. Finally, in the play, one notes that despite the main character＇s ＂victory＂ in getting his daughter married to the ＂Chief-Who-ls-Chief＇, he does it for his survival and the survival of his daughter in a world in which the latent effects of colonization has hampered the memory and culture of its people.

（Re）Ciphering Nations： Greece as a Constructed Illegibility in Odysseas Elytis＇s Poetry

In their attempt to construct their identity in opposition to European one, non-Western new nations with alphabets such as Greek, Hebrew, or Cyrillic, used them as a way of emphasizing difference, and thus provide symbolic spaces for the newborn nations. The illegibility of these alphabets for Western people, along with the ancient prestige of at least Hebrew and Greek, fostered the illusion of temporal continuity and provided legitimacy to their atomization projects. Odysseas Elytis （1911-1996）, Nobel Prize for Literature winner in 1979 and the last national poet of Greece, blends this old tendency in Greek culture and the broader claim of modern European poets for the essential autonomy of art and literature. His efforts to reinforce the walls separating Greece from Latin-Western culture by reinforcing the illegibility of both Greek and poetic idioms, aim at constructing a more essential Greece, founded on aesthetics, language, and writing instead of politics, institutions, or geographic borders. In this paper engaging mainly in the fields of literary and postcolonial studies, the author intends to analyze the mechanisms by which language, writing, or literature can be used to （re）cipher once again the already exclusive concept of nation, and thus to undermine every possibility of deciphering and translatability. He concludes that in “conceptually colonized” nations such as Greece, this process implies and anticolonial movement still caught nevertheless in a colonial discursivity.

The Postcolonial Meaning of Home in Nash Candelaria＇s Novel Memories of the Alhambra

Published in 1977, in the peak of Chicanismo--the social, cultural, and political movements that brought raza consciousness and profoundly influenced the creation of a modern Chicano/Chicana identity--Nash Candelaria＇s novel, Memories of the Alhambra, reflects a complex vision of the concept of home. For the two generations of Chicanos （U.S. citizens） depicted in the novel, the United States represents the site of postcolonial tensions and （b）order-ed negotiations of a postmodern Chicano/Chicana identity through ethnic reinvention. This paper aims at analyzing the postcolonial significance of the home, as a geographical, ontological, and national space, and Candelaria＇s association of the concept with a postmodern and mestizo identity.

The Subaltern in Some Selected Poems by Mahmoud Darwish

The concept ＂Subaltern＂ or the ＂Other＂ has been a subject of discussion and debate in many fields such as Marxism, cultural studies, Orientalism, post-colonialism, history, sociology and politics. Consequently, many eminent critics and theorists have approached it from different perspectives. This study, depending on the post-colonial theories of many critics such as Edward Said, Gayatri Spivak and others, explores the type of voice given to the subaltern in some selected poems by Mahmoud Darwish. For Darwish, the subaltern can and should speak.

George Lamming＇s In the Castle of My Skin： A Littoral Figure Discovers Self-Identity and Authorial Language

In In the Castle of My Skin （hereafter Castle） （1983）, the littoral as trope provides a means for discovering Lamming＇s authorial license, one that speaks to postcolonial and phenomenological aims. In this semi-autobiographical novel, Lamming examines self-awareness and the process through which language and self-analysis may take shape on or be inspired by the shore＇s edge. Through the telling of personal stories, discussions of a colonial history, and with allusions to the social privations affecting the immediate community, Lamming represents the changing realities, the main characters （＂G＂ and his friends） experience as they become socially aware; he highlights this transformative rise to consciousness through the use of littoral imagery in Chapters Six, Eleven, and Fourteen. In this essay, the author explores these representations using postcolonial, psychoanalytical, and phenomenological approaches, giving particular attention to Chapter Six, the longer chapter where Lamming creates a blueprint of the issues to which he will return in Chapters Eleven and Fourteen. Castle epitomizes the ways in which the littoral as trope has the potential to symbolically impact an author＇s text, especially a means for crafting an authorial language that demonstrates a young man＇s rise to consciousness and self-actualization on the shorelines of Barbados before he emigrates abroad.

Revisiting the Myth of Irishness and Heroism An Analysis of W.B. Yeats＇ The Green Helmet

Using Sabina J. Mtiller＇s theory of myth, this paper will analyze the deconstruction and revision of myths in The Green Helmet. Irish mythology, as described by M^iller, has in its inheritance a myth of Ireland being personified in an image of a woman, a goddess of the land. This Ireland-as-woman image, as well as Irish heroism and their fighting spirit will be investigated in Yeats＇ drama to show its simplification and to mock its nature. The analysis will also give an insight into the diversified and complex image of the Irish nation.

Representation of London as the Centre of Power, Hopes and Fears in Naipaul＇s The Mimic Men

London, one of the most popular settings in literature, is portrayed in many literary works not only as the centre of power, dreams, expectations, and fears, but also as the city of plurality and multiplicity of cultures. Considering V. S. Naipaul＇s The Mimic Men （1967） in terms of the depiction of London, what comes to the fore is that Naipaul＇s own background has an undeniable impact upon his illustration of London. Naipaul, as an in-between individual belonging to his hometown Trinidad and also to England, where he received his education, has experienced a metaphorical colonization due to his inner conflicts because of his hybridity. In this sense, in The Mimic Men, he creates his character Ralph Singh, who is struggling with the social and political forces and trying to find a place not only in his own country on the Caribbean Island of Isabella, but also among the English in London as a politician. In the novel, London is regarded as the city of freedom and hopes as well as the city of disillusionments and hopelessness. Therefore, in this paper, hybridity, otherness in London, and the influence of Naipaul＇s own biography upon his portrayal of London in The Mimic Men will be explored.

The Multiple Aspects Representations in The Hundred Secret Senses by Amy Tan

This paper is to analyze the novel in the following aspects： The Chinese-American cultural conflicts, the mother and daughter relations and sisters’ relations, the psychological critics, and the postcolonial identity. The novel is about multiple explanations of the aspects mentioned above. The writer confuses the Chinese culture, the relationship of the two sisters. Under the superficial description, the writer shows the psychological status of the main character and the practically existence of postcolonial identity and embodiment in the novel.

An Invisible Existence Between Life and Death in Al-Koni＇s The Bleeding of the Stone

The Bleeding of Stone traces a philosophical concept related to the existence of humankind. The uniqueness of the story＇s setting and the main character provide a metaphysical ontological dimension. The notion of the metaphysical existence is drawn into public within the atmosphere of the novel through certain elements; religion, time and space, and freedom. The present paper investigates on these factors and their roles and relations to convey and reach a metaphysical ontology. I argue, in this paper, that the metaphysical existence is established as a state between life and death. This state is created through a dialectical relationship between man and desert where there are unseen struggles between the two for immortality. However, the ultimate result of losing the battle is known for the man, yet deliberately ignored because oftke instinct for immortality

＂All Thanks Goes to the Almighty＂ ——A Variational and Postcolonial Pragmatic Perspective on Responses to Thanks

This study examines strategies in responding to thanks by CanE （Canadian English） and CamE （Cameroon English） speakers. Based on data collected by means of a DCT （Discourse Completion Task） questionnaire, the study addresses formal, functional, situational, and interactional similarities and differences in both varieties of English. With regard to speaker strategies （Aijmer, 1996） or conventions of means, it was found that the Canadian participants mostly prefer ＂minimizing the favor＂ when responding to thanks, while the Cameroonians most frequently ＂express appreciation＂. At the level of the realization types, the findings show that patterns with ＂no problem＂ are predominant in the Canadian corpus, whereas the Cameroonian respondents rather employ patterns with ＂welcome＂. Differences can also be found in the situational distribution of the speaker strategies and their linguistic realizations as well as in the use and the length of supportive moves.