Cerebellar artery infarction with sudden hearing loss and vertigo as initial symptoms: A case report

BACKGROUND Sudden hearing loss(SHL)is associated with serious systematic conditions such as neoplasms,vascular events,autoimmune diseases,infections,and iatrogenic injury.Some authors report that SHL can be an early warning sign of impending vertebrobasilar ischemic stroke.It is important to distinguish stroke from benign disease.CASE SUMMARY A 48-year-old male patient presented with SHL and vertigo as first symptoms.Diffusion-weighted imaging revealed high signal intensity in the left posterior inferior cerebellar artery territory of the cerebellar hemisphere and high signal intensity in the right pons and bridge cerebellar arm,confirming that the patient had cerebral infarction.Treatment with antiplatelet drugs,steroid antiinflammatory drugs,and neurotrophic nerve therapy promoted blood circulation and removed blood stasis,and the symptoms of the patient were significantly improved.CONCLUSION SHL and vertigo could be the initial symptoms of vertebrobasilar ischemic stroke.

Angioplasty and stenting for severe vertebral artery orifice stenosis: effects on cerebellar function remodeling verified by blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging

Vertebral artery orifice stenting may improve blood supply of the posterior circulation of the brain to regions such as the cerebellum and brainstem. However, previous studies have mainly focused on recovery of cerebral blood flow and perfusion in the posterior circulation after interventional therapy. This study examined the effects of functional recovery of local brain tissue on cerebellar function remodeling using blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic reso- nance imaging before and after interventional therapy. A total of 40 Chinese patients with severe unilateral vertebral artery orifice stenosis were enrolled in this study. Patients were equally and randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The control group received drug treat- ment only. The intervention group received vertebral artery orifice angioplasty and stenting ＋ identical drug treatment to the control group. At 13 days after treatment, the Dizziness Handicap Inventory score was compared between the intervention and control groups. Cerebellar function remodeling was observed between the two groups using blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging. The improvement in dizziness handicap and cerebellar function was more obvious in the intervention group than in the control group. Interventional therapy for severe vertebral artery orifice stenosis may effectively promote cerebellar function remodeling and exert neuroprotective effects.

Sudden deafness as a prodrome of cerebellar artery infarction:Three case reports

BACKGROUND To summarize the clinical characteristics of acute cerebral infarction(ACI)in patients with sudden deafness(SD)as the first symptom,improve the awareness of the disease,and help diagnosis and treatment.CASE SUMMARY From 2019 to 2020,three patients with ACI with SD as the first symptom were admitted to our hospital.Pure tone audiometry,head magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),vertebral artery and carotid artery B-ultrasound,head and neck computed tomography angiography,and other examinations were performed.Following the treatment of SD,hearing and dizziness were not significantly improved.Then,the patients developed symptoms of related cranial nerve injury,and brain MRI showed cerebral infarction in the cerebellopontine angle area.All three cases were transferred to the neurology department for relevant conservative treatment.CONCLUSION Patients with ACI with SD as the first symptom usually attend the otolaryngology clinic.Here a diagnosis of SD,which is based on an audiological examination,is made and the corresponding treatment is administered.To reduce the misdiagnosis of this disease,close attention should be paid to the changes in the patient's clinical symptoms and related auxiliary examinations should be performed,such as brain MRI and cerebrovascular imaging.Otolaryngologists should pay attention to the type and severity of hearing loss,the accompanying symptoms,age,high-risk factors for cerebral infarction,and related cranial nerve symptoms in patients with SD.If the patient's early brain MRI does not show abnormalities,monitoring remains essential.The head MRI should be analyzed quickly based on the changes in the symptoms of the patient,to make an accurate diagnosis and provide the timely and correct treatment for the patients.

Mechanical thrombectomy for acute occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery: A case report

BACKGROUND Mechanical thrombectomy(MT)has been demonstrated to be useful for the treatment of ischemic stroke in patients with large vessel occlusions.However,recanalization by MT is not recommended for distal vessels such as second-order branches of the middle cerebral artery and posterior inferior cerebellar artery(PICA).Because of the small size and tortuosity of these arteries,the risks of using the available endovascular devices outweigh the benefits of treatment.However,MT appears to be effective in patients with primary distal vessel occlusion in eloquent areas,those with a high National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score,and those ineligible for recombinant tissue plasminogen activator therapy.Here,we report the use of MT for treating acute occlusion of the PICA using a directaspiration first-pass technique(ADAPT).CASE SUMMARY In this case,the patient received acute occlusion of the PICA with ADAPT when right internal carotid artery stenting was performed.CONCLUSION With the introduction of advanced endovascular devices,MT may now be a feasible treatment for acute occlusion of the PICA.

小脑后下动脉动脉瘤的治疗进展

小脑后下动脉(PICA)动脉瘤是导致蛛网膜下腔出血及后循环缺血的原因之一,由于解剖结构较复杂,故该动脉瘤治疗难度较大,预后较差。根据动脉瘤位置的不同、性质的不同,可选用的治疗方案也各不相同。该文在复习文献的基础上就累及PICA动脉瘤的最新治疗进展进行综述。

头颈CT血管造影联合磁敏感加权成像在小脑后下动脉供血区急性脑梗死责任血管判断中的价值分析

目的 探讨头颈CT血管造影(computed tomography angiography, CTA)联合磁敏感加权成像(susceptibilityweighted imaging, SWI)在小脑后下动脉(posterior inferior cerebellar artery, PICA)供血区急性脑梗死责任血管病变检出中的价值。方法 选取2021年8月至2022年10月首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院PICA供血区急性脑梗死患者50例,诊疗期间接受MRI常规平扫+SWI及头颈CTA检查。按梗死大小分为区域性梗死(37例)和小梗死(13例),基于头颈CTA及SWI观察责任血管改变;头颈CTA观察梗死侧责任血管有无斑块及狭窄,头颈CTA联合SWI观察梗死侧责任血管有无磁敏感血管征(susceptibility vessel sign, SVS);比较头颈CTA及头颈CTA联合SWI对不同类型PICA供血区急性脑梗死患者责任血管病变的检出率。结果 50例患者中,男40例,女10例,年龄43~79岁,中位年龄62.5岁。37例区域性梗死患者中,针对梗死侧椎动脉V4段,头颈CTA检出13例管腔重度狭窄/闭塞,头颈CTA联合SWI其中4例SVS阳性;针对梗死侧PICA,头颈CTA共检出12例管腔重度狭窄/闭塞,头颈CTA联合SWI 12例SVS均为阳性,另检出9例PICA SVS阳性患者。13例小梗死患者中,针对梗死侧椎动脉V4段,头颈CTA检出6例管腔病变,头颈CTA联合SWI其中4例SVS阳性;针对梗死侧PICA,头颈CTA检出6例管腔病变,头颈CTA联合SWI其中5例SVS阳性,另检出1例PICA SVS阳性患者。结论 头颈CTA联合SWI有助于提高PICA供血区急性脑梗死患者责任血管病变的检出率,椎动脉V4段狭窄时帮助判断有无血栓形成及血栓形成位置,有助于提高PICA病变尤其是椎动脉V4段无异常改变时PICA病变的检出率。

小脑梗死的影像评估及临床研究进展

小脑梗死是缺血性脑卒中的重要类型之一,发病率并不高,仅占缺血性脑卒中的2%~3%,但具有死亡率高、致残率高的特点,一旦病情恶化进展迅速。由于小脑梗死的临床症状多样化且不典型,小脑梗死并未被充分认识,容易漏诊误诊。小脑梗死的病因机制复杂很难确定,传统影像技术常常受椎-基底动脉解剖变异的影响,难以区分解剖变异和疾病。为了进一步发现和诊断小脑梗死的病因,可以考虑增加基底平行解剖扫描MRI,基底平行解剖扫描MRI作为飞行时间磁共振血管造影的补充序列,可以提供准确的椎-基底动脉三维解剖视图,旨在区分动脉粥样硬化、夹层及发育不全。小脑梗死症状不典型、病因复杂及预后差,本文从临床表现、影像评估、临床诊断及治疗等几个方面对小脑梗死进行综述,更进一步全面了解小脑梗死,为临床预防及治疗提供参考。

Evaluate the correlation between stenotic lesions of vertebral artery and posterior circulation ischemia

Objective:To investigate the correlation between severe stenosis or occlusion of vertebral artery(VA)and posterior circulation ischemia(PCI).Methods:A retrospective study of 408 patients with severe stenosis or occlusion of the V1-V4 segment with unilateral VA was confirmed by cervical vascular ultrasound(CDU),CT angiography(CTA),and/or DSA.According to the severe stenosis or occlusion lesions,the patients were divided into V1 segment lesion group(267 cases),V2 segment disease group(40 cases),and V3-V4 segment disease group(101 cases).Depending on whether there were symptoms of posterior circulation ischemia,408 patients were divided into symptom group(195 cases)and asymptomatic group(213 cases).CDU test recorded and analyzed hemodynamic parameters:systolic peak flow rate(PSV),end diastolic flow rate(EDV),resistance index(RI),VA tube diameter(VAD).Meantime,we had assessmented the correlation between severe stenosis or occlusion of VA and PCI.Results:1.Compariing the lesion sites in affected and healthy sides of VA,there were significant differences in PSV,EDV and VAD(p=0.000).There was no significant difference in intervertebral RI when V2 was severe stenosis(p=0.762).2.When the severely stenosis or occlusion happend in V1 or V3-V4 segment,the blood flow spectrum of the affected side was significantly different from the healthy side.3.The stenosis sexual lesion of V1 and V2 had no significant correlation with PCI symptoms(dependency coefficient was 1.06,p=0.053;0.123,p=0.323);and V3-V4 stenosis sexual lesions were moderately associated with PCI symptoms(dependency coefficient=0.217,p=0.027).Conclusions:Severe stenosis or occlusion of V3-V4 segment is likely to appear PCI.CDU can effectively diagnose lesion of VA's evere stenosis or occlusion,which provides a reliable basis of timely clinical treatment and evaluation.

误诊为突发性聋的小脑前下动脉梗死临床分析

小脑前下动脉(anterior inferior cerebellar artery,AICA)脑梗死主要表现为眩晕、耳鸣耳聋、病变同侧共济失调、周围性面瘫、Horner征、向病灶侧同向凝视麻痹、面部痛觉减退、对侧肢体痛温觉减退,这些症状以不同几率出现。以这样的一组症状出现被称为典型AICA综合征。

Location of the AICA influences the severity but not occurrence of ISSNHL:A reappraisal using high-resolution 3 T MRI

Objective:To investigate the potential influence of anatomical variation in the anterior inferior cerebellar artery(AICA)on the occurrence and severity of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss(ISSNHL).Methods:Ninety ISSNHL patients were enrolled.The anatomical location of the AICA was exhibited using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),and the various AICA types classified by previously reported Chavda and Gorrie methods were analyzed.The severity of hearing loss in the ipsilateral ear among different AICA types was compared.Results:Approximately 85.6%of subjects had unilateral ISSNHL(uISSNHL),and the others had bilateral ISSNHL(bISSNHL).In the uISSNHL group,the ratios of different AICA types were similar between the ipsilateral and contralateral ears.The ratios of the different AICA types in the bISSNHL group were similar to those in the uISSNHL group.In the uISSNHL group,pure tone audiometry(PTA)thresholds at 2 kHz,4 kHz and 8 kHz of patients with Chavda type II AICA were higher than those of patients with Chavda type I and type III,with a significant difference at 4 kHz between type I and type II.There was a tendency of the PTA threshold in patients with Chavda type II or Gorrie type C to gradually increase from low to high frequency zones.Conclusion:When the AICA enters the IAC(Chavda type II)or crosses between the 7th and 8th cranial nerves(Gorrie type C),the severity and frequency of hearing impairment in ISSNHL but not the occurrence of ISSNHL will be affected.

小脑梗死临床误诊分析

目的 探讨小脑梗死的误诊原因及防范措施。方法 回顾性分析2020年4月—2022年10月收治的早期误诊为椎基底动脉供血不足、梅尼埃病的小脑梗死10例的临床资料。结果 10例首发症状为眩晕、恶心、呕吐,伴视物旋转4例,伴头痛5例、行走不利5例、耳鸣4例,有高血压病史6例;均伴水平眼震,伴共济失调5例,听力减退4例,周围性面瘫1例,偏瘫3例,肌张力降低2例。10例入院后行头颅CT平扫均未发现责任病灶;6例行经颅多普勒超声检查示双椎基底动脉弹性差,血流速度慢。初步考虑为椎基底动脉供血不足6例,梅尼埃病4例,予相应对症治疗后症状改善不明显甚或加重。后复查CT和MRI,确诊为小脑梗死。误诊时间2~3 d。确诊后予对症治疗后好转出院,9例病情恢复良好,1例遗留有轻微神经系统症状。结论 小脑梗死早期表现不典型,极易误诊;临床医生加强对该病的认识,常规行CT检查,必要时可复查CT或行MRI检查,可有效避免误诊。

孤立性眩晕型小脑梗死的临床与影像学特征

目的旨在分析孤立性眩晕型小脑梗死的临床特征与神经影像学变化之间的关系。方法回顾性分析2009年～2011年以孤立性眩晕发作的急性小脑梗死患者的临床资料。重点分析小脑性眩晕与小脑梗死的部位、临床类型及血管病变的关系。结果144例急性小脑梗死中，55例（38．19％）就诊时表现为孤立性眩晕。眩晕程度重、眩晕间隙期行走不稳及眼球震颤是孤立性眩晕型小脑梗死的重要临床特征。弥散加权磁共振（DWI）检查是小脑梗死的主要早期诊断工具。病变累及左侧小脑半球21例（38．18％），右侧26例（47．27％），双侧同时受累8例（14．55％）。区域性梗死27例（49．09％），腔隙性梗死16例（29．09％），分水岭梗死者12例（21．82％）。累及PICA34例（61．82％），AICA者3例，SCA4例，同时累及2—3支血管者2例。44例颈部磁共振血管成像（MRA）或CTA检查中，35例（79．55％）有椎动脉不同程度狭窄，其中5例有双侧椎动脉狭窄。结论小脑梗死可以表现为严重的急性孤立性眩晕，酷似前庭周围性眩晕。PICA分布区梗死是最常见的病变部位，椎动脉狭窄为最常见病因，动脉粥样化血栓形成和血液动力学改变是孤立性眩晕型小脑梗死的主要发病机制。

小脑后下动脉(PICA)的显微解剖研究

目的研究小脑后下动脉(PICA)的显微解剖结构。方法对16具(共32侧)完好的人脑标本在显微镜下测量PICA。结果平均管径(1.23±0.48)mm,24侧(75.0%)由同侧椎动脉发出,距椎基汇合点(18.83±4.92)mm,19侧(59.4%)走行于第Ⅸ￣Ⅺ脑神经后方。结论小脑后下动脉是颅后窝椎基动脉系统较重要的分支,变异多;熟悉其解剖结构,在手术中多加保护是非常必要的。

小脑前下动脉梗死的临床与磁共振成像的研究

目的 研究小脑前下动脉(AICA)梗死的临床表现及磁共振成像(MRI)特征。方法 对我院1997年1月～2001年6月4年半间通过磁共振成像(MRI)确诊的19例AICA梗死患者进行临床及MRI观察。结果AICA梗死占同期急性脑梗死的1.47％,占同期小脑梗死22.1％。危险因素与一般缺血性脑卒中午相似,即高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病是其主要的危险因素。所有患者均有眩晕及小脑性共济失调的症状体征;除一名患者外均有颅神经受累,以Ⅷ、Ⅶ、v最多见。第Ⅶ颅神经受累是AIcA梗死的一个特征性改变。AICA梗死预后较好。结论 AICA梗死并非罕见,应提高对AICA梗死临床表现及MRI特征的认识,以降低临床误诊率。

小脑下前动脉显微外科应用解剖的研究

目的 探讨小脑下前动脉（AICA）的显微解剖结构,为桥小脑角区手术提供相关的显微解剖学依据.方法 采用10例成人头颅标本,在手术显微镜下对双侧20支AICA及其分支进行解剖观察和测量.结果 AICA出现率为95%,其分支迷路动脉、回返穿动脉、弓下动脉和小脑弓下动脉,出现率分别为95%、80%、70%及5%.AICA在面神经根附近形成AICA袢,出现率为90%.AICA直径为0.56～1.87mm,平均（1.29±0.43）mm.AICA袢与内耳门关系密切,80%穿过面、蜗神经.结论 熟悉AICA的显微解剖,在桥小脑角区手术中,可避免损伤相关动脉.

椎动脉重度狭窄或闭塞部位与后循环缺血的相关性研究

目的:探讨椎动脉(VA)重度狭窄或闭塞部位与后循环缺血(PCI)的相关性。方法:回顾性连续纳入单侧VA的V1~V4段重度狭窄或闭塞患者408例,且均经颈部动脉超声(CDU)、DSA和/或CT血管成像(CTA)证实。依据单侧VA重度狭窄或闭塞部位,分单纯V1段病变组(267例)、单纯V2段病变组(40例)、单纯V3~V4段病变组(101例);依据是否有后循环缺血症状:分症状组(195例)及无症状组(213例)。CDU检测记录并分析VA各部位血流动力学参数-收缩期峰值流速(PSV)、舒张期末流速(EDV)、阻力指数(RI)、VA管径(VAD),评估VA重度狭窄或闭塞部位与PCI的相关性。结果:VA患侧各病变部位与健侧同一部位比较,其PSV、EDV、VAD差异有统计学意义(P=0.000);V2段重度狭窄时,其RI无明显差异(P=0.762)。V1段或V3~V4段重度狭窄或闭塞时,其椎间段血流频谱有明显改变。V1、V2段狭窄性病变与PCI症状无明显相关性(相依系数分别为0.106,P=0.053;0.123,P=0.323);而V3~V4段狭窄性病变与PCI症状适度相关(相依系数=0.217,P=0.027)。结论:V3~V4段重度狭窄或闭塞易出现后循环缺血症状,CDU能有效评分析VA重度狭窄或闭塞的病变部位,为临床及时治疗及评估预后提供可靠依据。

三叉神经根与周围血管关系及其临床意义

目的:研究三叉神经与小脑动脉、岩静脉等之间的关系,为临床三叉神经痛诊治提供解剖学资基础。方法:解剖20例(40侧)湿整颅标本,打开颅盖,去除硬脑膜后,小心切除大脑组织保留小脑及脑干,打开小脑幕,观察三叉神经根和小脑动脉、岩静脉间的关系,并拍照,最后测量它们之间的距离。结果:有17.4%(8支)岩静脉主干或属支与三叉神经根接触,6.5%(3支)主干或属支压迫神经根,42.5%(17支)小脑上动脉与三叉神经根接触,12.5%(5支)压迫神经根,27.5%(11支)小脑下前动脉与三叉神经接触或压迫。结论:小脑上动脉、小脑下前动脉为造成三叉神经痛的主要责任动脉,而岩静脉不仅是造成三叉神经痛原因之一而且与临床手术关系密切。

小脑梗死的临床研究现状

小脑动脉属椎、基底动脉的长旋支 ,供血范围主要包括小脑、脑干外侧部及被盖部。小脑梗死好发于 6 0～ 80岁男性 ,根据影像学改变可分为区域性和非区域性两大类。缺血机制不同 ,临床表现及预后差异较大。本文重点阐述小脑梗死的发病机制、各小脑动脉闭塞时的临床 -解剖相关性和预后。

小脑前下动脉的显微外科解剖

为了给听神经瘤手术提供显微解剖学资料 ,采用 15个成人新鲜头颅标本 ,颈内动脉及椎动脉灌注丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯 (ABS)后在手术显微镜下解剖观察。结果发现 ,小脑前下动脉出现率为 10 0 % ,其中分支迷路动脉、回返穿通动脉、弓下动脉和小脑弓下动脉的出现率分别为 10 0 %、86 .7%、80 %、16 .7%。迷路动脉走行于面听神经的下方 ,回返穿通动脉行于面听神经之间 ,弓下动脉行于面听神经的后上方。小脑前下动脉袢与内耳门关系密切 ,5 3 .6 %穿过面听神经之间。

累及小脑后下动脉椎动脉夹层动脉瘤的血管内介入治疗效果

目的：分析椎动脉夹层动脉瘤的血管内介入治疗中支架置入和双导管技术保护小脑后下动脉（PICA）的方法及其影像和临床随访结果。方法回顾性纳入首都医科大学宣武医院神经外科2012年1月至2014年12月收治的4例累及PICA的椎动脉夹层动脉瘤并经血管内治疗患者的临床资料。术后6个月复查全脑DSA，临床随访12～24个月。结果4例患者中，3例采用PICA-椎动脉支架置入技术，1例采用双向双导管技术保护PICA。对4例患者介入治疗技术方面均获成功，术后即刻造影显示PICA通畅，无缺血症状；6个月造影显示动脉瘤无复发，PICA通畅，无狭窄；12～24个月随访无新发神经功能缺损症状。结论在累及PICA的椎动脉夹层动脉瘤介入治疗中，使用P I C A-椎动脉支架置入技术和双向双导管技术能够安全、有效地保护P I C A。