A Review on Technologies for the Use of CO2 as a Working Fluid in Refrigeration and Power Cycles

The use of carbon dioxide as a working fluid has been the subject of extensive studies in recent years, particularly in the field of refrigeration where it is at the heart of research to replace CFC and HCFC. Its thermodynamic properties make it a fluid of choice in the efficient use of energy at low and medium temperatures in engine cycles. However, the performance of transcritical CO2 cycles weakens under high temperature and pressure conditions, especially in refrigeration systems;On the other hand, this disadvantage becomes rather interesting in engine cycles where CO2 can be used as an alternative to the organic working fluid in small and medium-sized electrical systems for low quality or waste heat sources. In order to improve the performance of systems operating with CO2 in the field of refrigeration and electricity production, research has made it possible to develop several concepts, of which this article deals with a review of the state of the art, followed by analyzes in-depth and critical of the various developments to the most recent modifications in these fields. Detailed discussions on the performance and technical characteristics of the different evolutions are also highlighted as well as the factors affecting the overall performance of the systems studied. Finally, perspectives on the future development of the use of CO2 in these different cycles are presented.

Thermodynamic analysis of simplified dual-pressure ammonia-water absorption power cycle

A simplified dual-pressure ammonia-water absorption power cycle(DPAPC-a) using low grade energy resources is presented and analyzed.This cycle uses turbine exhaust heat to distill the basic solution for desorption.The structure of the cycle is simple which comprises evaporator,turbine,regenerator(desorber),absorber,pump and throttle valves for both diluted solution and vapor.And it is of high efficiency,because the working medium has large temperature difference in evaporation and small temperature difference in absorptive condensation,which can match the sensible exothermal heat resource and the cooling water simultaneously.Orthogonal calculation was made to investigate the influence of the working concentration,the basic concentration and the circulation multiple on the cycle performance,with 85-110 ℃ heat resource and 20-32 ℃ cooling water.An optimum scheme was given in the condition of 110 ℃ sensitive heat resource and 20 ℃ cooling water,with the working concentration of 0.6,basic concentration of 0.385,and circulation multiple of 5.The thermal efficiency and the power recovery efficiency are 8.06 % and 6.66%,respectively.The power recovery efficiency of the DPAPC-a is 28.8% higher than that of the steam Rankine cycle(SRC) and 12.7% higher than that of ORC(R134a) under the optimized situation.

Performance analysis of a zeotropic mixture(R290/CO_2) for trans-critical power cycle

Low critical temperature limits the application of CO_2 trans-critical power cycle.The binary mixture of R290/CO_2has higher critical temperature.Using mixture fluid may solve the problem that subcritical CO_2 is hardly condensed by conventional cooling water.In this article,theoretical analysis is executed to study the performance of the zeotropic mixture for trans-critical power cycle using low-grade liquid heat source with temperature of200℃.The results indicated that the problem that CO_2 can't be condensed in power cycle by conventional cooling water can be solved by mixing R290 to CO_2.Variation trend of outlet temperature of thermal oil in supercritical heater with heating pressure is determined by the composition of the mixture fluid.Gliding temperature causes the maximum outlet temperature of cooling water with the increase of mass fraction of R290.There are the maximum values for cycle thermal efficiency and net power output with the increase of supercritical heating pressure.

一种SATA固态硬盘Power Cycle功能自动化测试方法

提出了一种SATA固态硬盘Power Cycle功能自动化测试方法,用于验证SATA固态硬盘在上下电过程中数据完整性与安全性,保证SATA固态硬盘在多种应用场景中都可以保持正常且高效的运行状态.通过分析标准SATA协议与ATA命令集协议,针对SATA固态硬盘Power Cycle工作流程,在DriveMaster和ULink Power Hub软硬件平台基础上进行脚本编程,对SATA固态硬盘Power Cycle功能进行自动化测试.测试方法包含基于标准协议提炼出的测试流程图,软件平台DriveMaster脚本编程和DriveMaster平台与ULink Power Hub硬件组件联动设置,待测硬盘运行状况记录,发生异常时运行环境记录,测试结果汇总等内容.为满足用户对SATA固态硬盘使用需求,测试过程在经典用例"写入数据-下电-上电-读回比较"基础上,为SATA固态硬盘制造多种不同写入压力,模拟SATA固态硬盘真实使用场景,从厂商角度保证SATA固态硬盘中数据完整性以及正确性.

Heat Recuperation for the Self-Condensing CO_(2)Transcritical Power Cycle

The supercritical CO_(2)Brayton cycle has potential to be used in electricity generation occasions with its advantages of high efficiency and compact structure.Focusing on a so-called self-condensing CO_(2)transcritical power cycle,a model was established and four different layouts of heat recuperation process were analyzed,a without-recuperation cycle,a post-recuperation cycle,a pre-recuperation cycle and a re-recuperation cycle.The results showed that the internal normal cycle's share of the whole cycle increases with increasing the cooling pressure and decreasing the final cooled temperature.Heat load in the supercritical heater decreases with increasing the cooling pressure.From perspective of performance,the re-recuperation cycle and the pre-recuperation cycle have similar thermal efficiency which is much higher than other two layouts.Both thermal efficiency and net power output have a maximum value with the cooling pressure,except in the condition with the final cooled temperature of 31℃.Considering both the complexity and the economy,the pre-recuperation cycle is more applicable than the other options.Under 35℃of the final cooled temperature,the thermal efficiency of the pre-recuperation cycle reaches the peak 0.34 with the cooling pressure of 8.4 MPa and the maximum net power output is 2355.24 kW at 8.2 MPa of the cooling pressure.

An Innovative Argon/Miller Power Cycle for Internal Combustion Engine: Thermodynamic Analysis of its Efficiency and Power Density

Increasing efficiency and reducing emissions are fundamental approaches to achieving peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality for the transportation and power industries.The Argon power cycle(APC)is a novel concept for high efficiency and zero emissions.However,APC faces the challenges of severe knock and low power density at high efficiency.To elevate efficiency and power density simultaneously of APC,the Miller cycle is applied and combined with APC.The calculation method is based on a modification of the previous thermodynamic method.The mixture of hydrogen and oxygen is controlled in the stoichiometric ratio.The results indicate that to obtain a thermal conversion efficiency of 70%,in the Otto cycle,the compression ratio and the AR(argon molar ratio in the argon-oxygen mixture)could be 9 and 95%,respectively.In comparison,for the Miller cycle,these two parameters only need to be 7 and 91%.A lower compression ratio can reduce the negative effect of knock,and a reduced AR increases the power density by 66%with the same efficiency.The improvement effect is significant when the expansion-compression ratio is 1.5.Meanwhile,increasing the expansion-compression ratio is more effective in the argon-oxygen mixture than in the nitrogen–oxygen mixture.For the next-generation Argon/Miller power cycle engine,the feasible design to achieve the indicated thermal efficiency of 58.6%should be a compression ratio of 11,an expansion-compression ratio of 1.5,and an AR of 91%.

A goal-oriented Design Method of CO_(2) Power Cycle(CPC)System

The CO_(2)power cycle(CPC)system is an efficient and environmentally friendly method for waste heat recovery(WHR).However,the traditional design and optimization process of a CPC system is very complex and timeconsuming.This paper proposes a novel goal-oriented design method based on machine-learning methods for quickly designing an optimized CPC system with given performance indicators.And taking the design of the CO_(2)transcritical power cycle(CTPC)system for internal combustion engines(ICEs)as an example.Firstly,the net output power and the total cost of the system prediction models are trained by simulated data.Then the multiobjective optimization of the system is carried out by using the genetic algorithm coupled with the prediction models,and the optimization results are used to train a classification model.Finally,the given target indicators are input into the classification model for goal-oriented designing and getting the optimal configuration.The results of the goal-oriented design validation show that the goal-oriented design method can design the CTPC system well.And,once the classification model is trained,the CTPC system’s future goal-oriented design process only needs to be calculated once,significantly reducing design time.In conclusion,the goal-oriented design method based on machine-learning proposed is a novel and promising method.This is a technology that combines computer science and energy science and can provide users with a quick and reliable CPC system design method.

Theoretical and experimental investigation on a liquid-gas ejector power cycle using ammonia-water

The purpose of this paper is to investigate a novel power cycle using low-temperature heat sources such as oceanic-thermal, biomass as well as industrial waste heat. Both a reheater and a liquid-gas ejector are used in this ammonia-water based cycle. Energy analysis and parametric analysis are performed to guide the theoretical performance and experimental investigation is done to verify the theoretical results. The results show that the generator pressure, heating source temperature and turbine outlet depressurization made by the ejector can affect the cycle performances. Besides, the experimental thermal efficiency is much lower than the theoretical one on account of the heat losses and irreversibility. Moreover, the performance of liquid-gas ejector is affected by primary flow pressure and temperature.

CO_(2) Reduction Request and Future High-Efficiency Zero-Emission Argon Power Cycle Engine

To meet the requirements of strict fuel consumption and emission limits,continuously increasing the thermal efficiency of an internal combustion engine and decreasing its exhaust emissions are the main challenges to its sustainable development within the automotive industry.Considering the competition with other zero-emission powertrain systems,such as vehicle batteries and fuel cells,the development of the internal combustion engine needs to focus on producing higher efficiency and zero emissions to meet the request of CO_(2) reduction.This paper introduces two novel concepts for an internal combustion engine featuring high efficiency and zero emissions.Referred to as the argon power cycle engine fueled with either hydrogen or natural gas within an oxygen–argon mixture,its fundamentals and characteristics are expounded.This includes a method necessary to absorb carbon dioxide when natural gas is used as fuel instead of hydrogen.

Preliminary experimental study of a supercritical CO2 power cycle test loop with a high-speed turbo-generator using R134a under similarity conditions

Research on applying a supercritical carbon dioxide power cycle （S-CO2） to concentrating solar power （CSP） instead of a steam Rankine cycle or an air Brayton cycle has been recently conducted. An S-CO2 system is suitable for CSP owing to its compactness, higher efficiency, and dry-cooling capability. At the Korea Institute of Energy Research （KIER）, to implement an S-CO2 system, a 10 kWe class test loop with a turbine- alternator-compressor （TAC） using gas foil bearings was developed. A basic sub-kWe class test loop with a high- speed radial type turbo-generator and a test loop with a capability of tens of kWe with an axial type turbo- generator were then developed. To solve the technical bottleneck of S-CO2 turbomachinery, a partial admission nozzle and oil-lubrication bearings were used in the turbo- generators. To experience the closed-power cycle and develop an operational strategy of S-CO2 operated at high pressure, an organic Rankine cycle （ORC） operating test using a refrigerant as the working fluid was conducted owing to its operational capability at relatively low- pressure conditions of approximately 30 to 40 bar. By operating the sub-kWe class test loop using R134a as the working fluid instead of CO2, an average turbine power of 400 W was obtained.

Model Selection of Gas Turbine for Large Scale Gas-Fired Combined Cycle Power Plant

This paper briefs the configuration and performance of large size gas turbines and their composed combined cycle power plants designed and produced by four large renown gas turbine manufacturing firms in the world, providing reference for the relevant sectors and enterprises in importing advanced gas turbines and technologies.

Selection of organic Rankine cycle working fluid based on unit-heat-exchange-area net power

To improve energy conversion efficiency, optimization of the working fluids in organic Rankine cycles(ORCs) was explored in the range of low-temperature heat sources. The concept of unit-heat-exchange-area(UHEA) net power, embodying the cost/performance ratio of an ORC system, was proposed as a new indicator to judge the suitability of ORC working fluids on a given condition. The heat exchange area was computed by an improved evaporator model without fixing the minimum temperature difference between working fluid and hot fluid, and the flow pattern transition during heat exchange was also taken into account. The maximum UHEA net powers obtained show that dry organic fluids are more suitable for ORCs than wet organic fluids to recover low-temperature heat. The organic fluid 1-butene is recommended if the inlet temperature of hot fluid is 353.15-363.15 K or443.15-453.15 K, heptane is more suitable at 373.15-423.15 K, and R245 ca is a good option at 483.15-503.15 K.

Pedaling for a Cause A Chinese adventurer cycles through Africa to raise money to power a village in Benin

Yuan Jianglei has an amazing story to tell. The 27 year old is one of a handful of people who can say they have cycled through Africa - solo.Yuan began his epic adventure in the West African country of Benin, ending 10,544 km and 333 days later in his hometown of Ningbo, east China＇s Zhejiang Province.

Progress in Research and Development of Molten Chloride Salt Technology for Next Generation Concentrated Solar Power Plants

Concentrated solar power(CSP)plants with thermal energy storage(TES)system are emerging as one kind of the most promising power plants in the future renewable energy system,since they can supply dispatchable and low-cost electricity with abundant but intermittent solar energy.In order to significantly reduce the levelized cost of electricity(LCOE)of the present commercial CSP plants,the next generation CSP technology with higher process temperature and energy efficiency is being developed.The TES system in the next generation CSP plants works with new TES materials at higher temperatures(>565℃)compared to that with the commercial nitrate salt mixtures.This paper reviews recent progressin research and development of the next generation CSP and TES technology.Emphasis is given on theadvanced'TES technology based on molten chloride salt mixtures such as MgCl_(2)/NaCl/KCl which hassimilar thermo-physical properties as the commercial nitrate salt mixtures,higher thermal stability(>800℃),and lower costs(<0.35USD·kg^(-1)).Recent progress in the selection/optimization of chloridesalts,determination of molten chloride salt properties,and corrosion control of construction materials(eg.,alloys)in molten chlorides is reviewed.

Lifetime estimation of IGBT module using square-wave loss discretization and power cycling test

The insulated gate bipolar transistor(IGBT)module is one of the most age-affected components in the switch power supply, and its reliability prediction is conducive to timely troubleshooting and reduction in safety risks and unnecessary costs. The pulsed current pattern of the accelerator power supply is different from other converter applications;therefore, this study proposed a lifetime estimation method for IGBT modules in pulsed power supplies for accelerator magnets. The proposed methodology was based on junction temperature calculations using square-wave loss discretization and thermal modeling.Comparison results showed that the junction temperature error between the simulation and IR measurements was less than 3%. An AC power cycling test under real pulsed power supply applications was performed via offline wearout monitoring of the tested power IGBT module. After combining the IGBT4 PC curve and fitting the test results,a simple corrected lifetime model was developed to quantitatively evaluate the lifetime of the IGBT module,which can be employed for the accelerator pulsed power supply in engineering. This method can be applied to other IGBT modules and pulsed power supplies.

Performance and Stability of Supercapacitor Modules based on Porous Carbon Electrodes in Hybrid Powertrain

Hybrid power sources have attracted much attention in the electric vehicle area. Particularly, electric-electric hybrid powertrain system consisting of supercapacitor modules and lithium-ion batteries has been widely applied because of the high power density of supercapacitors. In this study, we design a hybrid powertrain system containing two porous carbon electrode-based supercapacitor modules in parallel and one lithium ion battery pack. With the construction of the testing station, the performance and stability of the used supercapacitor modules are investigated in correlation with the structure of the supercapacitor and the nature of the electrode materials applied. It has been shown that the responding time for voltage vibration from 20 V to 48.5 V during charging or discharging process decreases from about 490 s to 94 s with the increase in applied current from 20 A to 100 A. The capacitance of the capacitor modules is nearly independent on the applied current. With the designed setup, the energy efficiency can reach as high as 0.99. The results described here provide a guidance for material selection of supercapacitors and optimized controlling strategy for hybrid power system applied in electric vehicles.

Development and assessment of a novel integrated system powered by parabolic trough collectors for combined power, heating and freshwater production

Hybrid solar-based integrated systems represent a viable solution for countries with abundant solar radiation,as they provide energy needs in an environmentally friendly way,offering a sustainable and economically advantageous energy solution that utilizes a free source of energy.Therefore,this research offers a thermodynamic evaluation of a novel integrated system driven by solar energy that aims to produce power,heating and freshwater.The integrated system consists of a parabolic trough collector that uses CO_(2) as its working fluid and implements the supercritical carbon dioxide cycle to generate power and heating.The integrated system also in-cludes an adsorption desalination system with heat recovery between the condenser and evaporator,which employs a cutting-edge material called an aluminium fumarate metal–organic framework to produce fresh water.For the modelling of a novel system,an en-gineering equation solver,which is considered a reliable tool for thermodynamic investigations,is employed.The effectiveness of an integrated system is evaluated using a mathematical model and different varying parameters are examined to ascertain their influence on thermal and exergy efficiency,specific daily water production and gained output ratio.The results revealed that the parabolic trough collector achieved a thermal efficiency of 67.2%and an exergy efficiency of 41.2%under certain conditions.Additionally,the thermal efficiencies for electrical and heating were obtained 24.68%and 9.85%,respectively.Finally,the specific daily water production was calculated,showing promising results and an increase from 7.1 to 12.5 m3/ton/day,while the gain output ratio increased from 0.395 to 0.62 when the temperature of hot water increased from 65°C to 85°C,under the selected conditions.

A review of cryogenic power generation cycles with liquefied natural gas cold energy utilization

Liquefied natural gas （LNG）, an increasingly widely applied clean fuel, releases a large number of cold energy in its regasification process. In the present paper, the existing power generation cycles utilizing LNG cold energy are introduced and summarized. The direction of cycle improvement can be divided into the key factors affecting basic power generation cycles and the structural enhancement of cycles utilizing LNG cold energy. The former includes the effects of LNG-side parameters, working fluids, and inlet and outlet thermodynamic parameters of equipment, while the latter is based on Rankine cycle, Brayton cycle, Kalina cycle and their compound cycles. In the present paper, the diversities of cryogenic power generation cycles utilizing LNG cold energy are discussed and analyzed. It is pointed out that further researches should focus on the selection and component matching of organic mixed working fluids and the combination of process simulation and experi- mental investigation, etc.

Performance Improvement of Combined Cycle Power Plant Based on the Optimization of the Bottom Cycle and Heat Recuperation

Many F class gas turbine combined cycle （GTCC） power plants are built in China at present because of less emission and high efficiency. It is of great interest to investigate the efficiency improvement of GTCC plant. A combined cycle with three-pressure reheat heat recovery steam generator （HRSG） is selected for study in this paper. In order to maximize the GTCC efficiency, the optimization of the HRSG operating parameters is performed. The operating parameters are determined by means of a thermodynamic analysis, i.e. the minimization of exergy losses. The influence of HRSG inlet gas temperature on the steam bottoming cycle efficiency is discussed. The result shows that increasing the HRSG inlet temperature has less improvement to steam cycle efficiency when it is over 590℃. Partial gas to gas recuperation in the topping cycle is studied. Joining HRSG optimization with the use of gas to gas heat recuperation, the combined plant efficiency can rise up to 59.05% at base load. In addition, the part load performance of the GTCC power plant gets much better. The efficiency is increased by 2.11% at 75% load and by 4.17% at 50% load.

Life Cycle Assessment Analysis and Comparison of 1000 MW S-CO_(2)Coal Fired Power Plant and 1000 MW USC Water-Steam Coal-Fired Power Plant

The objective of this paper is to understand the benefits that one can achieve for large-scale supercritical CO_(2)(S-CO_(2))coal-fired power plants.The aspects of energy environment and economy of 1000 MW S-CO_(2)coal-fired power generation system and 1000 MW ultra-supercritical(USC)water-steam Rankine cycle coal-fired power generation system are analyzed and compared at the similar main vapor parameters,by adopting the neural network genetic algorithm and life cycle assessment(LCA)methodology.Multi-objective optimization of the 1000 MW S-CO_(2)coal-fired power generation system is further carried out.The power generation efficiency,environmental impact load,and investment recovery period are adopted as the objective functions.The main vapor parameters of temperature and pressure are set as the decision variables.The results are concluded as follows.First,the total energy consumption of the S-CO_(2)coal-fired power generation system is 10.48 MJ/k Wh and the energy payback ratio is 34.37%.The performance is superior to the USC coal-fired power generation system.Second,the resource depletion index of the S-CO_(2)coal-fired power generation system is 4.38μPRchina,90,which is lower than that of the USC coal-fired power generation system,and the resource consumption is less.Third,the environmental impact load of the S-CO_(2)coal-fired power generation system is 0.742 m PEchina,90,which is less than that of the USC coal-fired power generation system,0.783 m PEchina,90.Among all environmental impact types,human toxicity potential HTP and global warming potential GWP account for the most environmental impact.Finally,the investment cost of the S-CO_(2)coal-fired power generation system is generally less than that of the USC coal-fired power generation system because the cost of the S-CO_(2)turbine is only half of the cost of the steam turbine.The optimal turbine inlet temperature T_(5)becomes smaller,and the optimal turbine inlet pressure is unchanged at 622.082°C/30 MPa.