Analysis of Soft-Switched High Frequency AC-AC Converter for Induction Motor Drive

The systematic mathematical analysis of the high frequency soft-switched AC-AC converter is proposed for variable frequency induction machine load in this paper. Both PWM and square-wave modes of operation have been considered. The frequency relation and phase unbalance problem due to discrete time integral half-cycle switching has been discussed in the beginning. Then, generalized Fourier series have been derived for output voltage, output current and supply current in two modes.The analytical results help to understand tbe converter characteristics, design optimally a convertermachine system of arbitrary capacity considering the various trade-off parameters.

Phasor Control of Converter Output Voltage for Frequency Regulation

The synchronizing torque of a power system may be weakened by increasing installation of static power converters accompanied by renewable energy resources because they used to trade their favorable active power by synchronizing their output voltage with the one at the point of common coupling. In the circumstances, a concept of Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM) is proposed, where the self-commutated power converters are emulating synchronous generators. This paper describes a converter control to contribute to enhancing the synchronizing torque. The proposed control is similar to the VSM but it simply realizes active power trades among power generation units including converter-based generators by modulating phase angles of their output voltages. Therefore, it can provide an effective support to regulate the system frequency where the total rated power of the converter-based generators increases as much as the one of conventional rotating generators like a microgrid. This paper especially focuses on its robustness where the number of converter-based generators is increased or they are dispersed in the power network. The effectiveness is verified by simulation study based on instantaneous values.

Exact Dynamic Modeling of PWM DC-to-DC Power Converters—Part II: Discontinuous Conduction Mode

This paper follows on from the first paper, Part I, where a general formulation of a describing function approach to frequency response determination of switched linear networks, such as PWM converters, was simplified and updated. The models assume a piecewise linear state space equation description of the system and results in a closed form solution for the sought after frequency response. In Part I, model derivation was demonstrated for the case of PWM converters operating in the continuous conduction mode (CCM). This operating mode does not feature any state dependent switching times. In this paper, Part II, frequency response models for any transfer function for PWM converters operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) are derived based on the theory presented in Part I. This operating model features state dependent switching times. The describing function models developed are exact and therefore, in terms of accuracy, are to be preferred over averaged models which are widely used. The example of a boost dc-to-dc converter operating in DCM is simulated to obtain the control to output and input to output frequency responses and are compared with the models derived here. Excellent agreement between the simulated and model responses was found. Matlab code implementing the analytical models is also presented which the user can adapt for any other PWM converter topology. The models derived here may be used as a basis from which simplified models may be derived while still preserving required accuracy.

Exact Dynamic Modeling of PWM DC-to-DC Power Converters—Part I: Continuous Conduction Mode

A general approach is presented by which the exact frequency response of any transfer function of switched linear networks can be determined. This is achieved with a describing function approach using a state space equation formulation. This work presents a somewhat simplified set of equations to one previously given by one of the authors. To demonstrate application of the general formulation, the frequency responses of switched networks used as PWM DC-to-DC converters operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) under voltage mode control are derived. (The accompanying paper, Part II, will present results for converters operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM)). From the general sets of equations developed here, both the control to output and input source variation to output frequency responses are derived. The describing function approach enables exact frequency response determination, even at high frequencies where the accuracy using average models may be compromised. Confirmation of the accuracy of the derived models is provided by comparing the responses with those obtained using the commercial simulator PSIM on a PWM boost converter. The magnitude and phase responses are shown to match perfectly over the full range of frequencies up to close to half the switching frequency. Matlab code that implements the models is given such that the user can easily adapt for use with other PWM converter topologies.

A Current-Mode DC-DC Buck Converter with High Stability and Fast Dynamic Response

A current-mode DC-DC buck converter with high stability is presented. The loop gain＇s expression of the current-mode converter is derived by employing an advanced model of a current-mode control converter. After analyzing the loop gain＇s expression, which illustrates the method of selecting suitable frequency compensation for the control loop,a novel pole-zero tracking frequency compensation is proposed. Based on theoretical analysis, a DC-DC buck converter with high stability is designed with 0.5μm-CMOS technology. The simulated results reveal that the stability of the converter is independent of the load current and the input voltage. Moreover,the converter provides a full load transient response setting time of less than 5μs and overshoots and undershoots of less than 30mV.

Transient Stability Analysis of Converter-based Islanded Microgrids Based on Iterative Equal Area Criterion Considering Reactive Power Loop Dynamics and Varying Damping

With the rapid increase in the installed capacity of renewable energy in modern power systems,the stable operation of power systems with considerable power electronic equipment requires further investigation.In converter-based islanded microgrid(CIM)systems equipped with grid-following(GFL)and grid-forming(GFM)voltage-source converters(VSCs),it is challenging to maintain stability due to the mutual coupling effects between different VSCs and the loss of voltage and frequency support from the power system.In previous studies,quantitative transient stability analysis was primarily used to assess the active power loop of GFM-VSCs.However,frequency and voltage dynamics are found to be strongly coupled,which strongly affects the estimation result of stability boundary.In addition,the vary-ing damping terms have not been fully captured.To bridge these gaps,this paper investigates the transient stability of CIM consid-ering reactive power loop dynamics and varying damping.First,an accuracy-enhanced nonlinear model of the CIM is derived based on the effects of reactive power loop and post-disturbance frequency jump phenomena.Considering these effects will eliminates the risk of misjudgment.The reactive power loop dynamics make the model coefficients be no longer constant and thus vary with the power angle.To evaluate quantitatively the effects of re-active power loop and varying damping on the transient stability of CIM,an iterative criterion based on the equal area criterion theory is proposed.In addition,the effects of parameters on the stable boundary of power system are analyzed,and the dynamic interaction mechanisms are revealed.Simulation and experiment results verify the merits of the proposed method.

A Novel Device for Real-Time Monitoring of High Frequency Phenomena in CENELEC PLC Band

This paper proposes the design and development of a novel, portable and low-cost intelligent electronic device (IED) for real-time monitoring of high frequency phenomena in CENELEC PLC band. A high speed floating-point digital signal processor (DSP) along with 4 MSPS analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is used to develop the intelligent electronic device. An optimized algorithm to process the analog signal in real-time and to extract the meaningful result using signal processing techniques has been implemented on the device. A laboratory environment has setup with all the necessary equipment including the development of the load model to evaluate the performance of the IED. Smart meter and concentrator is also connected to the low voltage (LV) network to monitor the PLC communication using the IED. The device has been tested in the laboratory and it has produced very promising results for time domain as well as frequency domain analysis. Those results imply that the IED is fully capable of monitoring high frequency disturbances in CENELEC PLC band.

Application of GaN in Hard-switching Converters:Challenges and Potential Solutions

This paper overviews the benefits,challenges,research trends and potential solutions on the design and application of gallium nitride(GaN) technology in hard-switching power electronic converters from the device level up to converter level.

A Dual-Mode Step-up DC/DC Converter IC with Current-Limiting and EMI Reduction Techniques

This paper presents a novel dual-mode step-up （boost） DC/DC converter. Pulse-frequency modulation （PFM） is used to improve the efficiency at light load. This converter can operate between pulse-width modulation （PWM） and pulse-frequency modulation. The converter will operate in PFM mode at light load and in PWM mode at heavy load. The maximum conversion efficiency of this converter is 96%. The conversion efficiency is greatly improved when load current is below 100 mA. Additionally, a soft-start circuit and a variable-sawtooth frequency circuit are proposed in this paper. The former is used to avoid the large switching current at the start up of the converter and the latter is utilized to reduce the EMI of the converter.

考虑可再生能源接入的多端MMC交直流混合系统协调控制

模块化多电平变换器的零转动惯量特性,使其无法对交流电网的频率波动提供支撑,导致交直流混合系统的整体惯性下降,影响并网系统的动态性能与稳定性。文章将改进功率-电压下垂控制与虚拟同步机技术相结合,提出一种新型功率协调控制策略。在系统直流电压稳定的情况下,对交流电网进行频率调节,同时对各变换器间的功率进行合理分配,无需通讯系统即可建立有效的能量管理体系。与传统双闭环控制进行对比试验,结果表明,所提控制策略有效解决了系统由低惯量、欠阻尼引起的动态性能与稳定性的问题。

模块化多电平矩阵换流器接入下的工频故障特性分析

基于模块化多电平矩阵换流器(M3C)的柔性低频输电系统在中远海风电外送、异步电网互联等方面优势突出。然而,有别于模块化多电平换流器(MMC)等其他电力电子换流设备,M3C的控制策略将导致系统故障特性发生显著变化。现有将电力电子设备负序部分等效为开路的故障等值与响应特性计算方法无法适用。文中计及M3C正序定电容电压总平均值控制、负序电流注入控制以及环流控制分层构成的桥臂电容电压均衡策略,推导了工频侧线路故障以后,M3C输入输出功率均衡、桥臂功率均衡(电容电压均衡的必要条件)与正负序电压电流间的映射关系,由此构建了工频侧线路故障(不对称、对称)后的M3C输出电压电流响应特性的等效模型。在此基础上,提出了M3C接入下工频侧线路故障后电压电流响应特性的精确计算方法。最后,基于PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台,搭建了海上风电柔性低频送出系统仿真模型,通过大量仿真算例充分验证了所提故障特性分析方法的正确性和精确性。

双频DC-DC变换器的磁集成技术

双频Buck变换器由两个降压单元级联构成,具有动态响应快,开关损耗小等优势。然而不足的是磁件占据了整个系统的大部分体积与重量,降低了系统的功率密度。针对这一问题,提出一种三段式绕制磁集成技术,将磁件以解耦的方式集成在一副磁心中。该文首先建立集成磁件的磁路等效模型,通过抵消各绕组之间的耦合作用推导出解耦条件,并详细阐述了磁心的选取、匝数以及气隙的设计原则。其次,利用有限元仿真平台对所提集成磁件进行建模分析,与现有的集成方法相比,磁通密度分布更为均匀,磁心的利用率得到了有效提升。最后,搭建一台48 V/12 V、108 W的实验样机,体积和重量同分离磁件相比降低了31.2%和25.3%,提高了系统的功率密度,验证了该集成方法理论分析的正确性和可行性。

远距离风电分频送出方式及大功率变频装置的研发

分频输电作为一种新型输电方式,在风电远距离送出场景下极具优势。为了给远距离风电经分频输电系统送出场景下的关键变频设备——模块化多电平矩阵式换流器(modular multilevel matrix converter,M3C)在工程上的实机研制与生产运行提供参考,首先介绍了分频输电的特性、风电经分频输电送出的系统方案与拓扑以及分频输电系统的关键变频设备。在此基础上,研制了分频输电系统中工/分频能量变换的关键设备——35 kV/3 MVA M3C变频器,并进行了性能试验。试验结果表明:分频变频器工程样机满载情况下的效率、模块电压不均衡度、电压/电流谐波畸变率、分频侧频率调节偏差以及功率阶跃响应时间等关键性能指标均符合设计要求。最后对分频输电系统的发展前景以及效益进行了分析,同时也指出了目前分频输电系统发展所面临的技术挑战。

Control scheme of hexagonal modular multilevel direct converter for offshore wind power integration via fractional frequency transmission system

A fractional frequency transmission system(FFTS)is a promising solution to offshore wind power integration,for which the hexagonal modular multilevel converter(Hexverter)is an attractive choice for power conversion.The Hexverter has recently been proposed to directly connect two three-phase systems of different frequencies and voltage amplitudes,with only six branches in the FFTS in that case.This paper examines for the first time the control scheme of the Hexverter when applied to offshore wind power integration via a FFTS.Firstly,the frequency-decoupled mathematical model of the Hexverter is deduced by introducing the double dq transformation.Then the branch energy of the Hexverter is analyzed in detail and the reactive power constraint equation is obtained.The corresponding control scheme is thoroughly discussed,including the inner loop current control,the outer loop voltage control in both grid-connected mode and passive mode,and a novel optimization method to minimize the circulating current in the Hexverter.Finally,a simulation model of offshore wind power integration via a 4-terminal FFTS based on the Hexverter is built in MATALB/Simulink to verify the feasibility of Hexverter and the effectiveness of the control scheme proposed in this paper.

高频双频Buck变换器平面集成磁件优化设计

针对目前开关器件和磁性元件性能不足导致双频Buck变换器的效率和功率密度低的问题,研究了一种高效高功率密度的双频Buck变换器。变换器将工作在连续导通(CCM)模式,采用解耦合的平面集成电感器完成系统磁元件的集成,结合磁件的集成方法、有限的PCB层数和变换器的特性给出双频Buck变换器的参数,然后,提出了一种双频Buck变换器平面磁件的设计方法,并完成系统磁元件的优化设计。最后,基于第3代半导体SiC器件以及平面集成磁件,设计了额定功率200 W、开关频率400 kHz的双频Buck变换器。结果表明:该变换器峰值效率将达到96.1%,功率密度为46.1 W/in^(3)(1 in=25.4 mm),验证了双频Buck变换器设计方法的正确性和有效性。

船舶动力推进系统加速性能控制方法改进

针对船舶动力推进系统加速性能控制方法实施改进优化。首先,设计船舶动力推进系统加速性能控制模型,通过推进电机推力控制与桨距的调节共同实现推进系统的加速性能控制。船舶集控室将加速命令传输至VDF中央处理单元后,推进变频器内的PLC软件获取获取控制命令,利用模糊控制器控制加速电机转速。针对控制偏差问题,采用遗传算法改进模糊控制器,通过准确控制电机产生的推力实现加速性能控制;VDF中央处理单元获取控制信息后,将螺距控制信息传输至CPP处理单元,由此实现对螺距的控制。实验结果显示,该方法能够有效实现研究对象的加速性能控制,控制响应时间在1 s内,且在联控模式控制过程具有较强的抗干扰性。

高频链矩阵变换器直接功率反步控制策略

针对高频链矩阵变换器(HFLMC)电路前后级耦合导致系统动态性能和鲁棒性降低的问题,提出一种基于直接功率的非线性反步控制策略(BS-DPC)。首先,建立HFLMC非线性数学模型和有功、无功功率动态模型,分析双极性电流空间矢量调制策略;然后,在考虑系统不确定性情况下引入2个解耦控制分量,设计直流输出电流和无功功率反步控制器,实现电池不同工况下输出电流参考值的快速跟踪控制;最后,根据李雅普诺夫稳定性理论证明HFLMC闭环系统全局渐进稳定性,并对比传统PI直接功率控制和BS-DPC策略。仿真和实验结果表明,所提BS-DPC策略控制HFLMC提高了输出电流的动态性能和电网波动及直流滤波电感变化下的鲁棒性,响应时间减少了约78%,网侧THD降低了0.98%。

构网型变流器:物理本质与特征

全球能源产业变革促进了电力系统电力电子化转型,以新能源为主体的电力电子化电力系统中同步机占比低,系统呈现低惯量、弱阻尼特征,引发了一系列运行问题。构网型变流器本质为电压源,能够主动构建电压频率,为系统提供惯量支撑,有利于改善系统稳定性,是提高新能源主动支撑能力的有效手段,近年来成为研究热点。该文从电力电子化电力系统的运行问题出发,梳理了下垂控制、虚拟同步机控制等典型构网型控制策略的实现原理及内在联系,建立构网型控制策略的统一数学模型;通过类比稳态条件下同步机与构网型变流器的电压频率构建原理,揭示了构网型变流器的物理本质,从电压频率构建、惯量阻尼支撑、同步机制等角度解释了构网型变流器的内涵与特性,可为构网型变流器的稳定与控制提供理论参考。

Fast valve power loss evaluation method for modular multi-level converter operating at high-frequency

There is no common accepted way for calculating the valve power loss of modular multilevel converter(MMC).Valve power loss estimation based on analytical calculation is inaccurate to address the switching power loss and valve power loss estimation based on detailed electro-magnetic simulation is of low speed.To solve this problem,a method of valve power loss estimation based on the detailed equivalent simulation model of MMC is proposed.Results of valve power loss analysis of 201-level 500MW MMC operating at 50Hz~1000Hz are presented.It is seen that the valve power loss of a MMC increased by 12,40 and 93%under 200Hz,500Hz and 1000Hz operating frequency.The article concludes that in a device with isolated inner AC system,MMC operating at higher frequency will be more competitive than typical 50Hz/60Hz MMC with moderate increase of operating power loss and significant reduction of the size of the AC components.

A review of high frequency resonant DC-DC power converters:Topologies and planar magnetic technologies

With the development of high frequency resonant DC-DC power converters,the system efficiency,power density and dynamic characteristics have been significantly improved.High frequency resonant DC-DC converters have been applied in DC grid,renewable energy,transportation,aerospace,point-of-load(POL)power supply and many other fields.Under high switching frequencies,switching loss and magnetic loss are the main concerns;thus,the resonant topology and planar magnetic are two key technologies to reduce loss.This review compares different resonant topologies and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages respectively,such as LLC circuit,dual active bridge(DAB)circuit,and other high order resonant circuits.For planar magnetic components,optimal winding structures,modeling methods and integration methods are thoroughly surveyed.With corresponding topics,the opportunities and challenges in the future development are summarized,which mainly focus on the characteristics of wide bandgap devices,such as the dynamic resistance,output capacitance loss and also the integrated module.This review can be a helpful guidance when designing high frequency resonant DC-DC converters.