Visualization of the Precessing Vortex Core in a Cyclone Separator by PIV

The precessing vortex core (PVC) in a cyclone separator plays an important role in the separation performance and in further understanding of the general law of periodic unsteady flow therein. In this paper, the unsteady flow field is investigated with particle image velocimetry (PIV), and the instantaneous velocity, vorticity, tangential velocity, and radial velocity are acquired by analyzing the images of instantaneous flow. It is for the first time reported that there is a centrifugal flow region close to the dust discharge zone and its maximum value is higher than the mean radial velocity. This discovery is very important for understanding the principle of separation of particles in the area of dust discharge. Determination of the frequency and amplitude of PVC was conducted in the region where the phenomenon of PVC is remarkable. Results agree well with those obtained by hot wire anemometry. The observations of the center of vortex core and the bimodal distribution of the amplitude of the PVC indicate the vortex core precesses around the geometric axis of the cyclone in its own way.

Coulomb Interaction in Quantum Dot with a Precessing Magnetic Field

We study electronic transport through a quantum dot （QD） with a precessing magnetic field. By using the Keldysh nonequilibrium Green function method, formulas of local density of states （LDOS） and conductance of QD are derived self-consistently. It shows that the LDOS and conductance have obvious changes with the Coulomb blockade interaction. The intensity and angle of the magnetic field or temperatures, which reflect the mesoscopic structure of the QD are derived. The superiority of this device is that the QD can be controlled easily by the magnetic field, so it is valuable to apply in generating, manipulating and probing spin state.

Precessing Ball Solitons as Self-Organizing Systems during a Phase Transition in a Ferromagnet

Precessing ball solitons (PBS) in a ferromagnet during the first order phase transition is induced by a magnetic field directed along the axis of anisotropy, while the action of the periodic field perpendicular to the main magnetic field has been analyzed. Under these conditions, the characteristics of arising equilibrium PBS are uniquely determined by the frequency of the periodic field, but the solitons with other frequencies are impossible. For such structure, the entropy increase connected with dissipation is compensated by the decrease of the entropy due to the external periodic field. It is shown that the equilibrium PBS are essentially the “self-organizing systems” that can arise spotaneously in a metastable state of ferromagnet.

Analytical solutions to the precession relaxation of magnetization with uniaxial anisotropy

Based on the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert(LLG)equation,the precession relaxation of magnetization is studied when the external field H is parallel to the uniaxial anisotropic field H_(k).The evolution of three-component magnetization is solved analytically under the condition of H=nH_(k)(n=3,1 and 0).It is found that with an increase of H or a decrease of the initial polar angle of magnetization,the relaxation time decreases and the angular frequency of magnetization increases.For comparison,the analytical solution for H_(k)=0 is also given.When the magnetization becomes stable,the angular frequency is proportional to the total effective field acting on the magnetization.The analytical solutions are not only conducive to the understanding of the precession relaxation of magnetization,but also can be used as a standard model to test the numerical calculation of LLG equation.

Three-dimensional reconstruction of precession warhead based on multi-view micro-Doppler analysis

The warhead of a ballistic missile may precess due to lateral moments during release. The resulting micro-Doppler effect is determined by parameters such as the target's motion state and size. A three-dimensional reconstruction method for the precession warhead via the micro-Doppler analysis and inverse Radon transform(IRT) is proposed in this paper. The precession parameters are extracted by the micro-Doppler analysis from three radars, and the IRT is used to estimate the size of targe. The scatterers of the target can be reconstructed based on the above parameters. Simulation experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in this paper.

The Influence of Variable (Monsoon) Rainfall on Sedimentation in the Roaches Grit and Other Upper Carboniferous Delta Sequences in the UK Pennine Basin

The Roaches Grit in the UK Pennine Basin was a complex deep water deltaic sequence deposited during the Late Carboniferous glacial period. The channels of the upper part of the Roaches Grit, deposited towards the end of the cyclothem after the eustatic minimum, contain evidence for very high seasonal discharges related to strong monsoon rainfall in the catchment areas. In some channels, intense turbulence near the delta front, led to knick point recession and deep incision. These channels were filled with sediments during reduced discharge, including very large sets of cross-bedding up to 16 m thick. Channels were short-lived with frequent avulsions. Over time slightly lower discharges formed laterally migrating channels dominated by bar forms. Different discharge-controlled processes operated on the reactivated delta slope. Incised channels generated turbidity currents during floods which transported sediments directly into the basin far from the delta. Migrating channels built mouth bars;resedimentation during floods formed density currents which then deposited sediment on the lower parts of the slope.

RESARCH ON NEEDLE SHAPED WOLLASTONITE POWDER PROCESSING WITH HORIZONTAL DISK TYPE JET MILL

The way of producing needle-shaped wolldstonite pow-der has never been released, the key to the matter is to get high enough length to -width ratio of the particle. With φ 50 mm horizontal disk type jet mill,rue carry out a series of experiments, and discover that select-ing reasonable technological operating condition, with the aim of weak-ening colliding pulverizing effect and reinforcing rubbing pulverizing effect, is helpful to improve effectively the L-W radio.

Spin-dependent tunneling through a spin precession quantum dot

Spin-polarized transport through a precessing magnetic spin coupled to ferromagnetic electrodes is studied using a non-equilibrium Green＇s function approach. The characteristic of conductance is obtained at zero temperature. We find that competition between spin-exchange interaction on the spin site and spin-orbit interaction in the barriers dominates the resonant behavior of conductance. In a parallel configuration, conductance peaks have identical amplitude. With the angle θ increasing, the width of resonant peaks is broadened or narrowed for different spin coherent states. In an anti-parallel case, spin-flip tunneling in the barriers will essentially enhance amplitude of the conductance peak.

Movement of Self-Organizing Solitons in Ferromagnet

Precessing ball solitons (PBS) in a ferromagnet during the first order phase transition induced by a magnetic field directed along the axis of anisotropy, while the additional action of high-frequency field perpendicular to the main magnetic field, are analyzed. It is shown that the spatial motion of solitons, associated with thermal fluctuations in the crystal, does not destroy the equilibrium of self-organized PBS.

Modeling simulation and experiment of micro-Doppler signature of precession

Spatial precession is a special micro-motion of the spinning-directional target, and the micro-Doppler signature of the cone-shaped target with precession is studied. The micro-motion model of precession is built first, and then the micro-Doppler model is developed based on the proposed concept of micro-motion ma- trix, by which the theoretical formula of micro-Doppler signature of precession is derived. In order to further approach to the actual case, the occlusion effect is firstly considered in micro-Doppler, and the simulated result with occlusion effect is well in accordance with the measured result in microwave anechoic chamber, which suggests that the micro-motion model and micro-Doppler model of precession are both valid.

Movement Modeling and Control for Robotic Bonnet Polishing

With the increasing demand for high-precision optical components,bonnet polishing technology is increasingly being used in the polishing process of optical components owing to its high removal efficiency and high surface accuracy.However,it is expensive and difficult to implement dedicated bonnet polishing machine tools,and their processing range is limited.This research combines bonnet polishing technology with industrial robot-assisted processing technology to propose a robotic bonnet polishing control model for large-diameter axisymmetric aspherical optical components.Using the transformation relations of the spatial coordinate system,the transformation relations of the workpiece coordinate system,local coordinate system of the polishing point,and tool coordinate system of the bonnet sphere center are established to obtain the bonnet precession polishing motion model.The polishing trajectory of large-diameter axisymmetric aspherical components and the variation in the linkage angle difference were simulated by adding an efficiency-optimal control strategy to the motion model.The robot motion was simulated in Robostudio to verify the correctness of the precession motion model and control algorithm.Lastly,the robotic bonnet polishing system was successfully applied to the polishing process of the optical components.

Analysis of the nutation and precession of the vortex core and the influence of operating parameters in a cyclone separator

Vortices motion in the anisotropic turbulent flow of cyclones makes a vital impact on flow stability and collection performance.Nevertheless,there remains a lack of clarity in the overall feature of vortices motion.In this work,a numerical analysis was conducted to clarify the complex motion of the vortex core in a cyclone separator.The validity of the numerical model was demonstrated by comparing the computational results with experimental data in the literature.As revealed by the results,the vortex core not only has a precession motion about the geometrical center axis but also does a nutation motion in the axial direction.The frequencies of the precession motions show two main peaks.And the magnitudes of the precession and nutation motions have non-uniform distributions in the cyclone.Moreover,the precession-nutation motions of the vortex cores exhibit a similar fluctuant pattern to the dust ring on the separator wall.The inlet gas velocity and the inlet solid loading show vital effects on the magnitudes and frequencies of precession and nutation motion.

CALCULATION OF ELASTIC DAMPING CHARACTERISTICS OF ROTOR SUPPORT MADE OF METAL RUBBER MATERIAL UNDER VARIABLE LOADS

A metal rubber（MR） dry friction damper was designed based on the load supported by the rotor. An experimental apparatus for obtaining hysteresis loops of support under the precession load was designed. The elastic-damping characteristics of the ring-shaped MR damper used as a rotor support under variable loads were presented by studying the hysteresis loops of the damper. The vibration rigidity and the energy dissipation coefficient were calculated from the hysteresis loops, based on the description of the deformation process of the MR element with simple structure in a dimensionless coordinating system. The calculation results showed that the energy dissipation coefficient in the inner of MR element and on the boundary between the damper and the frame of the rotor support were approximately equal. The comparison of the hysteresis loops for a precession load and a one-axial load indicated a large difference when the coefficient of the energy dissipation and the stiffness of the MR damper were concerned.

Improved HHT and its application in narrowband radar imaging for precession cone-shaped targets

Imaging the spatial precession cone-shaped targets with narrowband radar is a new technical approach in mid-course recognition problem. However, most existing time-frequency methods still have some inevitable deficiencies for extracting microDoppler information in practical applications, which leads to blurring of the image. A new narrowband radar imaging algorithm for the precession cone-shaped targets is proposed. The instantaneous frequency of each scattering point is gained by using the improved Hilbert-Huang transform, then the positions of scattering points in the parameter domain are reconstructed. Numerical simulation and experiment results confirm the effectiveness and high precision of the proposed algorithm.

Classical interpretations of relativistic precessions

Relativists have exposed various precessions and developed ingenious experiments to verify those phenomena with extreme precisions. The Gravity Probe B mission was designed to study the precessions of the gyroscopes rotating round the Earth in a nearly circular near-Earth polar orbit to demonstrate the geodetic effect and the Lense-Thirring effect as predicted by the general relativity theory. In this paper, we show in a very simple and novel analysis that the precession of the perihelion of Mercury, the Thomas precession, and the precession data （on the de Sitter and Lense-Thirring precessions） collected from the Gravity Probe B mission could easily be explained from classical physics, too.

Narrow-band tomographic radar imaging of precession cone targets

The principle and method of the narrow-band tomo-graphic radar imaging （NBTRI） of the precession cone target are studied. Firstly, the motion model and electromagnetic scattering characteristics of the precession cone target are introduced. Secondly, based on the traditional NBTRI algorithm, a novel narrow-band tomography clean radar imaging （NBTCRI） algorithm is proposed to enhance the image quality of NBTRI results. In addition, the resolution performance of the NBTRI algorithm is analyzed. Finally, based on the ideal scattering point model, this paper discusses the relationship between the precession angle and the estimated target size from NBTRI results. By using the target＇s chamber data, NBTRI and NBTCRI results of the precession cone target are further analyzed, which indicates the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Application of EDA technology and μClinux operating system in the earthquake precursor instruments

Using Altera＇s Quartus II, Nios II IDE and Sopc Builder development tools, the proton precession magnetometer principle host hardware platform is designed in a cyclone II series FPGA chip （EP2C35）. The proton precession magnetometer principle host core circuit＇s single-chip system-logic design is achieved by building and configuring the Nios II soft-core processor, developing the IO interface and sensor control circuits, programming some hardware units＇ VHDL code, for example the equal precision cymometer and the DPLL. Through researching the embedded operating system configuration technology and building the NIOS II soft-core processor＇s μClinux cross-compile environment, the μClinux system is transplanted to the NIOS II environment. Another important task is writing the device drivers＇ and user programs＇ code. Through these work, the design realize the host function and achieve the expected target.

Phase-sensitive fat suppression steady-state free procession sequence with phase correction

Robust and fast fat suppression is a challenge in balanced steady-state free precession （SSFP） magnetic resonance imaging. Although single-acquisition phase-sensitive SSFP can provide fat-suppressed images in short scan time, phase errors, especially spatially-dependent phase shift, caused by a variety of factors may result in misplacement of fat and water voxels. In this paper, a novel phase correction algorithm was used to calibrate those phase errors during image reconstruction. This algorithm corrects phase by region growing, employing both the magnitude and the phase information of image pixels. Phantom and in vivo imagings were performed to validate the technique. As a result, excellent fat-suppressed images were acquired by using single-acquisition phase-sensitive SSFP with phase correction.

Modulation of ice ages via precession and dust-albedo feedbacks

We present here a simple and novel proposal for the modulation and rhythm of ice-ages and interglacials during the late Pleistocene. While the standard Milankovitch-precession theory fails to explain the long intervals between interglacials, these can be accounted for by a novel forcing and feedback system involving CO2, dust and albedo. During the glacial period, the high albedo of the northern ice sheets drives down global temperatures and CO2 concentrations, despite subsequent precessional forcing maxima. Over the following millennia more CO2 is sequestered in the oceans and atmospheric concentrations eventually reach a critical minima of about 200 ppm, which combined with arid conditions, causes a die-back of temperate and boreal forests and grasslands, especially at high altitude. The ensuing soil erosion generates dust storms, resulting in increased dust deposition and lower albedo on the northern ice sheets. As northern hemisphere insolation increases during the next Milankovitch cycle, the dust-laden ice-sheets absorb considerably more insolation and undergo rapid melting, which forces the climate into an interglacial period. The proposed mechanism is simple, robust, and comprehensive in its scope, and its key elements are well supported by empirical evidence.

Gravitational Field of Moving Masses with Symmetrical Transformation for Relative Motion

A symmetrical transformation is constructed to analyze the gravitational interactions between two fast moving masses based on the retarded potential without resorting to general relativity. The anomalous precession of the perihelion of orbital stars or planets can be explained with the same results as given by general relativity. By introducing an effective mass for photons, the gravity-induced frequency shift and light deflection in the trajectory by the gravity are derived, which can be reduced to the results based on general relativity under special conditions. The gravity-induced time delay of radar signals and gravitational radiations from binary pulsars are analyzed. The symmetrical transformation between two moving coordinates under zero gravity will also be discussed.