云贵—华南准静止锋使其以北地区成为研究冬季雨雪过渡区内不同降水相态的理想平台。通过对2018年1月25—27日南方凝冻天气过程中天气学和云微物理参数的分析,定性探讨了次冻结层的温度与冰核活化温度对不同降水相态形成的影响,进而利...云贵—华南准静止锋使其以北地区成为研究冬季雨雪过渡区内不同降水相态的理想平台。通过对2018年1月25—27日南方凝冻天气过程中天气学和云微物理参数的分析,定性探讨了次冻结层的温度与冰核活化温度对不同降水相态形成的影响,进而利用耦合BTC降水相态诊断方案(简称“BTC方案”)的WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式,对本次凝冻天气的降水相态、冻雨发生区域与冻雨量进行数值模拟。结果表明:横贯云贵高原和南岭地区的准静止锋导致的锋前“冷—暖—冷”的温度垂直结构有利于多相态降水的形成。耦合BTC方案的WRF模式可模拟出不同降水相态落区的空间分布,其模拟冻雨落区时空分布与观测基本一致,但冰粒的空报率非常高。分析WRF模式模拟的多相态降水时温度、相对湿度和水成物的垂直分布特征,云内水成物初始相态为液态,在高空逆温层存在的前提下,次冻结层中冰核活化温度是区分冻雨和冰粒的临界指标且具有明确的物理机制。利用次冻结层中的冰核活化温度来代替BTC方案中有关冻雨和冰粒的判据后,冻雨落区预报准确率较BTC方案提高了13%,表明直接利用次冻结层的冰核活化温度判断冻雨可行。展开更多
The extreme summer precipitation over East China during 1982-2007 was simulated using the LASG/IAP regional climate model CREM(the Climate version of a Regional Eta-coordinate Model).The results show that the probabil...The extreme summer precipitation over East China during 1982-2007 was simulated using the LASG/IAP regional climate model CREM(the Climate version of a Regional Eta-coordinate Model).The results show that the probability density functions(PDFs) of precipitation intensities are reasonably simulated,except that the PDFs of light and moderate rain are underestimated and that the PDFs of heavy rain are overestimated.The extreme precipitation amount(R95p) and the percent contribution of extreme precipitation to the total precipitation(R95pt) are also reasonably reproduced by the CREM.However,the R95p and R95pt over most of East China are generally overestimated,while the R95p along the coastal area of South China(SC) is underestimated.The bias of R95pt is consistent with the bias of precipitation intensity on wet days(SDII).The interannual variation for R95p anomalies(PC1) is well simulated,but that of R95pt anomalies(PC2) is poorly simulated.The skill of the model in simulating PC1(PC2) increases(decreases) from north to south.The bias of water vapor transport associated with the 95th percentile of summer daily precipitation(WVTr95) explains well the bias of the simulated extreme precipitation.展开更多
The ductility map of 304HC stainless was determined by using the Gleeble-1500 dynamic thermal-mechanical simulator. The effect of Cu on the hot ductility of 304HC stainless steel was analyzed and the mathematical mode...The ductility map of 304HC stainless was determined by using the Gleeble-1500 dynamic thermal-mechanical simulator. The effect of Cu on the hot ductility of 304HC stainless steel was analyzed and the mathematical model of resistance to deformation was established. The microstructure, inclusion and fracture surface were studied by using the method of micro structure analysis, scanning, energy spectrum and electron microscope. The results show that Cu has effect on the hot ductility, and the hot ductility of 304HC stainless steel decrease with the increase of content of Cu. The deformation temperature also has much effect on the hot ductility, the suitable deformation temperature are 1100-1200℃. The reason of it is that the Cu rich chemical compounds were precipitated from austenite phase during cooling. The Cu rich chemical compounds are brittle substance such as Cu2S, Cu2O and ε-Cu etc.展开更多
文摘云贵—华南准静止锋使其以北地区成为研究冬季雨雪过渡区内不同降水相态的理想平台。通过对2018年1月25—27日南方凝冻天气过程中天气学和云微物理参数的分析,定性探讨了次冻结层的温度与冰核活化温度对不同降水相态形成的影响,进而利用耦合BTC降水相态诊断方案(简称“BTC方案”)的WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式,对本次凝冻天气的降水相态、冻雨发生区域与冻雨量进行数值模拟。结果表明:横贯云贵高原和南岭地区的准静止锋导致的锋前“冷—暖—冷”的温度垂直结构有利于多相态降水的形成。耦合BTC方案的WRF模式可模拟出不同降水相态落区的空间分布,其模拟冻雨落区时空分布与观测基本一致,但冰粒的空报率非常高。分析WRF模式模拟的多相态降水时温度、相对湿度和水成物的垂直分布特征,云内水成物初始相态为液态,在高空逆温层存在的前提下,次冻结层中冰核活化温度是区分冻雨和冰粒的临界指标且具有明确的物理机制。利用次冻结层中的冰核活化温度来代替BTC方案中有关冻雨和冰粒的判据后,冻雨落区预报准确率较BTC方案提高了13%,表明直接利用次冻结层的冰核活化温度判断冻雨可行。
基金supported by the China-UK-Swiss Adapting to Climate Change in China Project (ACCC)- Climate Sciencethe Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean (Grant No. 201105019-3)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KZCX2-YW-Q11-04)
文摘The extreme summer precipitation over East China during 1982-2007 was simulated using the LASG/IAP regional climate model CREM(the Climate version of a Regional Eta-coordinate Model).The results show that the probability density functions(PDFs) of precipitation intensities are reasonably simulated,except that the PDFs of light and moderate rain are underestimated and that the PDFs of heavy rain are overestimated.The extreme precipitation amount(R95p) and the percent contribution of extreme precipitation to the total precipitation(R95pt) are also reasonably reproduced by the CREM.However,the R95p and R95pt over most of East China are generally overestimated,while the R95p along the coastal area of South China(SC) is underestimated.The bias of R95pt is consistent with the bias of precipitation intensity on wet days(SDII).The interannual variation for R95p anomalies(PC1) is well simulated,but that of R95pt anomalies(PC2) is poorly simulated.The skill of the model in simulating PC1(PC2) increases(decreases) from north to south.The bias of water vapor transport associated with the 95th percentile of summer daily precipitation(WVTr95) explains well the bias of the simulated extreme precipitation.
基金This study was financially supported by both the National Natural Science Founda- tion of China (Grant No.59995440)the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (Grant No.2001101021).
文摘The ductility map of 304HC stainless was determined by using the Gleeble-1500 dynamic thermal-mechanical simulator. The effect of Cu on the hot ductility of 304HC stainless steel was analyzed and the mathematical model of resistance to deformation was established. The microstructure, inclusion and fracture surface were studied by using the method of micro structure analysis, scanning, energy spectrum and electron microscope. The results show that Cu has effect on the hot ductility, and the hot ductility of 304HC stainless steel decrease with the increase of content of Cu. The deformation temperature also has much effect on the hot ductility, the suitable deformation temperature are 1100-1200℃. The reason of it is that the Cu rich chemical compounds were precipitated from austenite phase during cooling. The Cu rich chemical compounds are brittle substance such as Cu2S, Cu2O and ε-Cu etc.
