A majority of contracts will use many prepositions and prepositional phrases to reflect their preciseness which cause the treaty wording complicated and hard to understand. This paper tends to demonstrate the characte...A majority of contracts will use many prepositions and prepositional phrases to reflect their preciseness which cause the treaty wording complicated and hard to understand. This paper tends to demonstrate the characteristics of the prepositions and prepositional phrases used in business English contracts and explore the translation strategies used in translating the features of the prepositions and the prepositional phrases in business English contracts. The findings of this paper can provide a reference for the majority of the trade workers, which can help them accurately and effectively draft or translate a contract and avoid unnecessary disputes.展开更多
The study,using an interlanguage corpus,investigates how international students in China acquire“prepositional phrase-verb”word order.It found that students whose mother tongue features VO and OV word order mostly p...The study,using an interlanguage corpus,investigates how international students in China acquire“prepositional phrase-verb”word order.It found that students whose mother tongue features VO and OV word order mostly produce pre-placement structure of“prepositional phrase+verb”,which is similar to Chinese word order and hence reflects an overt influence of the target language.However,when producing post-placement structure of“verb+prepositional phrase”,VO type L1 speaking students slightly outnumber those OV type L1 speaking students,which indicates limited influence of L1 transfer.In addition,other factors such as the relator principle and the temporal iconicity principle also exert certain influence on the word order acquisition of“prepositional phrase-verb”structure.展开更多
Objective To compare the event-related potentials (ERPs) waves of verbs and prepositions in the brain. Methods We recorded ERPs in the brain while participants judged the legality of the collocation for verbs and "...Objective To compare the event-related potentials (ERPs) waves of verbs and prepositions in the brain. Methods We recorded ERPs in the brain while participants judged the legality of the collocation for verbs and "preposition". Results Both verbs and prepositions elicited a negativity at the frontal site in 230-330 ms and 350-500 ms window. No difference was seen in 230-330 ms and 350-500 ms window; In difference waves, a negativity was elicited in the left and fight hemisphere at about 270-400 ms and 470-600 ms window for both open and closed-class words. Conclusion These may demonstrate that prepositions in modem Chinese are probably not a separate class from verbs and that N280 may be not a specific component for only prepositions (or closed-class words).展开更多
Just now,pre-modifiers are used more and more frequent than post-modifier in the development of Modern English.The post-modifier also a means of modification has received relatively little attention.In this paper,a ba...Just now,pre-modifiers are used more and more frequent than post-modifier in the development of Modern English.The post-modifier also a means of modification has received relatively little attention.In this paper,a basic analysis will be made regarding the types,directions and some comparisons of post-modifiers in forms of examples.Also included are methods suggested to cope with the problems on choosing exact usages.展开更多
「って」is one of commonly used auxiliaries,which can be substituted by auxiliaries such as「と」、「という」、「というのは」、「と言えば」etc,in comprehensive of spoken Japanese.This paper focuses on studying the usa...「って」is one of commonly used auxiliaries,which can be substituted by auxiliaries such as「と」、「という」、「というのは」、「と言えば」etc,in comprehensive of spoken Japanese.This paper focuses on studying the usage of indicating theme「って.」Through the contrast of analysis of the similarities and differences on auxiliaries with the usage of indicating theme between「って」and「と言えば」,as well「は,」then to make sure of the characteristics and grammatical features of「って」in Japanese.展开更多
Prepositions"in,on,at"can be used as spatial prepositions as well as temporal prepositions.The temporal usages of "in,on,at"vary from each other in indicating different concepts of time.ESL student...Prepositions"in,on,at"can be used as spatial prepositions as well as temporal prepositions.The temporal usages of "in,on,at"vary from each other in indicating different concepts of time.ESL students are often confused with the usages of temporal prepositions.This paper makes a comprehensive analysis of usages of"in,on,at",aiming at distinguishing their befuddling usage principles and exploring the priority when their temporal usage principles are confronted with each other.展开更多
Before we focus association and collocation on a given subject,it is highly important to pay attention to association and collocation between word-classes.The essay endeavors to restate the key rules of association an...Before we focus association and collocation on a given subject,it is highly important to pay attention to association and collocation between word-classes.The essay endeavors to restate the key rules of association and collocation and restrict itself to the associative and collocative relationship between adjectives and prepositions.展开更多
"In" is one of the most important and difficult prepositions for Chinese Mongolian English learners. Based on the cognitive linguistics theory and corpus method, the thesis analyzes the semantic difference o..."In" is one of the most important and difficult prepositions for Chinese Mongolian English learners. Based on the cognitive linguistics theory and corpus method, the thesis analyzes the semantic difference of preposition"in"between Mongolian English learners and native speakers. The results show that(1) Mongolian English learners underuse spatial sense while overuse temporal sense and metaphorical sense.(2) As for ten semantic groups, Mongolian English learners overuse eight semantic groups in which six groups have a significant relationship.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that closed-class words, such as prepositions and conjunctions, induce a left anterior negativity (N280), indicating that N280 should be a specific component of the word category. OBJ...BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that closed-class words, such as prepositions and conjunctions, induce a left anterior negativity (N280), indicating that N280 should be a specific component of the word category. OBJECTIVE: To observe if Chinese prepositions and verbs exhibit different linguistic functions, to determine whether they are processed by different neural systems, and to verify that N280 is a specific component. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: The observed neurolinguistics experiment was performed at Xuzhou Normal University between November and December 2006. PARTICIPANTS: Sixteen undergraduate students, comprising 8 females and 8 males, with no mental or neuropathological history, were selected. METHODS: A total of 15 verbs and prepositions were used as linguistic stimuli, and each verb and preposition was combined to produce four correct phrase collocations and four incorrect ones. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Event-related potentials were recorded in the subjects while they read correct or incorrect phases flashed upon a video screen. RESULTS: Both verbs and prepositions elicited negativity at the frontal site in a 230-330 ms window, as well as at the fronto-temporal and central sites in a 350-500 ms window. Neither exhibited significant differences in peak [F(1, 15) = 0.144, P = 0.710] and latency [F(1, 15) = 0.144, P= 0.710]. Both verbs and prepositions elicited negativity at the left and right hemisphere in a 270-400 ms window. CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference between Chinese prepositions and verbs in the neural system process and N280 was not the specific component for closed-class words.展开更多
Different methods for revising propositional knowledge base have been proposed recently by several researchers, but all methods are intractable in the general case. For practical application, this paper presents a rev...Different methods for revising propositional knowledge base have been proposed recently by several researchers, but all methods are intractable in the general case. For practical application, this paper presents a revision method in special case, and gives a corresponding polynomial algorithm as well as its parallel version on CREW PRAM.展开更多
English preposition is one of difficult points in second language acquisition.This paper analyzes the differences of the senses of preposition in between Chinese non-English major students and native English students ...English preposition is one of difficult points in second language acquisition.This paper analyzes the differences of the senses of preposition in between Chinese non-English major students and native English students based on corpus from a perspective of cognitive linguistics.The study has found that Chinese non-English major students overuse the prototypical semantic entries,the low-level metaphorical entries and certain fixed phrases of in,without the diversity in using other metaphorical meanings.Through systematic analysis of the selected data,we think that the non-correspondence of prepositional semantic categories between English and Chinese caused by different conceptualizations is the main cause of this deviation.展开更多
This paper aims at comparing the lexical prepositions of the Ibibio and Igbo languages.Its objectives are to identify what constitute lexical prepositions in Ibibio and Igbo and highlight the similarities and differen...This paper aims at comparing the lexical prepositions of the Ibibio and Igbo languages.Its objectives are to identify what constitute lexical prepositions in Ibibio and Igbo and highlight the similarities and differences between Ibibio and Igbo lexical prepositions.The Ibibio data used for analysis were elicited from two Ibibio native speakers whereas Igbo data were obtained through introspection.The Ibibio and Igbo data were analysed descriptively.The findings of the research reveal that the lexical prepositions obtainable in Ibibio are ke‘to,in,for,at’,mme‘with’,ano‘from’,and ito/nto‘from’.In Igbo,some of the lexical prepositions include:na‘to,in,at,from’,maka‘for’,and gbasara‘about’.The similarity observed between Ibibio and Igbo lexical prepositions is that they both occur before a Noun Phrase(NP),that is,they take NP as their complement.In terms of their differences,the preposition‘to’is marked in Igbo but is unmarked in Ibibio.The preposition‘with’is overtly marked in Ibibio with mme but it is implied in Igbo constructions.Another notable difference between Ibibio and Igbo lexical prepositions is that the English preposition‘from’inflects for number in Ibibio but such feature is absent in Igbo.The paper recommends that further comparative researches should be carried out on other types of preposition like the category incorporated prepositions,and other word classes between Ibibio and Igbo in particular and other African languages in general.展开更多
English prepositions have always evoked great challenges to ESL/EFL students for their polysemy and complicated usages.Many linguists and grammarians have proposed different views regarding their learning and acquisit...English prepositions have always evoked great challenges to ESL/EFL students for their polysemy and complicated usages.Many linguists and grammarians have proposed different views regarding their learning and acquisition.In order to investigate the implications for preposition teaching,SLA-based approaches to the study of on,one of most important prepositions,are reviewed briefly.It is pointed out that a more systematic and principled method is called for.展开更多
In terms of“schema theory”and“metaphor theory”,the semantics of English preposition“on”are divided into three main parts in this article,including core meaning,metaphorical meaning and special uses of it.Further...In terms of“schema theory”and“metaphor theory”,the semantics of English preposition“on”are divided into three main parts in this article,including core meaning,metaphorical meaning and special uses of it.Furthermore,it organizes and elabo rates on the semantics of each part,in order to better analyze the polysemy of English preposition“on”展开更多
Based on Tyler & Evans' principled polysemy and from the perspective of cognition, this research interprets the protoscene of preposition ON and points out that it is defined by means of two aspects: geometric...Based on Tyler & Evans' principled polysemy and from the perspective of cognition, this research interprets the protoscene of preposition ON and points out that it is defined by means of two aspects: geometric and functional, with the former referring to"the TR being in vertical contact with the upper side of the LM"and the latter"the LM supporting it".展开更多
Prepositions in English language have the characteristics of polysemy,and their semantics meanings have significant abstract features.Based on the perspective of cognition and taking on and over as examples,this thesi...Prepositions in English language have the characteristics of polysemy,and their semantics meanings have significant abstract features.Based on the perspective of cognition and taking on and over as examples,this thesis uses the transformation of image schema and its metaphorical projection to provide an explanation for the polysemy of prepositions.In-depth exploration of the polysemy of English prepositions aims to further interpret the internal cognitive system generated by specific meanings,and help learners to fully grasp the extension of the meaning of prepositions.展开更多
English preposition is flexible word with various meaning and preposition"in"is a high-frequent word used widely in English expression. As we know, there are about 70% English sentences are metaphors, and pr...English preposition is flexible word with various meaning and preposition"in"is a high-frequent word used widely in English expression. As we know, there are about 70% English sentences are metaphors, and preposition is used frequently as the backbone of metaphorical expression. Therefore, the preposition cognitive interpretation is an effective way to understand the semantic extension of preposition. This article mainly analysis the prototypical meaning and the image schema of preposition "in"and discusses the mapping process from the spatial domain to the other cognitive domain. Through analysis the metaphor semantic extension process, we might get a better understanding of it.展开更多
Because of the obscurity of English preposition and the difficulties of acquisition of its abstract semantic knowledge,learners partly rely on frequently apperceived word co-occurrence(WCO)as collocational knowledge o...Because of the obscurity of English preposition and the difficulties of acquisition of its abstract semantic knowledge,learners partly rely on frequently apperceived word co-occurrence(WCO)as collocational knowledge of prepositions.This study will explore the role and scope of frequency-based learning and its relationship to L2 learners’performance on prepositions.The data suggest that,for all proficiency levels,frequency determines learners’ability to acquire preposition and show a growing dependence on collocational knowledge among lower English proficiency learners.The paper will further propose implications for instructing English prepositions to L2 learners at different levels.展开更多
文摘A majority of contracts will use many prepositions and prepositional phrases to reflect their preciseness which cause the treaty wording complicated and hard to understand. This paper tends to demonstrate the characteristics of the prepositions and prepositional phrases used in business English contracts and explore the translation strategies used in translating the features of the prepositions and the prepositional phrases in business English contracts. The findings of this paper can provide a reference for the majority of the trade workers, which can help them accurately and effectively draft or translate a contract and avoid unnecessary disputes.
文摘The study,using an interlanguage corpus,investigates how international students in China acquire“prepositional phrase-verb”word order.It found that students whose mother tongue features VO and OV word order mostly produce pre-placement structure of“prepositional phrase+verb”,which is similar to Chinese word order and hence reflects an overt influence of the target language.However,when producing post-placement structure of“verb+prepositional phrase”,VO type L1 speaking students slightly outnumber those OV type L1 speaking students,which indicates limited influence of L1 transfer.In addition,other factors such as the relator principle and the temporal iconicity principle also exert certain influence on the word order acquisition of“prepositional phrase-verb”structure.
基金the National Social Science Foundation of China (No. 03BYY013) the Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. QL200504).
文摘Objective To compare the event-related potentials (ERPs) waves of verbs and prepositions in the brain. Methods We recorded ERPs in the brain while participants judged the legality of the collocation for verbs and "preposition". Results Both verbs and prepositions elicited a negativity at the frontal site in 230-330 ms and 350-500 ms window. No difference was seen in 230-330 ms and 350-500 ms window; In difference waves, a negativity was elicited in the left and fight hemisphere at about 270-400 ms and 470-600 ms window for both open and closed-class words. Conclusion These may demonstrate that prepositions in modem Chinese are probably not a separate class from verbs and that N280 may be not a specific component for only prepositions (or closed-class words).
文摘Just now,pre-modifiers are used more and more frequent than post-modifier in the development of Modern English.The post-modifier also a means of modification has received relatively little attention.In this paper,a basic analysis will be made regarding the types,directions and some comparisons of post-modifiers in forms of examples.Also included are methods suggested to cope with the problems on choosing exact usages.
文摘「って」is one of commonly used auxiliaries,which can be substituted by auxiliaries such as「と」、「という」、「というのは」、「と言えば」etc,in comprehensive of spoken Japanese.This paper focuses on studying the usage of indicating theme「って.」Through the contrast of analysis of the similarities and differences on auxiliaries with the usage of indicating theme between「って」and「と言えば」,as well「は,」then to make sure of the characteristics and grammatical features of「って」in Japanese.
文摘Prepositions"in,on,at"can be used as spatial prepositions as well as temporal prepositions.The temporal usages of "in,on,at"vary from each other in indicating different concepts of time.ESL students are often confused with the usages of temporal prepositions.This paper makes a comprehensive analysis of usages of"in,on,at",aiming at distinguishing their befuddling usage principles and exploring the priority when their temporal usage principles are confronted with each other.
文摘Before we focus association and collocation on a given subject,it is highly important to pay attention to association and collocation between word-classes.The essay endeavors to restate the key rules of association and collocation and restrict itself to the associative and collocative relationship between adjectives and prepositions.
文摘"In" is one of the most important and difficult prepositions for Chinese Mongolian English learners. Based on the cognitive linguistics theory and corpus method, the thesis analyzes the semantic difference of preposition"in"between Mongolian English learners and native speakers. The results show that(1) Mongolian English learners underuse spatial sense while overuse temporal sense and metaphorical sense.(2) As for ten semantic groups, Mongolian English learners overuse eight semantic groups in which six groups have a significant relationship.
基金National Social Science Foundation in China,No.03BYY013The Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,No."333" Project and QL200504
文摘BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that closed-class words, such as prepositions and conjunctions, induce a left anterior negativity (N280), indicating that N280 should be a specific component of the word category. OBJECTIVE: To observe if Chinese prepositions and verbs exhibit different linguistic functions, to determine whether they are processed by different neural systems, and to verify that N280 is a specific component. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: The observed neurolinguistics experiment was performed at Xuzhou Normal University between November and December 2006. PARTICIPANTS: Sixteen undergraduate students, comprising 8 females and 8 males, with no mental or neuropathological history, were selected. METHODS: A total of 15 verbs and prepositions were used as linguistic stimuli, and each verb and preposition was combined to produce four correct phrase collocations and four incorrect ones. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Event-related potentials were recorded in the subjects while they read correct or incorrect phases flashed upon a video screen. RESULTS: Both verbs and prepositions elicited negativity at the frontal site in a 230-330 ms window, as well as at the fronto-temporal and central sites in a 350-500 ms window. Neither exhibited significant differences in peak [F(1, 15) = 0.144, P = 0.710] and latency [F(1, 15) = 0.144, P= 0.710]. Both verbs and prepositions elicited negativity at the left and right hemisphere in a 270-400 ms window. CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference between Chinese prepositions and verbs in the neural system process and N280 was not the specific component for closed-class words.
文摘Different methods for revising propositional knowledge base have been proposed recently by several researchers, but all methods are intractable in the general case. For practical application, this paper presents a revision method in special case, and gives a corresponding polynomial algorithm as well as its parallel version on CREW PRAM.
基金Funding:This study is funded by the Planning Fund of Humanities and Social Sciences From Ministry of Education of China(No.17YJA740012),“From a Cognitive Perspective:A Contrastive Study of Existential Sentences in English and Chinese Based on Corpus”.
文摘English preposition is one of difficult points in second language acquisition.This paper analyzes the differences of the senses of preposition in between Chinese non-English major students and native English students based on corpus from a perspective of cognitive linguistics.The study has found that Chinese non-English major students overuse the prototypical semantic entries,the low-level metaphorical entries and certain fixed phrases of in,without the diversity in using other metaphorical meanings.Through systematic analysis of the selected data,we think that the non-correspondence of prepositional semantic categories between English and Chinese caused by different conceptualizations is the main cause of this deviation.
文摘This paper aims at comparing the lexical prepositions of the Ibibio and Igbo languages.Its objectives are to identify what constitute lexical prepositions in Ibibio and Igbo and highlight the similarities and differences between Ibibio and Igbo lexical prepositions.The Ibibio data used for analysis were elicited from two Ibibio native speakers whereas Igbo data were obtained through introspection.The Ibibio and Igbo data were analysed descriptively.The findings of the research reveal that the lexical prepositions obtainable in Ibibio are ke‘to,in,for,at’,mme‘with’,ano‘from’,and ito/nto‘from’.In Igbo,some of the lexical prepositions include:na‘to,in,at,from’,maka‘for’,and gbasara‘about’.The similarity observed between Ibibio and Igbo lexical prepositions is that they both occur before a Noun Phrase(NP),that is,they take NP as their complement.In terms of their differences,the preposition‘to’is marked in Igbo but is unmarked in Ibibio.The preposition‘with’is overtly marked in Ibibio with mme but it is implied in Igbo constructions.Another notable difference between Ibibio and Igbo lexical prepositions is that the English preposition‘from’inflects for number in Ibibio but such feature is absent in Igbo.The paper recommends that further comparative researches should be carried out on other types of preposition like the category incorporated prepositions,and other word classes between Ibibio and Igbo in particular and other African languages in general.
文摘English prepositions have always evoked great challenges to ESL/EFL students for their polysemy and complicated usages.Many linguists and grammarians have proposed different views regarding their learning and acquisition.In order to investigate the implications for preposition teaching,SLA-based approaches to the study of on,one of most important prepositions,are reviewed briefly.It is pointed out that a more systematic and principled method is called for.
文摘In terms of“schema theory”and“metaphor theory”,the semantics of English preposition“on”are divided into three main parts in this article,including core meaning,metaphorical meaning and special uses of it.Furthermore,it organizes and elabo rates on the semantics of each part,in order to better analyze the polysemy of English preposition“on”
文摘Based on Tyler & Evans' principled polysemy and from the perspective of cognition, this research interprets the protoscene of preposition ON and points out that it is defined by means of two aspects: geometric and functional, with the former referring to"the TR being in vertical contact with the upper side of the LM"and the latter"the LM supporting it".
文摘Prepositions in English language have the characteristics of polysemy,and their semantics meanings have significant abstract features.Based on the perspective of cognition and taking on and over as examples,this thesis uses the transformation of image schema and its metaphorical projection to provide an explanation for the polysemy of prepositions.In-depth exploration of the polysemy of English prepositions aims to further interpret the internal cognitive system generated by specific meanings,and help learners to fully grasp the extension of the meaning of prepositions.
文摘English preposition is flexible word with various meaning and preposition"in"is a high-frequent word used widely in English expression. As we know, there are about 70% English sentences are metaphors, and preposition is used frequently as the backbone of metaphorical expression. Therefore, the preposition cognitive interpretation is an effective way to understand the semantic extension of preposition. This article mainly analysis the prototypical meaning and the image schema of preposition "in"and discusses the mapping process from the spatial domain to the other cognitive domain. Through analysis the metaphor semantic extension process, we might get a better understanding of it.
文摘Because of the obscurity of English preposition and the difficulties of acquisition of its abstract semantic knowledge,learners partly rely on frequently apperceived word co-occurrence(WCO)as collocational knowledge of prepositions.This study will explore the role and scope of frequency-based learning and its relationship to L2 learners’performance on prepositions.The data suggest that,for all proficiency levels,frequency determines learners’ability to acquire preposition and show a growing dependence on collocational knowledge among lower English proficiency learners.The paper will further propose implications for instructing English prepositions to L2 learners at different levels.