A dynamic managed pressure well-control method for rapid treatment of gas kick in deepwater managed pressure drilling

During deepwater managed pressure drilling(MPD),the gas kick may occur in abnormally high-pressure formations.If the traditional well control method is adopted,the treatment time is long and the advantage of early gas kick detection of MPD is lost.The dynamic managed pressure well-control(MPWC)method can be used to rapidly treat gas kick in deepwater MPD.In this paper,considering the effect of large-variable-diameter annulus and complex wellbore temperature in deepwater drilling,a simplified model of non-isothermal gas-liquid two-phase flow was established for dynamic deepwater MPWC simulation.Using this model,the response characteristics of outlet flow and wellhead backpressure were investigated.The results indicated that the gas fraction,outlet liquid flow rate,pit gain and wellhead backpressure presented complex alternating characteristics when gas moved upwards in the wellbore due to the large-variable-diameter annulus.The outlet liquid flow rate would be lower than the inlet flow rate and the pit gain would decrease before the gas moved to the wellhead.The variation trend of the wellhead backpressure was consistent with that of the pit gain.When the gas-liquid mixture passed through the choke,the expansion or compression of the gas caused part of the choke pressure drop to be supplemented or unloaded,delaying the response rate of the wellhead backpressure.The wellbore temperature,borehole diameter and seawater depth had different effects on outlet flow rate,pit gain and wellhead backpressure.This research could provide a new idea for well control methods in deepwater managed pressure drilling.

Case Analysis of Hypokalemia Induced by Irbesartan-Hydrochlorothiazide: A Case Study

Irbesartan-hydrochlorothiazide is a commonly used antihypertensive drug,but potential adverse reactions such as hypokalemia should not be overlooked.This study analyzes a case of hypokalemia induced by irbesartan-hydrochlorothiazide,exploring the drug’s association with hypokalemia and clinical treatment strategies.The patient experienced symptoms of muscle weakness and palpitations after taking irbesartan-hydrochlorothiazide and was diagnosed with hypokalemia through laboratory tests.Reviewing the patient’s medication history and disease progression,it was hypothesized that the drug’s potassium-wasting effect was the direct cause of the hypokalemia.After discontinuing the medication and initiating potassium supplementation,the patient’s potassium levels returned to normal,and symptoms significantly improved,further confirming the link between hypokalemia and the medication.This case suggests that clinicians should consider the risk of hypokalemia when treating hypertension,especially in patients with chronic kidney disease,the elderly,or those at risk for electrolyte disturbances.For patients who have already developed hypokalemia,potassium supplementation and adjustment of the treatment regimen are recommended to prevent further deterioration.Timely discontinuation of potential causative drugs is also advised.In summary,ensuring medication safety and preventing potential complications has significant clinical importance in recognizing and managing hypokalemia induced by irbesartan-hydrochlorothiazide.Future research should focus on optimizing treatment protocols and developing more effective strategies for preventing and managing related adverse reactions to improve patient quality of life.

Temperature prediction model in multiphase flow considering phase transition in the drilling operations

The study considers gas compression properties,gas slippage,back pressure(BP),phase transition(PT),well depth,and differences in gas-liquid physical properties.A new temperature model for multiphase flow is proposed by considering phase transition in the drilling process.The mathematical model of multiphase flow is solved using the finite difference method with annulus mesh division for grid nodes,and a module for multiphase flow calculation and analysis is developed.Numerical results indicate that the temperature varies along the annulus with the variation of gas influx at the bottom of the well.During the process of controlled pressure drilling,as gas slips along the annulus to the wellhead,its volume continuously expands,leading to an increase in the gas content within the annulus,and consequently,an increase in the pressure drop caused by gas slippage.The temperature increases with the increase in BP and decreases in gas influx rate and wellbore diameter.During gas influx,the thermal conductivity coefficient for the gas-drilling mud two phases is significantly weakened,resulting in a considerable change in temperature along the annulus.In the context of MPD,the method of slightly changing the temperature along the annulus by controlling the back pressure is feasible.

Blood pressure-controlling behavior in relation to educational level and economic status among hypertensive women in Ghana

Objective:To explore the association between economic status and educational level with self-management behavior(medication adherence,controlling body weight,reducing salt intake,performing physical exercise,reducing alcohol consumption,abstaining from smoking,increasing fruit and vegetable consumption)among hypertensive women in Ghana.Methods:Cross-sectional data on 598 women were collected from the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey of 2014.The association between economic status and educational level with self-management behavior was measured by logistic regression methods.Results:Mean systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were 131.4 and 86.58 mm Hg,respectively.With regard to self-management behavior,81.8%of women reported taking medication to control high blood pressure,44.4%reported controlling body weight,22.5%reported reducing salt intake,48.3%reported performing physical exercise,74.2%reported reducing alcohol consumption,74.2%reported abstaining from alcohol and smoking,and 20.2%reported consuming more fruits and vegetables.Women living in the wealthiest households had significantly higher odds of maintaining healthy weight,reducing salt intake,and exercising.Conclusion:The findings imply that socioeconomic factors may play important roles in women’s adherence to blood pressure-controlling behavior.It is therefore suggested that policy makers focus on improving women’s economic status as a strategy to encourage cardiovascular health-promoting behavior.

Research on remote intelligent control technology of throttling and back pressure in managed pressure drilling

In order to reduce the non production time of drilling,improve the efficiency and safety of drilling,improve the economic effect of managed pressure drilling(MPD),and realize the intelligent control construction of digital oilfield.Based on the pressure control in MPD,this paper analyzes the pressure control drilling system,takes the wellhead back pressure as the controlled parameter,calculates the mathematical model of the throttle valve according to the characteristics of the throttle valve,the basic parameters and boundary conditions of pressure control drilling,and puts forward an improved particle swarm Optimization PID neural network(IPSO-PIDNN)model.By means of remote communication,VR technology can realize remote control of field control equipment.The real-time control results of IPSO-PIDNN are compared with those of traditional PID neural network(PIDNN)and traditional Particle Swarm Optimization PID neural network(PSO-PIDNN).The results show that IPSO-PIDNN model has good self-learning characteristics,high optimization quality,high control accuracy,no overshoot,fast response and short regulation time.Thus,the advanced automatic control of bottom hole pressure in the process of MPD is realized,which provides technical guarantee for the well control safety of MPD.