Measuring the agricultural sustainability of India:An application of Pressure-State-Response(PSR)model

Analyzing agricultural sustainability is essential for designing and assessing rural development initiatives.However,accurately measuring agricultural sustainability is complicated since it involves so many different factors.This study provides a new suite of quantitative indicators for assessing agricultural sustainability at regional and district levels,involving environmental sustainability,social security,and economic security.Combining the PressureState-Response(PSR)model and indicator approach,this study creates a composite agricultural sustainability index for the 14 mainstream agro-climatic regions of India.The results of this study show that the Trans-Gengatic Plain Region(TGPR)ranks first in agricultural sustainability among India's 14 mainstream agro-climatic regions,while the Eastern Himalayan Region(EHR)ranks last.Higher livestock ownership,cropping intensity,per capita income,irrigation intensity,share of institutional credit,food grain productivity,crop diversification,awareness of minimum support price,knowledge sharing with fellow farmers,and young and working population,as well as better transportation facilities and membership of agricultural credit societies are influencing indicators responsible for higher agricultural sustainability in TGPR compared with EHR.Although,the scores of environmental sustainability indicators of EHR are quite good,its scores of social and economic security indicators are fairly low,putting it at the bottom of the rank of agricultural sustainability index among the 14 mainstream agroclimatic regions in India.This demonstrates the need of understanding agricultural sustainability in relation to social and economic dimensions.In a nation as diverse and complicated as India,it is the social structure that determines the health of the economy and environment.Last but not least,the sustainability assessment methodology may be used in a variety of India's agro-climatic regions.

基于压力-状态-响应和云模型的危废处置中心安全韧性评价

为提高危险废物处置中心的系统风险抵抗能力,保证其处置过程安全进行,以武汉某危险废物处置中心为研究对象,基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型从压力、状态以及响应3个方面构建危险废物处置中心的安全韧性评价指标体系,运用层次分析法和熵权法分别得出主观权重值和客观权重值,并运用组合赋权法得出各指标组合权重值,根据云模型得出危险废物处置中心的安全韧性等级为“良好”。结果表明,基于PSR模型的安全韧性评价模型对于系统安全评价具有一定的科学性和借鉴意义。

广西与广东沿海湿地生态系统健康评价

湿地是重要碳库,开展湿地生态健康评价对保护湿地、实现“碳达峰、碳中和”目标具有重要意义。提出了一种基于谷歌地球引擎(Google Earth Engine,GEE)平台和压力-状态-响应(pressure-state-response,PSR)与层次分析(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)模型的湿地健康评价方法。首先,选取广西及广东沿海为研究区,运用GEE平台提取湿地信息并计算遥感指数;然后,利用PSR模型从三个准则层(即压力、状态和响应)选取了13个指标,构建广西与广东沿海湿地生态系统健康评价指标体系;最后,利用AHP模型确定各指标权重,以市级行政区划为评价单元,通过加权求和获取各市压力得分、状态得分、响应得分以及综合得分来评价健康状况。结果表明,本文方法切实可行,能为湿地保护及修复提供科学依据。

基于PSR框架的漓江流域生态健康评价

结合国内外流域生态健康研究，基于PSR框架建立了漓江流域的生态健康评价框架。运用纵向拉开档次法对比分析了2006-2011年流域的生态环境状况，压力指数（P）由0．17上升至5．39，状态指数（S）由0．83下降为0．43，响应指数（R）在0．33～1．11之间波动，表明近年来漓江流域生态环境质量呈不断下滑趋势，这主要是随着社会发展施加给生态系统的压力不断增加，同时改善生态环境质量的响应措施相对不足而造成的。尽管这两年来下降的速度变缓，但目前的压力对生态环境状态的冲击仍较大，还需进一步加大改善生态环境的投入力度，以实现经济发展和生态环境的协调发展。

基于PSR-模糊综合评价方法的天津市水环境安全评价

为准确评估天津市水环境安全,建立压力-状态-响应(pressure-state-response, PSR)模型,共选择25项评价指标,创建健康评价指标体系,运用模糊综合方法对天津市2012—2018年水环境进行安全评价。结果表明,天津市水环境安全等级2012—2017年处于第Ⅲ级,2018年处于第Ⅱ级,总体安全状况呈上升趋势,说明天津市水环境安全状况逐渐改善。根据评价结果,发现7个影响安全的指标。

Ecosystem Health: Assessment Framework, Spatial Evolution, and Regional Optimization in Southwest China

Regional ecological health,the core of comprehensive ecosystem assessments,is an important foundation for regional exploration,environmental conservation,and sustainable development.The mountainous areas in southwest China are backward in economy,but industrialization and urbanization have been rapid in recent years.This study assessed the ecosystem health of the Sichuan and Yunnan provinces in China using a pressure-state-response(PSR)model.Spatiotemporal patterns of regional ecosystem health were analyzed from 2000 to 2016,including overall characteristics as well as local characteristics.Ecosystem health in most regions was improved over time(Y=0.0058 X–11.0132,R2=0.95,P<0.001),and areas with poorer ecosystem health decreased from half to one-third of the total area.Analysis of the primacy ratio and the variation coefficient confirmed that the gap in health scores between regions has gradually expanded since 2007,but there are more high quality regions overall(Z of Moran’s index<1.96,P>0.05).Overall,the regional ecosystems to the east of the Hu line-an imaginary line dividing east and west China into roughly equivalent parts-were healthier than those to the west.The pressure and state scores of ecosystems were determined by physiographic condition,and the response scores by government policies and social concern.The spatiotemporal patterns of ecosystem health were dominated to a greater extent by natural than anthropogenic factors,which explains why the shift in the patterns aligned with the direction of the Hu line.Dividing regions into key management areas based on natural geographical conditions and socioeconomic development could contribute to the formulation of a reasonable ecological and environmental protection policy,guaranteeing ecosystem services in the long run.

Ecological and Economic System Health Assessment Based on Fuzzy Set Pair Analysis:A Case Study of Northwest Region,China

Due to the increasingly serious environmental pollution and destruction,especially humans' unreasonable activities,the ecological and economic system(EES) issues of Northwest region in China have attracted more and more attention of the researchers.Aiming at evaluating its ecological and economic system health,a multi-objective evaluation framework called PressureState-Response(PSR) was established to describe the ecological and economic health situations.Meanwhile,an integrative set pair model combining set pair analysis(SPA) and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process(FAHP) was proposed to assess the ecological and economic system.Then the EES status of five northwest provinces(Shanxi,Gansu,Qinghai,Ningxia and Xinjiang) of Northwest region in China was evaluated during 1985 to 2009.The EES development trends of five provinces are obtained.In general,the health values of five provinces showed a rising trend.The health values of five provinces grew rapidly during 1985 to 2000.After 2000,the health values of five provinces still followed the present growth trend,but the growth is relatively smooth.The results show that the method proposed is effective for assessing the health of ecological and economic system.

Quantitative Evaluation of Ecological Cumulative Effects and Zoning Regulations for Prefectural Mining Units in China

Although the development of energy and mineral resources strongly supports China’s rapid industrialization and urbanization,it has led to a series of ecological and environmental problems.Strengthening the spatial regulation considering the ecological and environmental protection on energy and mineral resource development areas is an important aspect of realizing China’s sustainable development.In this study,we mapped,categorized,and analyzed the ecological cumulative effects of the Chinese 134 prefectural mining units based on the pressure-state-response model,which is demonstrated as impact of mining activities on ecological environment,ecological environmental fragility,and ecological function.This investigation developed a stress zoning typology of the mining units based on scores of three dimensions of the ecological cumulative effects and classified 134 prefectural mining units into eight types of stress zones.A series of regulation and policy suggestions have been proposed to different types of zones from three aspects:space control,intensity control,and development mode control.The application of this evaluation and spatial zoning system will contribute to the refined spatial management of China’s mining areas.

粮食供应安全下东北黑土区耕地利用系统韧性时空演变——以齐齐哈尔市为例

【目的】本文旨在基于耕地利用系统的自组织特征和韧性过程属性,解析粮食供应安全下耕地利用系统韧性的内涵,揭示黑土区耕地利用系统韧性时空演变规律与制约因素,为黑土地可持续利用提供对策。【方法】以齐齐哈尔市为研究区,在耕地时空变化研究的基础上,围绕黑土地保护政策及相关问题、韧性发生过程和内涵表征、耕地利用系统组成建立多维耕地韧性评价指标体系,采用PSR模型在格网尺度对耕地利用系统韧性进行评价,综合分析了2000—2020年齐齐哈尔市耕地利用系统韧性的变化趋势和空间分异情况,并基于评价结果分区,通过分析各等级区的优劣势和障碍因子,提出针对性对策。【结果】(1)与2000年相比,2020年耕地空间分布向东北—西南向扩张,耕地面积减少;(2)齐齐哈尔市耕地利用系统韧性水平总体上升,但区域内部差异增大,空间异质性强,整体呈现“西低东高”的分布态势,高值东移北扩;(3)耕地利用系统对内外压力的应对能力明显增强,空间分布随着农业投入重心转移而改变;(4)黑土地资源条件、农业投入水平和农业生产水平为制约区域耕地利用系统发展的主要障碍。【结论】齐齐哈尔市耕地利用系统韧性整体水平中等偏低、空间差异大,各等级区的制约因素和发展方向各不相同,应根据各区韧性现状和障碍因子,针对性进行黑土地保护与治理。研究结果可为黑土地可持续利用和保障粮食安全提供理论支撑与实践指导。

Ecological Security Assessment of the Yancheng National Nature Reserve based on GIS

This study used remote sensing and GIS to analyze the landscape pattern changes in the Yancheng Nature Reserve from 1983 to 2018,established an evaluation index system based on the regional natural-socio-economic complex ecosystem security pattern,and then analyzed the spatial characteristics of ecological security changes and discusses reasons for these changes.The results show that the landscape pattern changed dramatically from natural landscape to a mixture of natural landscape and artificial landscape from 1983 to 2018 due to the intensification of human activities.At present,the ecological security status of the protected areas is not optimistic.From the perspective of the survival status of red-crowned cranes,the protected areas are suitable.However,due to the increase of human activities and policy adjustments,the habitat of red-crowned cranes is fragmented.The red-crowned crane currently gathers in localized areas such as the core area and the buffer zone.We should pay more attention to management,policy development and the environmental awareness of local residents.At the same time,it is necessary to reduce the intensity of human activities within the reserve.