The Reverse Transformation Behavior of TiNi Shape Memory Alloy Wires Prestrained at Different Temperatures

The reverse transformation behavior of TiNi alloy wires prestrained at different temperatures is studied in this paper. Experimental results show that prestrain at different temperatures obviously affects the reverse transformation behavior of the TiNi alloy wire. A single peak appears on the DSC curves of wires prestrained at 253-313K (in the martensite state). However deformed at 333K, three consecutive peaks appear on the DSC curves of wires with a smaller prestrain and a single peak appears on the DSC curves of the wires with a larger prestrain. The recovery strain ratio of the wires prestrained at 253-313K are very similar. However, the ratio of the wire predeformed at 333K is obviously smaller than that of the wire prestrained in the martensite state.

A reliability study of springback on the sheet metal forming process under probabilistic variation of prestrain and blank holder force

This work deals with a reliability assessment of springback problem during the sheet metal forming process. The effects of operative parameters and material properties, blank holder force and plastic prestrain, on springback are in- vestigated. A generic reliability approach was developed to control springback. Subsequently, the Monte Carlo simula- tion technique in conjunction with the Latin hypercube sam- pling method was adopted to study the probabilistic spring- back. Finite element method based on implicit/explicit al- gorithms was used to model the springback problem. The proposed constitutive law for sheet metal takes into account the adaptation of plastic parameters of the hardening law for each prestrain level considered. Rackwitz-Fiessler al- gorithm is used to find reliability properties from response surfaces of chosen springback geometrical parameters. The obtained results were analyzed using a multi-state limit reli- ability functions based on geometry compensations.

Reverse Transformation Behavior of TiNi Shape Memory Alloys Prestrained in the Parent Phase

The reverse martensitic transformation of TiNi alloy wires prestrained in the parent phase was studied. Experimental results shou, that the reverse transformation of the TiNi allogys prestrained in the parent phase is significantly different from that of the TiNi alloys prestrained in the martensite phase. Three continual peaks appear on the DSC curves of wires with a small prestrain and one high temperature peak appears on the DSC curves of wires with a large prestrain.

Mechanics of nonbuckling interconnects with prestrain for stretchable electronics

The performance of the flexibility and stretchability of flexible electronics depends on the mechanical structure design,for which a great progress has been made in past years.The use of prestrain in the substrate,causing the compression of the transferred interconnects,can provide high elastic stretchability.Recently,the nonbuckling interconnects have been designed,where thick bar replaces thin ribbon layout to yield scissor-like in-plane deformation instead of in-or out-of-plane buckling modes.The nonbuckling interconnect design achieves significantly enhanced stretchability.However,combined use of prestrain and nonbuckling interconnects has not been explored.This paper aims to study the mechanical behavior of nonbuckling interconnects bonded to the prestrained substrate analytically and numerically.It is found that larger prestrain,longer straight segment,and smaller arc radius yield smaller strain in the interconnects.On the other hand,larger prestrain can also cause larger strain in the interconnects after releasing the prestrain.Therefore,the optimization of the prestrain needs to be found to achieve favorable stretchability.

Cross-linking density and aging constitutive model of HTPB coating under prestrain thermal accelerated aging

In order to study the cross-linking density and aging constitutive relationship of HTPB coating during storage,the thermal accelerated aging tests at 0%,3%,6%and 9%prestrains were carried out.The crosslinking density of HTPB coating at different aging stages were tested using low-field^1 H NMR and the variation of cross-linking density was analyzed.The aging model of cross-linking density considering the chemical aging and the physical stretching factors was established.The uniaxial tensile tests were carried out on HTPB coating at different aging stages and the cross-linking density was introduced into Ogden hyperelastic constitutive model as a characterization parameter of correction coefficient.Combined with uniaxial tensile test results,a prestrain aging constitutive model of HTPB coating was established.The results show that the cross-linking density of HTPB coating increases rapidly at first and then slowly with the increase of thermal accelerated aging time without prestrain.Under prestrain conditions,the crosslinking density of HTPB coating decreases at the early stage,and increases rapidly at first and then slowly at the middle and late stages of thermal accelerated aging.The correlation coefficients of aging model of cross-linking density and aging constitutive model with test results are R>0.9500 and R>0.9900 respectively,which can be used to accurately describe the cross-linking density and aging constitutive relationship of HTPB coating under prestrain accelerated thermal aging conditions.

THE DAMAGE STATES AND TENSILE FAILURE BEHAVIOR OF TORSIONAL PRESTRAINED STEELS

In this paper,the damage state of a torsional prestrained steel is examined by means of the concepts of continuum damage mechanics and then the tensile properties and fracture ductility of two kinds of steels under various torsional prestrained conditions are investigated from both macroscopic and microscopic points of very slight as contrasted with tensile damage;(2)after torsional prestraining,both yielding strength and ultimate tensile strength become higher for 20 steel and lower for 40Cr steel;(3)when the torsional prestrain exceeds a critical value,that is about 70% of pure torsional shear fracture strain,the ductile-brittle transition of tensile fracture behavior may initiates.Moreover,the advantages and applicable conditions of torsional prestrain strengthening technique are also discussed.

Artificial neural network model of constitutive relations for shock-prestrained copper

Data from the deformation on Split Hopkinson Bar were used for constructing an artificial neural network model. When putting the thermodynamic parameters of the metals into the trained network model, the corresponding yielding stress can be predicted. The results show that the systematic error is small when the objective function is 0.5 , the number of the nodes in the hidden layer is 6 and the learning rate is about 0.1 , and the accuracy of the rate error is less than 3%. [

Effect of prestrain and baking on the secondary deformation properties of cold-rolled ultra-high-strength steel sheets

Two experimental steels with tensile strength above 980 MPa were prepared to investigate the effect of prestrain and baking on their mechanical and fracture behaviors. The experimental results reveal that,for both experimental steels,with increases in the prestrain level,the bake hardening value increases before reaching a maximum point,and then decreases with further increases in the prestrain level. The results of a "bending-baking-secondary bending"test indicate that the secondary bendability deteriorates at a high level of prestrain. The yield strength of the experimental steels was found to increase and the elongation to decrease after high levels of prestrain and bake hardening. Fracture morphology images indicate that a high prestrain level is associated with shallow dimples and more and larger local cleavage areas.

Theoretical Analysis of the Buckling Behaviors of Inhomogeneous Shape Memory Polymer Composite Laminates Considering Prestrains

The mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients between the fiber-rich and resin-rich regions of a shape memory polymer composite(SMPC)laminate,along with the residual strain during SMPC fabrication,results in buckling deformation of the inhomogeneous laminate.This paper presents a macroscopic model for buckling of an inhomogeneous SMPC laminate under initial biaxial prestrains.Both linear and nonlinear buckling analyses are carried out using the energy method.The influences of prestrain biaxiality,temperature,and ply angle on the buckling wavelength,critical buckling prestrain,and buckling amplitude are calculated.The results demonstrate that the critical buckling wavelength of the SMPC laminate is independent of the prestrain,while the amplitude is almost independent of temperature.In addition,the optimal fiber stacking configuration with the maximum critical buckling prestrains of inhomogeneous SMPC laminates is determined by a genetic algorithm.

Effect of Prestrain on Microstructures and Properties of Si-Al-Mn TRIP Steel Sheet With Niobium

Paint baking treatment was carried out in a silicon oil bath at 170℃ for 20 min for Si-Al-Mn TRIP Steel sheet with different prestrains, and effect of prestrain on microstructures and properties was studied before and after baking. The results show that with the increasing of prestrain amount during prestraining and baking, the volume fraction of retained austenite decreases, and the volume fraction of martensite and bainite increases as well as yield strength increases; as prestrain ranges from 0 to 4%, the baking-hardening （BH） value increases; while the prestrain ranges from 4% to 16%, the BH value decreases; when the prestrain amount is 4%, the highest BH value is about 70 MPa for Si-Al-Mn TRIP steel sheet with niobium, which displays excellent baking-hardening behavior.

Tailoring nanoprecipitates for ultra-strong high-entropy alloys via machine learning and prestrain aging

The multi-principal-component concept of high-entropy alloys(HEAs) generates numerous new alloys.Among them,nanoscale precipitated HEAs have achieved superior mechanical properties and shown the potentials for structural applications.However,it is still a great challe nge to find the optimal alloy within the numerous candidates.Up to now,the reported nanoprecipitated HEAs are mainly designed by a trialand-error approach with the aid of phase diagram calculations,limiting the development of structural HEAs.In the current work,a novel method is proposed to accelerate the development of ultra-strong nanoprecipitated HEAs.With the guidance of physical metallurgy,the volume fraction of the required nanoprecipitates is designed from a machine learning of big data with thermodynamic foundation while the morphology of precipitates is kinetically tailored by prestrain aging.As a proof-of-principle study,an HEA with superior strength and ductility has been designed and systematically investigated.The newly developed γ’-strengthened HEA exhibits 1.31 GPa yield strength,1.65 GPa ultimate tensile strength,and 15% tensile elongation.Atom probe tomography and transmission electron microscope characterizations reveal the well-controlled high γ’ volume fraction(52%) and refined precipitate size(19 nm).The refinement of nanoprecipitates originates from the accelerated nucleation of the γ’ phase by prestrain aging.A deeper understanding of the excellent mechanical properties is illustrated from the aspect of strengthening mecha nisms.Finally,the versatility of the current design strategy to other precipitation-hardened alloys is discussed.

Inhibition of Electromigration in Eutectic SnBi Solder Interconnect by Plastic Prestraining

Plastic prestraining was applied to a solder interconnect to introduce internal defects such as dislocations in order to investigate the interaction of dislocations with electromigration damage. Above a critical prestrain, Bi interfacial segregation to the anode, a clear indication of electromigration damage in SnBi solder inter- connect, was effectively prevented. Such an inhibiting effect is apparently contrary to the common notion that dislocations often act as fast diffusion paths. It is suggested that the dislocations introduced by plastic prestraining acted as sinks for vacancies in the early stage of the electromigration process, but as the vacancies accumulated at the dislocations, climb of those dislocations prompted recovery of the deformed samples under current stressing, greatly decreasing the density of dislocation and vacancy in the solder, leading to slower diffusion of Bi atoms.

Microscopic Response of TRIP Steels to Prestrain During Plastic Deformation

In order to uncover the mechanism of elastic modulus degradation during plastic deformation, uniaxial ten- sile test of transformation-induced plasticity （TRIP） steels under different prestrain levels was carried out. The real elastic modulus unloaded at each prestrain was calculated by linearly fitting. The microstructure evolution with plas-tic strain and the fracture morphology were monitored by using a scanning electron microscope （SEM）. Dislocation density and its distribution were detected under a transmission electron microscope （TEM）. Microscopic mechanism of the elastic modulus degradation of TRIP steels was discussed in detail. Experimental results indicated that the in- vestigated TRIP600 steel was of severe elastic modulus degradation during plastic deformation. The new-born mar tensite distributed among the retained austenite, resulting in the combination of good ductility and high strength for TRIP steels. It was the change of dislocation movement that induced the variation of atomic binding force and finally led to the variation of elastic modulus.

Prediction of cyclic large plasticity for prestrained structural steel using only tensile coupon tests

Cold-formed steel members,which experience complicated prestrain histories,are frequently applied in structural engineering.This paper aims to predict cyclic plasticity of structural steels with tensile and compressive prestrain.Monotonic and cyclic tests on hourglass specimens with tensile and compressive prestrain are conducted,and compared with numerical simulations using the Chaboche model.Two approaches are taken in the simulation.The first requires only the monotonic tensile test data from the prestrained steels,and the second requires both the monotonic tensile test data from the virgin steel and the prestrain histories.The first approach slightly overestimates the compressive stress for specimens with tensile prestrain,while the second approach is able to accurately predict the cyclic plasticity in specimens with tensile and compressive prestrain.

304奥氏体不锈钢热诱发马氏体相变研究

借助X射线衍射技术,研究了304奥氏体不锈钢热诱发马氏体相变倾向。结果表明:C、Mn、Cr和Ni接近标准规范下限,304不锈钢的稳定性急剧下降,致使液氮内冷却后接近1/3的奥氏体转变为α′或ε马氏体,室温拉伸即形成应变诱发ε和α′马氏体,而且较小的室温变形显著增大随后液氮内冷却的热诱发α′马氏体相变倾向,但随室温预应变增大快速形成应变诱发α′马氏体,致使随后在液氮内发生热诱发α′马氏体倾向下降。此外,研究表明ε马氏体的形成及消失与α′马氏体的累积量有关。

基于DIC的预应变下铜/铝复层板各向异性性能检测与研究

基于数字图像相关法(DIC)与双目视觉技术,提出并实现了一种用于爆炸焊接制备的铜/铝复层板全场三维应变测量的方法。为了验证该方法的可行性,进行了Q235钢拉伸实验,将DIC法与引伸计变形测量结果进行了对比。应用DIC法对预应变下的复层板各向异性进行了性能检测与研究。结果表明:数字图像相关法的应变测量精度高于0.5%,与引伸计所测结果基本相当;随着预应变量的增加,复层板料力学参数的各向异性先增强后减弱;塑性应变比、应变硬化率的变化与预应变量和加载方向密切相关;板料轴向应变与宽向应变间的线性关系也受预应变与加载方向的影响。

液氮温度下奥氏体不锈钢强度试验研究

为研究低温和预应变对奥氏体不锈钢强度的影响规律,以奥氏体不锈钢S30408为例,对母材和9%预应变材料进行了液氮温度下恒定速率的拉伸试验。研究表明:材料屈服强度和抗拉强度规律均符合正态分布;在95%可靠度和90%置信度的条件下,母材和9%预应变材料屈服强度的标准值分别为383 MPa和449 MPa,抗拉强度的标准值分别为1521 MPa和1535 MPa;低温能够显著提高材料的屈服强度和抗拉强度,而预应变能够有效提高材料的屈服强度,但对于抗拉强度基本没有影响;低温会降低材料屈强比,而预应变则会提高屈强比。

预应变下高强结构钢低温断裂性能

为了测试高强结构钢Q420力学性能和断裂韧度,对其原材料和塑性变形材料分别进行了不同温度下的拉伸试验和断裂韧性试验.结果表明,结构钢的断裂韧性随着温度的降低显著减小,使其倾向于脆性断裂;而预应变虽然提高了钢材的屈服强度与抗拉强度,但显著降低了钢材的塑性及断裂韧性,进一步增加了脆性断裂发生的可能性.同时利用有限元分析得出,预应变对延性断裂向脆性断裂转变的促进作用源于预应变引起裂纹尖端应力场的增大.在重要工程设计、选材、安全分析及评定时,应充分考虑温度和预应变对结构断裂行为的影响.

循环振动对饱和粉土初始动剪模量的影响

初始动剪模量是土体多种结构性因素的综合反映,除固结压力和孔隙比(密度)这两个主要因素外,还受循环振动影响。以往对该因素的研究偏重于干砂,且预振时施加的剪应变幅多低于10-3;对于饱和土体,尤其是对经受过较大振幅振动后土体初始动剪模量的研究十分有限。本文利用安装弯曲元的动三轴仪,在等向固结条件下对不同相对密度的饱和粉土进行不排水循环三轴试验,同时监测试样的剪切波速,获得循环动力加载过程中土的初始动剪模量。为保证试验结果的可靠性,同时进行了共振柱试验,比较确定弯曲元接收信号的到达点;评估了不同孔压发展程度下试验暂停时间对测试结果的影响。结果表明:在一定次数大振幅循环荷载作用下观察到初始动剪模量有别于相同应力下固结后得到的模量值,出现附加衰减或增长,正是循环荷载作用下土微观结构变化的外部宏观表现。这种附加变化由土颗粒接触行为决定,受到试样初始条件和振动幅值等多种因素的影响,表现出不同的变化模式。

膨胀管用钢的热处理工艺与扩径性能

研究了热处理后膨胀管试验钢的3个重要指标,加工硬化指数(n),厚向异性指数(r)和预应变后的性能,从而对它们的扩径性能进行评价。结果表明:试验钢的lnσ-lnε曲线遵循Hollomond公式的线性关系,热处理工艺可以提高试验钢的n值,使颈缩前的均匀变形能力得到提高。热处理后,试验钢的r值均大于1,不易产生局部颈缩,这对膨胀管非常有利。12%的预应变条件下,屈服强度显著增加,而抗拉强度变化不大,试验钢具备较高的变形能力且在预应变后达到普通油井套管的强度水平。通过综合考虑确定了膨胀管用钢的成分和热处理工艺。