Connection between the Principles of Thermodynamics and the Conservation Laws: Physical Meaning of the Principles of Thermodynamics

It has been shown that the first principle of thermodynamics follows from the conservation laws for energy and linear momentum. And the second principle of thermodynamics follows from the first principle of thermodynamics under realization of the integrating factor (namely, temperature) and is a conservation law. The significance of the first principle of thermodynamics consists in the fact that it specifies the thermodynamic system state, which depends on interaction between conservation laws and is non-equilibrium due to a non-commutativity of conservation laws. The realization of the second principle of thermodynamics points to a transition of the thermodynamic system state into a locally-equilibrium state. Phase transitions are examples of such transitions.

High-order maximum-principle-preserving and positivity-preserving weighted compact nonlinear schemes for hyperbolic conservation laws

In this paper,the maximum-principle-preserving(MPP)and positivitypreserving(PP)flux limiting technique will be generalized to a class of high-order weighted compact nonlinear schemes(WCNSs)for scalar conservation laws and the compressible Euler systems in both one and two dimensions.The main idea of the present method is to rewrite the scheme in a conservative form,and then define the local limiting parameters via case-by-case discussion.Smooth test problems are presented to demonstrate that the proposed MPP/PP WCNSs incorporating a third-order Runge-Kutta method can attain the desired order of accuracy.Other test problems with strong shocks and high pressure and density ratios are also conducted to testify the performance of the schemes.

Study on the Applicable Principle and System Improvement of Contract Law to Liquidated Damages

Based on the applicable principle of liquidated damages in ＂contract law＂, based on the improvement of the system, the article first analyzes the status quo of the development of the default system and secondly puts forward some suggestions for improvement. The final purpose is to perfect the liquidated damages system with the Contract Law, in a bid to enhance the fairness of liquidated damages.

Reflection and operationalization of the common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities principle in the transparency framework under the international climate change regime

“Common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities”(CBDRRC) is the most significant guiding principle in the international climate change regime, created by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992 and inherited by the Paris Agreement 24 years later. This paper examines the operationalization of the CBDRRC principle in one of the cornerstone rules of the regimedits transparency provisions, both in existing practice under the convention and possible evolvement in negotiations under the Paris Agreement, from the perspectives of both international rule-making and domestic implementation. The authors have found a continuous enhancement of the transparency framework since the 1990s, and gradual consolidation of a bifurcated system between developed and developing countries into a common one. The authors argue that the transparency framework, as part of the procedural rules, should be designed to facilitate transparent information sharing in accordance with substantive commitments under international climate change laws. Thus, it indirectly reflects historical responsibilities for climate change, while the framework should also be designed as feasible and reflective of the respective capabilities of nations. Finally, the evolution of the transparency framework will aim to enact common and enhanced provisions while differentiating between developed and developing countries in the near term, and greater transparency-related capacity-building for developing countries.

The principle of the Internet evolving and a conjecture on the optimal structure of the Internet

In this paper we will give the statistical characteristics and general principles of an optimal structure of the Internet, which is a scale-free network. Since the purpose of the Internet is to allow fast and easy communication, the average path length is used to measure the performance of the network, and the number of edges of the network is used as a metric of its; cost. Based on this, the goal of this Internet optimization problem is to obtain the highest performance with the lowest cost. A multi goal optimization problem is proposed to model this problem. By using two empirical formulas of （k） and （l）, we are able to find the statistical characteristics of the optimal structure. There is a critical power law exponent ac for the Internet with power law degree distribution, at which the Internet can obtain a relatively good performance with a low cost. We find that this ac is approximately 2.1.

Application of annexation principle to the study of thermodynamic properties of Ag-Bi-In metallic melts

Based on the measured activities, the phase diagrams and the annexation principle, the calculating models of mass action concentrations for Ag-Bi and Ag-Bi-In melts have been formulated. The calculated results agree with practice and obey the mass action law, showing that the models formulated can reflect the structural characteristics of both melts. Meanwhile, it confirms that annexation principle is applicable to the Ag-Bi-In metallic melts. The melts involving eulectic which give rise to phase separation, and in which activities exhibit positive deviation from Raoult's law is the basic cause of melts transforming from homogeneous to heterogeneous ones.

A Generalized Statement of Highest-Entropy Principle for Stable Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium in Many-Particle Systems

Among all statements of Second Law, the existence and uniqueness of stable equilibrium, for each given value of energy content and composition of constituents of any system, have been adopted to define thermodynamic entropy by means of the impossibility of Perpetual Motion Machine of the Second Kind (PMM2) which is a consequence of the Second Law. Equality of temperature, chemical potential and pressure in many-particle systems are proved to be necessary conditions for the stable equilibrium. The proofs assume the stable equilibrium and derive, by means of the Highest-Entropy Principle, equality of temperature, chemical potential and pressure as a consequence. A first novelty of the present research is to demonstrate that equality is also a sufficient condition, in addition to necessity, for stable equilibrium implying that stable equilibrium is a condition also necessary, in addition to sufficiency, for equality of temperature potential and pressure addressed to as generalized potential. The second novelty is that the proof of sufficiency of equality, or necessity of stable equilibrium, is achieved by means of a generalization of entropy property, derived from a generalized definition of exergy, both being state and additive properties accounting for heat, mass and work interactions of the system underpinning the definition of Highest-Generalized-Entropy Principle adopted in the proof.

Application of annexation principle to the study of thermodynamic properties of Ag-Bi-In metallic melts

Based on the measured activities,the phase diagrams and the annexation principle,the calculating models of mass action concentrations for Ag-Bi and Ag-Bi-In melts have been formulated.The calculated results agree with practice and obey the mass action law,showing that the models formulated can reflect the structural characteristics of both melts.Meanwhile,it confirms that annexation principle is applicable to the Ag-Bi-In metallic melts.The melts involving eutectic which give rise to phase separation,and in which activcities exhibit positive deviation from Raoult's law is the basic cause of melts transforming from homogeneous to heterogeneous ones.

On the Special Application of the Principle of Proportionality under Emergency State

As the two fundamental aspects of modern society,the emergency state and the routine state are not exceptions to the rule of law.They just abide by special legal rules and must adhere to the spirit of the rule of law,such as human rights protection and power restrictions and apply the principle of proportionality.In a state of emergency,public interests are faced with major and urgent threats.In this state,the positioning of the purpose,the examination of the consequences,or the measurement of the legal benefits of the purpose and the consequences all have a certain degree of particularity and complexity.In order to increase the rationality of the principle of proportionality in the state of emergency,and to perform its value function scientifically and effectively,it is necessary to adopt loose application standards based on the characteristics of the state of emergency,grasp the key application links,and limit the scope of application to the review of the rationality of the exercise of emergency powers.Judgment of the legitimacy of the purpose of the exercise of emergency powers and the derogation of civil rights such as human dignity are not within the scope of the principle of proportionality.

智能时代《著作权法》规定诚信原则之必要与展开--由ChatGPT引发的思考

ChatGPT应用于创作领域所产生的各种欺诈现象和伦理风险引发了在理论上思考《著作权法》规定诚信原则的必要性。在作品创作领域,诚信原则可以实现对人工智能所使用版权数据的合理保护,并且保障人工智能所生成内容的信息真实性、伦理正当性和机器创作事实的公开性。在版权交易领域,诚信原则可以从交易客体、内容、结果和环境等方面保障交易安全,并且维护版权人、消费者和产业链各环节主体在交易中的公平利益。在版权行使领域,诚信原则可以帮助确定版权保护的合理范围,并有效规制版权欺诈和版权滥用行为。因此,我们应当像《商标法》和《专利法》那样在《著作权法》中明确规定,著作权的取得和行使应当遵循诚实信用原则。

法治与形式原则的性能:以形式与实质关系为中心

法治理论的争论主题之一是形式与实质的关系,其中涉及形式原则的性能。形式原则的性能可以从三个方面检视:形式性、自足性、充分性。形式原则具有形式性,但是并非纯粹,它们可能关涉法律规范的内容安排以及实质价值在规范内容上的贯彻效果,它们的解释适用也会受到实质价值的影响。形式原则具有指引法治实践的能力,但是并不自足,其自身无法解决遵守程度和例外问题,也无法消弭不同原则间的内在张力。对于有限、抽象的法治构成目标来说,形式原则可以作为构成条件,然而对于更具实践性的法治实现目标而言,就不敷其用了。法律的形式与实质相互联系,相互塑造。当法治对法律的形式提出要求,实践这种要求难免会牵连法律的实质。法治不可缺少形式原则,但是形式原则并非如通常想象的那样纯粹、自足和万能。

新时代我国行政区划的制度设计、目标指向与优化策略

新时代在完善优化行政区划制度设计过程中,坚持发展与治理并重的新理念是认识前提,加强党对行政区划工作的集中统一领导是根本保障,持续推动法治建设是关键支撑,健全论证评估机制与方法是基本路径。在目标导向方面,应重点关注三项新课题:以优化基层行政区划为主要着力点,提升超大特大城市的资源承载能力;通过优化乡镇行政区划设置,推动以县城为重要载体的新型城镇化;通过优化收缩型城市和“小县”的行政区划设置,助推区域协同高质量发展。作为完成上述目标的保障机制,要在充分发挥党的全面领导、协调各方作用基础上强化党政部门协同,在明确价值导向前提下健全论证与评估体系,系统总结我国行政区划设置的历史经验,提升调整方案的明确性,减少调整的“后遗症”。

民事司法解释的历史性进步——最高人民法院《合同编通则司法解释》亮点评述

《合同编通则司法解释》是民事司法解释历史性进步的重要标志。《合同编通则司法解释》坚守民事司法解释的法律定位,较为准确地把握了《民法典》立法原意,压缩了《民法典》有关条款或多或少的争议或歧义空间,其中,合同解释规则堪称典范。《合同编通则司法解释》充实民事司法解释的基本功能,以更为具体、明确、肯定的行为规则强化《民法典》有关条款的确定性,其中,清晰合同行为的识别标准、填充合同行为的场景因素尤为出色。《合同编通则司法解释》运用40余年的民事司法解释积累的经验,自觉避免以往时有的路径选择不当的情形,形成固定词句含义与范围、指引合同行为与裁判、强化裁判程序与功能的鲜明特色。《合同编通则司法解释》的历史性价值与意义应当得以彰显和认同,以便未来的民事司法解释自觉前行。

劳动幸福观融入思政课教学的价值理路、基本原则与实施路径——以大学生“思想道德与法治”课程教学为例

劳动幸福观是对劳动价值的自我体认与情感认同,是劳动实践的动力之源与精神支撑,对培养当代大学生的劳动素养与形成正确的世界观、人生观、价值观具有基础性意义。劳动幸福观融入思政课教学,应坚持把握育人导向、遵循教育规律、体现时代特征、坚持因地制宜的原则;在实施路径上应形成以明确教学目标为先导、以优化教学内容为基础、以突出学生主体为根本、以改革教学评价为保障、以外化教学成果为支撑的系统化推进体系。

基于“认识规律”的电化学原理课程教学设计——电子转移步骤动力学

电化学原理课程是化学、化工、材料、环境工程和新能源等专业常开的一门课程,普遍使用的教材常以“学科思维”进行编写,不符合学生的认知规律。笔者基于“认知规律”对电化学原理课程中电子转移步骤动力学章节进行了重构,将有助于学生学习目标的达成,体现了新工科建设的思维和内涵。

教育法典中数字教育规范图景及其实现

新时代,教育立法的核心任务是提升立法品质、实现良法善治,随着教育法典编纂工作被列入立法计划,教育法法典化研究受到广泛关注。面临数字社会快速发展新形态,数字教育新问题日益凸显,数字技术的应用为传统的教育模式带来一系列新挑战,现阶段的数字教育法律体系难以满足数字教育治理的迫切需求,数字背景下的高质量教育立法显得至关重要。将数字教育规范深度融入教育法典之中,应当成为法典编纂设想的题中应有之义。在编纂教育法典的系统性工程中,遵循数字教育规范进路,以数字教育法律原则、数字教育主体规范、数字教育行为规范和数字教育技术规范为基础,充分补充、调整和升级相关数字教育法律规范,形成以数字教育法律原则为统领的数字教育法律规范图景,为教育的高质量、可持续发展奠定坚实的制度基础。

论美国反垄断法域外适用的冲突法基础

为预防消除垄断行为,维护美国正常经济秩序,反垄断法逐渐在域外适用,美国法院在确定反垄断法的域外适用范围时积极寻找冲突法理论的支持。在“既得权学说”的影响下采取属地原则,否认反垄断法的域外性;根据“本地法”理论确立了效果原则,认可反垄断法域外适用的正当性;从“最密切联系”原则中寻找衡平原则的来源,在域外适用反垄断法时考虑国际礼让。这些冲突法理论使得美国反垄断法域外适用得到了丰富和发展。美国法院的实践,对于我国判断何种情况下可以域外适用反垄断法以及如何域外适用具有启发意义。

论环境资源法之遵守自然规律原则

环境资源法确立遵守自然规律原则具有充分、可靠的理论依据,包括物质决定意识、生态中心主义、生态系统理论、天人合一和道法自然的中国传统文化。遵守自然规律原则乃环境资源法之基石和根本,也直接体现了环境资源法之特有属性,实有必要确立为基本原则。遵守自然规律原则是环境资源法之基础性、根本性和普遍性准则,是实现环境资源公平、正义之根基,对环境资源法律规范具有指导和制约效力,有着极其广泛的适用性,是环境资源法基本属性之集中体现,是生态理性法治化的关键。遵守自然规律原则要求人们不违背生态规律,服从并合理利用生态规律,包括以整体性为依据统筹解决环境资源问题,非必要不改变生态系统自然状态,合理享受生态服务,维护和保障生态系统动态平衡,科学发挥生态资本作用。

“检察公益诉讼法”基本原则确定之思考

“检察公益诉讼法”制定的基本原则是贯穿这部法律和检察公益诉讼实施过程的根本性、指导性原则,是高度抽象的行为规范和价值判断标准。自检察公益诉讼制度正式确立以来,中央和地方层面出台了多种规范性文件,为“检察公益诉讼法”基本原则的确定提供了重要的现实参考和依据。“检察公益诉讼法”基本原则的确定需要在理论层面对检察机关在公益诉讼中的地位、检察公益诉讼的地位以及检察公益诉讼的实践样态作出回应,以综合考量“遵循诉讼制度的原则”“遵循宪法、法律、相关法规的原则”“《人民检察院组织法》《检察官法》中的原则性规定”是否可纳入基本原则的范畴。立足于检察公益诉讼的本质属性,同时指导行政公益诉讼和民事公益诉讼,兼顾诉前程序和诉讼程序,建议将“检察公益诉讼法”的基本原则确立为“公共利益保护原则”“客观公正原则”“相互配合、相互制约、协同保护原则”。