STEADY-STATE AND IDLE OPTIMIZA-TION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES

A novel steady-state optimization （SSO） of internal combustion engine （ICE） strategy is proposed to maximize the efficiency of the overall powertrain for hybrid electric vehicles, in which the ICE efficiency, the efficiencies of the electric motor （EM） and the energy storage device are all explicitly taken into account. In addition, a novel idle optimization of ICE strategy is implemented to obtain the optimal idle operating point of the ICE and corresponding optimal parking generation power of the EM using the view of the novel SSO of ICE strategy. Simulations results show that potential fuel economy improvement is achieved relative to the conventional one which only optimized the ICE efficiency by the novel SSO of ICE strategy, and fuel consumption per voltage increment decreases a lot during the parking charge by the novel idle optimization of ICE strategy.

Study on Combination of Engine/Steam Turbine Cycle for Improving the Energy Conversion

This work discusses the combination of two thermodynamic cycles seeking to improve the overall chemical energy conversion rate into mechanical energy. Here one engine operates according a Rankine cycle in order to use part of the thermal energy released to the boundary, i.e., the neighboring atmosphere. The analysis of this combined cycle shows that it might, under proper condition, represent a gain of 1.2% in the overall delivered engine power.

Energy Management Optimization Based on Aging Adaptive Functional State Model of Battery for Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles

This paper presents an energy management optimization system based on an adaptive functional state model of battery aging for internal combustion engine vehicles(ICEVs).First,the functional characteristics of batteries in ICEVs are investigated.Then,an adaptive functional state model is proposed to represent battery aging throughout the entire battery service life.A battery protection scheme is developed,including over-discharge and graded over-current protection to improve battery safety.A model-based energy management strategy is synthesized to comprehensively optimize fuel economy,battery life preservation,and vehicle performance.The performance of the proposed scheme was examined under comprehensive test scenarios based on field and bench tests.The results show that the proposed energy management algorithm can effectively improve fuel economy.

Development of Fuel/Engine Systems—The Way Forward to Sustainable Transport

The global demand for transport energy is large, growing, and primarily met by petroleum-derived liquid fuels powering internal combustion engines (ICEs). Moreover, the demand for jet fuel and diesel is projected to grow faster than the demand for gasoline in the future, and is likely to result in low-octane gasoline components becoming more readily available. Significant initiatives with varying motivations are taking place to develop the battery electric vehicle (BEV) and the fuel cell as alternatives to ICE vehicles, and to establish fuels such as biofuels and natural gas as alternatives to conventional liquid fuels. However, each of these alternatives starts from a very low base and faces significant barriers to fast and unrestrained growth;thus, transport—and particularly commercial transport—will continue to be largely powered by ICEs running on petroleum-based liquid fuels for decades to come. Hence, the sustainability of transport in terms of affordability, energy security, and impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and air quality can only be ensured by improving ICEs. Indeed, ICEs will continue to improve while using current market fuels, through improvements in combustion, control, and after-treatment systems, assisted by partial electrification in the form of hybridization. However, there is even more scope for improvement through the development of fuel/engine systems that can additionally leverage benefits in fuels manufacture and use components that may be readily available. Gasoline compression ignition (GCI), which uses low-octane gasoline in a compression ignition engine, is one such example. GCI would enable diesel-like efficiencies while making it easier to control nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulates at a lower cost compared with modern diesel engines. Octane on demand (OOD) also helps to ensure optimum use of available fuel anti-knock quality, and thus improves the overall efficiency of the system.

“内燃机原理”课程研究型教学改革探索

在传统能源与动力工程专业的新工科改造背景下,结合“双一流”建设,打造“金课”建设,进行研究型教学课程改革探索,突出以学生为中心,侧重学习能力、认知能力、创新意识、解决实际问题能力的培养。通过探索传统课程“内燃机原理”的理论教学和实践教学相结合的研究型教学改革模式,充分发挥课程研究对象的特殊性,结合北京理工大学在内燃机领域的科研积累,将科研成果转化为教学案例融入研究型课堂,以案例式教学为主线实现理论教学和实践教学的融合,以达到培养学生实际能力的目的。

我国内燃机再制造行业发展现状、问题及建议

再制造产业是我国推进循环经济的重要内容。我国内燃机再制造产业起步较晚,经过20多年的发展,已取得了显著的进步,涌现出一批具有较大生产规模,且拥有先进生产工艺、技术和设备的整机及关键零部件再制造企业。废旧内燃机及其关键零部件,通过拆解、清洗、检测、修复和再装配等步骤,可实现循环再利用,延长内燃机及其关键零部件的使用寿命。与制造新品相比,再制造产品可明显降低对环境的不良影响,显著减少二氧化碳排放量。内燃机再制造行业作为推动循环经济和绿色发展的重要力量,具有广阔的发展前景和市场潜力,对于推动资源循环利用,促进经济可持续发展、实现节能减排目标具有重要意义。

Internal Combustion Engine as a New Source for Enhancing Distribution System Resilience

Enhancing distribution system resilience is a new challenge for researchers.Supplying distribution loads,especially the residential customers and high-priority loads after disasters,is vital for this purpose.In this paper,the internal combustion engine(ICE)vehicles are firstly introduced as valuable backup energy sources in the aftermath of disasters and the use of this technology is explained.Then,the improvement of distribution system resilience is investigated through supplying smart residential customers and injecting extra power to the main grid.In this method,it is assumed that the infrastructure of distribution system is partially damaged(common cases)and it can be restored in less than one day.The extra power of residential customer can be delivered to other loads.A novel formulation for increasing the injected power of the smart home to the main grid using ICE vehicles is proposed.Moreover,the maximum backup duration in case of extensive damages in the distribution system is calculated for some commercial ICE vehicles.In this case,the smart home cannot deliver extra energy to the main grid because of its survivability.Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for increasing backup power during power outages.It is also shown that ICE vehicles can supply residential customers for a reasonable amount of time during a power outage.

绿氢内燃机及其在边无海岛地区的供电系统应用前瞻

氢内燃机实现依托内燃机完成零碳排放,其采用可再生能源制取的绿氢并结合储氢系统可以实现长期稳定能量输出。基于目前氢内燃机的关键技术和工作特性,该文创新提出将其应用于边远无人海岛地区(简称边无海岛)供电系统实现零碳发电。该系统通过氢内燃机替代柴油内燃机发电,制氢及储氢系统替代原有柴油和部分储能电池,达到充分利用边无海岛的可再生能源,实现海岛零碳可自身持续供能,摆脱外界输入能源依赖。该系统具备推广和应用前景,为未来边无海岛零碳自持供电系统建设提供参考。

碳中和下商用车发展趋势

在双碳目标的背景下,交通领域节能减排成为重点关注的对象,商用车低碳化发展尤为重要,商用车将逐步形成传统能源内燃机节能增效发展,新能源商用车以纯电动及燃料电池技术为主、混合动力商用车阶段性发展,多种零碳燃料内燃机探索式发展的技术路径,支撑商用车尽早实现碳达峰。

基于Window平台智能型稳流气道试验台的开发与应用

目前,稳流气道试验台在国外多用于研究和评价内燃机气道,也用于试验研究和在线检测气缸盖。现在,国内很多内燃机生产厂家都有气道试验台,有的采用老式孔板流量计,其有效量程小、测量精度不高,数据多用手工记录,费时费力。为此,应用现代传感器和计算机技术开发出内燃机智能型稳流气道试验台,对出厂气缸盖进行在线检测,相应的测量软件可实现数据的实时显示、采集处理和打印输出。

内燃机及核心配件的发展趋势与应用前景调研

内燃机作为生产生活的主要动力装置之一,在诸多领域中发挥着重要作用。然而,随着可再生能源和电动技术的快速发展,内燃机面临着挑战。因此,本文对内燃机的工作原理和核心配件进行了总结和概述,并详细调研其发展趋势与应用前景。重点关注内燃机研究的未来蓝图,分析其改进方向以满足可持续发展的要求,并展望内燃机及其配件的应用前景,为该领域研究提供参考和经验,以推动内燃机技术的创新和发展,实现高效环保的能源转换。

基于船舶总能系统及余热利用的主机选型研究

以主推进发动机(又称“主机”)的定义及类型作为切入点,本文介绍了汽轮机、柴油机及燃气轮机等几类常规热力发动机,以及相关联合动力装置的技术特点。考虑到对民用船舶的经济性要求,开发充分利用余热的总能系统势在必行,从几类主机的技术特点出发,重点对其在总能系统中的应用可行性进行了分析。就目前而言,燃气轮机虽然单机热效率较低,但由于具有较高的排气温度及较大的流量,在船舶总能系统领域有着较好应用前景。燃气轮机与汽轮机联合组成的燃气-蒸汽联合动力装置(COGAS型联合动力装置)能显著提升系统热效率,达到与低速柴油机相近的水平。

基于EBSILON的冷热电三联供系统及能量利用特性

为研究天然气冷热电三联供分布式能源(combined cooling heating and power,CCHP)系统的能量利用特性,以某冷热电三联供能源站作为研究对象,利用EBSILON软件分别建立内燃机组、烟气-热水型溴化锂吸收式冷水机组、换热器组件等模型,分析了烟气-热水型溴化锂吸收式冷水机组在不同烟气与缸套水热源驱动下的制冷系数(coefficient of refrigeration,COP)特性,内燃机组不同负荷率下系统的综合供能特性。研究结果表明,CCHP采用单一热源制冷时,烟气热水型溴化锂吸收式冷水机组以烟气作为驱动热源可获得较高的COP,而以缸套水作为驱动热源时COP较低;在同时具备冷热负荷情况下,高温烟气更适合作为制冷热源,而高温缸套水更适合充当制热热源;采用双热源驱动制冷与单一热源相比,具有更高的综合能源利用效率,在内燃机75%负荷率、WY1工况下,COP与综合能源效率达到最大值1.28与92.0%;而在50%负荷率时采用缸套水作为单一热源驱动制冷机时,COP与综合能源利用效率达到最低值,分别为0.74与76.1%。模型分析得出的CCHP系统综合供能特性,在一定程度上可有效指导冷热电三联供能源站的高效运行。

新型无曲轴内燃机的设计与分析

目前,提高车辆内燃机热效率的问题仍然是车辆研究的主要内容之一,文章主要从减小机械阻力和减少能量损失两方面,提出了一款新型内燃机结构。该新型内燃机主要是由无曲轴活塞和能量转换器组成。其中,无曲轴活塞在结构上取消了曲轴连杆机构,活塞运动采用往复式的直线运动,解决了侧向分力问题,能够有效地减小机械阻力。能量转换器主要由缸液阀和壳体组成,通过缸液阀的旋转,配合壳体的结构,以液压油为介质,实现能量的储存和转换,减少了部分能量损失,提高了燃烧热效率。此外,新型内燃机可以使用灵活的燃料,氢气发动机为新型内燃机燃料提供了新的方向,燃烧介质使用清洁能源氢气或者氨气,符合国家“双碳”政策,应用前景广泛。文章提出的新型内燃机结构,可以为提高内燃机热效率问题提供新思路。

燃气内燃机应用于冶金行业煤气发电的前景分析

通过阐述燃气内燃机技术高效发电的基本原理,对比了该技术与汽轮机发电技术之间的差异,重点分析并讨论燃气内燃机技术在冶金行业煤气资源利用方面的技术优势和应用前景。

低碳背景下分布式能源系统

目前,我国农村居民每年冬季约使用2亿吨标准煤进行取暖,农村供热造成的碳排放问题不容忽视。采用分布式能源系统能够解决北方农村等不具备集中供暖地区的碳排放问题。分布式能源系统综合能源利用率高达85%,极大地降低了能源损耗,减少温室气体及碳排放,对实现碳达峰、碳中和具有积极的意义。文章结合燃气内燃机对分布式能源系统如何实现冷热电三位一体的能源使用方式进行简述,论述了分布式能源系统在能源节约、环保效益和经济运行方面的优势,是解决和改善现有能源结构及能源供应的有效途径,是推动“双碳”目标实现的重要手段。

氢能在重卡动力总成应用现状与展望

随着重卡销量逐年提升,对其低碳节能减排的要求越来越高;氢能是低碳环保燃料,在重卡动力总成应用日益广泛。当前,氢能在重卡动力总成应用主要有氢内燃机、掺氢燃烧内燃机和氢燃料电池三种方式。文章分析了当前氢能在重卡动力总成应用的技术研究和发展状态,并分析了三种动力总成方式的优缺点及发展战略。研究表明,基于国家对氢能支持发展的政策,氢能在重卡动力总成应用将得到发展,氢内燃机应加快开发验证;氢燃料电池解决技术瓶颈、成本等问题。通过对比发现,氢内燃机可以认为是氢能在重卡动力总成应用的过渡产品,氢燃料电池将是理想的重卡动力总成。

Levelized costs of the energy chains of new energy vehicles targeted at carbon neutrality in China

The diffusion of new energy vehicles(NEVs),such as battery electric vehicles(BEVs)and fuel cell vehicles(FCVs),is critical to the transportation sector's deep decarbonization.The cost of energy chains is an important factor in the diffusion of NEVs.Although researchers have addressed the technological learning effect of NEVs and the life cycle emissions associated with the diffusion of NEVs,little work has been conducted to analyze the life cycle costs of different energy chains associated with different NEVs in consideration of technological learning potential.Thus,relevant information on investment remains insufficient to promote the deployment of NEVs.This study proposes a systematic framework that includes various(competing or coordinated)energy chains of NEVs formed with different technologies of power generation and transmission,hydrogen production and transportation,power-to-liquid fuel,and fuel transportation.The levelized costs of three typical carbon-neutral energy chains are investigated using the life cycle cost model and considering the technological learning effect.Results show that the current well-to-pump levelized costs of the energy chains in China for BEVs,FCVs,and internal combustion engine vehicles(ICEVs)are approximately 3.60,4.31,and 2.21 yuan/GJ,respectively,and the well-to-wheel levelized costs are 4.50,6.15,and 7.51 yuan/GJ,respectively.These costs primarily include raw material costs and they vary greatly for BEVs and FCVs from resource and consumer costs.In consideration of the technological learning effect,the energy chains'well-to-wheel levelized costs are expected todecrease by 24.82%for BEVs,27.12%for FCVs,and 19.25%for ICEVs by 2060.This work also summarizes policy recommendations on developing energy chains to promote the diffusion of NEVs in China.

碳中和背景下内燃机低碳和零碳技术路径及关键技术

自2020年9月中国在七十五届联合国大会上承诺“2030年碳达峰、2060年碳中和”以来,世界主要国家和地区2016年签署的《巴黎协定》控制全球气温上升幅度及采取碳中和政策和行动进入加速期。内燃机作为量大面广的道路、非道路移动机械和国防装备主导动力,在近中期肩负节能减排重要使命的同时,也面临着未来如何实现碳中和的巨大挑战和重要机遇。本文在分析欧、美、日、中等主要地区和国家碳中和政策和行动的基础上,提出并论述了内燃机近中期低碳和中远期零碳的两条技术路径及其可行性,以及内燃机使用生物质燃料、绿氢、绿氨和绿电合成液体燃料(e-fuel)等碳中和燃料需要解决的关键技术,旨在为内燃机的未来探索可持续发展之路。现有研究表明:内燃机作为一种高效高功率密度的燃料化学能转化为机械能的热力机,通过与电动化和智能化技术结合仍有较大的节能提升空间;内燃机相比氢燃料电池动力,产业链更完整,技术成熟度更高,成本更低,未来通过燃用碳中和燃料的新能源内燃机,仍可以在重型卡车、工程机械、船舶、航空等大型动力装备以及混合动力系统中得到大规模应用,促进中国能源和交通领域早日实现碳中和。

内燃机的排气能量流特性

为高效回收利用内燃机排气能量,实现内燃机节能减排,采用试验和模拟仿真相结合的方法对1台乘用车汽油机的排气能量流特性进行研究。首先根据实验数据建立并标定计算模型,通过全工况模拟计算提取排气数据并进行分析,得出排气能量流随工况的变化关系。在此基础上将排气能量分解为余压能、余动能和余热能并得出其能量密度的三维分布图,结合排气压力波、速度和温度研究得出这3种形式能量的脉动特性。研究结果表明:高速高负荷时排气能量有更强的回收潜力;排气能量的主要表现形式是余热能,其次是余压能,余动能通常可以忽略;余压能和余动能的脉动性较大,余热能脉动性较小。研究结果为排气能量回收方式的选择提供了理论依据。