Production Chain Length and PPI-CPI Divergence:Analysis Based on the Global Input-output Price Model

Productivity and international energy price shocks are reflected in PPI and CPI via industrial chains.China’s in-depth participation into the global value chains has increasingly lengthened its industrial production chains.The question is how the changing length of production chains will affect CPI and PPI,as well as CPI-PPI correlation?By constructing a global input-output price model,this paper offers a theoretical discussion on the impact of production chain length on the CPI-PPI divergence.Our findings suggest that the price shock of international bulk commodities has a greater impact on China’s PPI than that on CPI.The effects on both China’s PPI and CPI estimated by using the single-country input-output model are higher than the results estimated with the global input-output model.However,the difference between CPI and PPI variations estimated with the global input-output model is greater than the result estimated with the single-country input-output model,which supports the view that the lengthening of production chains,especially international production chains,leads to a divergence between CPI and PPI.Empirical results based on cross-national panel data also suggest that the lengthening of production chains has reduced the CPI-PPI correlation for countries,i.e.the lengthening of production chains has increased the PPI-CPI divergence.That is to say,policymakers should target not just CPI in maintaining price stability,but instead focus on the stability of both PPI and CPI.Efforts can be made to proactively adjust the price index system,and formulate the industrial chain price index.

The Decision-Making Processes of the Agents Belonging to the Biodiesel Production Chain in Southern Brazil

The aim of this paper is to present and analyze the factors, motivations and criteria considered in the decision-making processes of the actors belonging to the biodiesel production chain in Brazil. The biodiesel production chain consists of three main agents： the farmers, the soybean processing plants and the oil refinery/distributor. For the farmers organized in cooperatives the central decision is whether to sell oil-bearing crops for the production of biodiesel. In contrast, for the soybean processing plants that convert the crops into vegetable and/or biodiesel, the decision to produce this fuel is based on the wish to expand their market portfolio. Government tax incentives strongly influence both decisions regarding which oil-bearing crop to use and the amount of vegetable oil to be transformed into biodiesel. Finally, the oil refinery/distributor is obliged by law to mix the biodiesel with the mineral diesel and perceives this as a liability. The results show the existence of different characteristics linked to the decision-making process and a significant lack of synchronicity in the aims and motivations behind the agents＇ decisions. This state of decisional misalignment leads to heightened uncertainty regarding the sustainability of the Brazilian biodiesel production program.

Antimicrobial resistance characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of pleuromutilin-resistant Enterococcus isolates from different environmental samples along a laying hen production chain

Antimicrobial resistance in the laying hen production industry has become a serious public health problem.The antimicrobial resistance and phylogenetic relationships of the common conditional pathogen Enterococcus along the laying hen production chain have not been systematically clarified.105 Enterococcus isolates were obtained from 115 environmental samples (air,dust,feces,fies,sewage,and soil) collected along the laying hen production chain (breeding chicken,chick,young chicken,and commercial laying hen).These Enterococcus isolates exhibited resistance to some clinically relevant antibiotics,such as tetracycline (92.4%),streptomycin (92.4%),and erythromycin (91.4%),and all strains had multidrug resistance phenotypes.Whole genome sequencing characterized 29 acquired antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) that conferred resistance to 11 classes of antibiotics in 51pleuromutilin-resistant Enterococcus isolates,and lsa(E),which mediates resistance to pleuromutilins,always co-occurred with lnu(B).Alignments with the Mobile Genetic Elements database identified four transposons (Tn554,Tn558,Tn6261,and Tn6674) with several ARGs(erm(A),ant(9)-la,fex(A),and optrA) that mediated resistance to many clinically important antibiotics.Moreover,we identified two new transposons that carried ARGs in the Tn554 family designated as Tn7508 and Tn7492.A complementary approach based on conventional multi-locus sequence typing and whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism analysis showed that phylogenetically related pleuromutilin-resistant Enterococcus isolates were widely distributed in various environments on different production farms.Our results indicate that environmental contamination by antimicrobial-resistant Enterococcus requires greater attention,and they highlight the risk of pleuromutilin-resistant Enterococcus and ARGs disseminating along the laying hen production chain,thereby warranting effective disinfection.

PRODUCTION OF VINYL CHLORIDE IN THE INFRARED LASER INDUCED PHOTOSENSITIZED CHAIN REACTION OF 1,2-DICHLOROETHANE

The chain reaction of 1,2-dichloroethane was initiated by photosensitization of SF_6 under the selective excitation using a cw CO_2 laser.Vinyl chloride with high purity was produced in the reaction process.The initiation of the photosensitized chain reaction depends on the irradiated laser frequency.The mechanism of intermolecular resonant transfer of vibrational energy has been discussed.

The Operation Mechanism of Agricultural Products Supply Chain and Profit Allocation Model in the Context of Asymmetric Information

The research performed analysis on causes of asymmetric information of agricultural product supply chain and made conclusion on operation mechanism and characteristics of supply chain based on asymmetric information. Finally, the research detailed profit sharing of agricultural product supply chain in the context of asymmetric information and proposed suggestions, providing references of pricing and profit sharing of supply chains of agricultural products.

The Relations Among Various Markov Chains

Some basic equations and the relations among various Markov chains are established. These works are the bases in the investigation of the theory of Markov chain in random environment.

Agricultural Supply Chain Traceability System Based on Multi-Agent System

In order to overcome defects in existing ASCTS(Agricultural Supply Chain Traceability System,a new traceability system based on Multi-Agent System(MAS) is put forward.By qualitative method,I analyze problems of application of Agent technology in tracing quality of agricultural products.Physical model is built for this system and structure of traceability system is determined.Finally,algorithm is presented for major entities.From analysis of algorithm,it is proved that this system has some reference value in improving breadth and depth of product traceability.

Optimization Analysis of Agricultural Product Supply Chain From the Perspective of Internet

With the development of our agricultural modernization process accelerated, the agricultural products supply chain is also facing the demand of further optimization and improvement. And the development of the Intemet makes it become an important means to optimize the agricultural products supply chain. Firstly, it is based on the concept explanation of ＂Internet ＋＂. Secondly, according to the present situation which includes traditional models dominated, the main bodies on the chain are diversified, farmers＇ position is lower and the problems which include the chain is too long, logistics nodes are scattered, infi＇astructure lags behind, circulation of information is poor, and risk monitoring is difficult of the supply chain of agricultural products are facing in China, clarifying the role of the Internet in the agricultural products supply chain which includes making the agricultural information network more perfect, adjusting and optimizing the supply chain of agricultural products. Finally, authors put forward some measures to optimize the supply chain of agricultural products and make conclusions.

AGILITY INDEXES AND APPLICATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING

The agility of production planning is defined as two characters： synchronization and flexibility. Measurement indexes for evaluating agility are then divided into two dimensions separately. Synchronization includes two horizontal indexes： order lead time ratio and demand fulfilling rate; Two vertical indexes： instruction-reaction cycle time and resource matching rate. Flexibility includes five indexes： scope flexibility, delivery flexibility, variety flexibility, capacity buffer, inventory buffer and modification flexibility. Quantitative formulas for each measurement index are constructed. One application is discussed to illustrate the feasibility and reasonability of the indexes.

印度莫迪政府对华产业替代政策

Since 2020,the Modi government has sought to implement the policy of industrial substitution for China as an important approach to economic autonomy and industrial rejuvenation.Based on the Modi government’s industrial policy practices,its substitution policy for Chinese industries comprises three parts.A favorable domestic political ecology,an encouraging geostrategic environment,and a relatively solid industrial foundation provide the Modi government with the conditions and confidence to implement this policy.Nevertheless,owing to the conservatism of India’s domestic political culture,expediency in helping and appeasing India by the US,reversal of economic globalization,and sustainability of China’s industrial policy to break new ground,Modi’s substitution policy for Chinese industries has found limited success.However,considering India’s substantial economic size and the strategic support of the US and other developed nations in the West,the Modi government’s substitution policy for Chinese industries can still disrupt China’s efforts to build and maintain a healthier production chain.

Fresh-Keeping Decision and Coordination of Fresh Agricultural Product Supply Chain Considering Carbon Cap-and-Trade under Different Dominance

In the context of low carbon,this paper discussed the impact of the carbon cap-and-trade policy on the fresh-keeping decision-making of two-echelon fresh agricultural product supply chains under different dominance,and designed cost-sharing contracts to coordinate the supply chain of fresh agricultural products dominated by suppliers and retailers respectively.The results showed that:dominance has no effect on the fresh-keeping decision and total revenue of fresh agricultural product supply chain,but it affects the internal income distribution,and dominance does not always bring more benefits;the implementation of carbon cap-and-trade reduces the fresh-keeping decision-making of fresh agricultural products supply chain and reduces the free-rider income of followers;the role of higher carbon trading price is twofold,which not only brings about the speculation of leading enterprises,but also promotes the application of low-carbon technologies;consumers’high preference for freshness,low-cost and high-efficiency low-carbon technology are all conducive to improving the fresh-keeping efforts and benefits of the supply chain;cost-sharing contracts can coordinate the supply chain of fresh agricultural products.

Potential of Photovoltaic Industry in Egypt

PV （photovoltaic） market is dominated by Europe, especially Germany and Spain. However, the PV industry leaders recently exist in Asia. The huge market growth require industry growth, but with competitive cost. The electricity shortage in Egypt makes transferring to photovoltaic technology necessary, especially with the high solar radiation. The only reason why grid parity is not yet reached in Egypt is the elevated subsidiary of conventional electricity. If this subsidy is transformed to incentives for using and manufacturing solar cells, the situation will vary. This article shows that transferring PV industry to Egypt has a potential of cost saving of 5.7%, which could be translated either into competitive price or higher return on investment. This work is not a feasibility study. However, based on the cost structure of each phase in the PV industry value chain, the benefit （5.7% cost reduction potential） of transferring the industry to Egypt is worthy to accomplish the needed feasibility study.

Chemical Reaction Route Selection Based on Green Chemical Engineering

In the preliminary stage of chemical process design, the choice of chemical reaction route is the key design decision, and the concepts of atom utilization and environmental quotient have become extremely useful tools. However, the waste quality such as chemical toxicity and other engineering factors have not been taken into account. Therefore, a synthetic route selection index, Iroute, is proposed to determine the suitability of a chemical route in this paper. Iroute considers the effects of 'extended atom economy', material renewability, chemical characteristics and some engineering factors. The extended atom economy concept regards not only the value of the desired product but also the value of byproducts. The methodology by using Iroute to compare different routes is illustrated in case study of cyclohexanone oxime and acrylonitrile manufacture.

Some Probability Properties of Random Walk in Time-Random Environment

A general formulation of the stochastic model for random walk in time-random environment and an equivalent definition is established in this paper. Moreover, some basic probability relations similar to the classical case which are very useful in the corresponding research of fractal properties are given. At the end, a typical example is provided to show the recurrence and transience. Key words random environment - random walk in timerandom environment - skew product Markov chain CLC number O 211.6 Foudation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10371092) and Foundation of Wuhan University.Biography: Zhang Xiao-min (1977-), male, Ph. D candidate, research direction: stochastic processes and random fractal.

Two Approaches of Substance Flow Analysis—An Inspiration from Fluid Mechanics

That flow is the common feature of substance flow and fluid flow is the viewpoint emphasized in the paper. Some notes on fluid mechanics, including the two approaches of fluid flow description, were given. The concepts of the chain and the chain group of product life cycles, which are essential for understanding the specific features of substance flow, were advanced. Taking the specific feature of substance flow into consideration, on the analogy of the two approaches in fluid mechanics, two approaches of substance flow analysis, i.e. L method and E model, were formulated. Illustrative models of steady and unsteady substance flow were sketched by both methods, and comparison between them was made in general.

基于产品链视角的全球镍贸易网络结构分异研究

This research aimed to understand supply and demand in the global nickel market from a product chain perspective. Accordingly, we established an extensive time-series database for the nickel trade network and employed network analysis methods to explore the dynamics and shifts in the global nickel trade network. The results are as follows: first, refined nickel and nickel semis dominated global nickel trade;second, the interaction between different nickel product networks profoundly affected the global nickel supply chain;third, the global nickel trade network consisted of core-periphery structures exhibiting different degrees of spatial heterogeneity;and fourth, the most connected global backbone structure was in nickel semis, followed by refined nickel, nickel ore, and nickel scrap. Together, trade in these four products constituted an overall network topology characterized by complex forms, a clear hierarchy, and uneven development. We conclude the paper by making several recommendations to secure global nickel supply chains and promote nickel circular economy.

Quality control of the agricultural products supply chain based on"Internet+"

This paper describes a quality-control supply-chain model using the"Internet+"paradigm.The model is based on principal-agent theory,which considers the reputational loss due to inferior products and external responsibility identification.After model analysis and simulation verification,the results show that the optimal quality-control level and market price of agricultural products can be achieved in the agricultural supply chain based on"Internet+"if and only if the information platform’s claim to the agricultural producer is less than the agricultural producer’s claim to the delivery service provider.Also,a rise in consumers’claims or the agricultural producer’s reputational loss due to inferior products will motivate the quality control of an agricultural procedure.Meanwhile,the market price of agricultural products will also increase with enhanced quality control procedures.The quality-control level of a delivery service provider is inversely proportional to the information platform or its own reputational loss.Thus,the key to promoting quality control along the supply chain is to strengthen the responsibility confirmation of an inferior product between the agricultural producer and the delivery service provider.

The Invariance Principle for p-■Chain

There are two parts in this paper. In the first part we construct the Markov chain in random environment（MCRE）, the skew product Markov chain and p-θ^→ chain from a random transition matrix and a two-dimensional probability distribution, and in the second part we prove that the invarianee principle for p-θ^→ chain, a more complex non-homogeneous Markov chain, is true under some reasonable conditions. This result is more powerful.