A STUDY ON ECONOMY EVALUATION ON THE PROFIT AND LOSS OF GEOLOGIC ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ABOUT GEOLOGIC ENVIRONMENTAL EXPLOITATION PROJECT

The problems of environmental geology refer to the geologic phenomena, incidents or accidents arising from action of environmental geology. The action is mainly the mutual influence between human activity and geologic environment. When human activity is uncoordinated with objective laws of the geologic environment, the problems of environmental geology or economic loss would occur.Therefore,the level and the changing orientation of geologic environmental quality are relative to the types of human activity,particularly relative to human intentional-activities of geologic environmental exploitation project. The geologic environment fitting to mining may not fit to urban construction,and fitting to water conservancy and hydroelectric projects may not fit to communication,and so on.Economy evaluation on the profit and loss of geologic environmental quality is exactly to depict the level of the profit and loss of geologic environmental quality about geologic environmental exploitation projects and the

Mechanical Harvesting Effects on Seed Yield Loss,Quality Traits and Profitability of Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

China is one of the most important rapeseed producing countries in the world. Effective mechanical harvesting time for decreasing harvesting loss of winter oilseed rape has been becoming a critical factor. An elite cultivar Zhongshuang 11 （Brassica napus L.） was employed in two rounds of field experiments from 2009 to 2011. Seeds were sown with machine, three combine harvesting times namely combine harvesting A, B, and C （CHA, CHB, and CHC） were designed and manual harvesting （MH） as control was performed at maturity. The harvesting treatments were determined according to color of pod and seed in the field. Seed yield loss and quality in different treatments were evaluated. Results showed that both seed yields and harvesting losses in 2009-2010 were higher than that in 2010-2011, whereas seed oil contents in 2010-2011 were higher than that in 2009-2010. The highest yield appeared in CHB, which was significantly higher than that in MH. Furthermore, harvesting loss in CHB were 50% that in MH. Seed oil content and chlorophyll exhibited no obvious difference between CHB and MH. Economic profit analysis demonstrated that mechanical sowing/combine harvesting （MS/CH） showed an input/output ratio of 1：1.6, and it was 1：1.2 in mechanical sowing/manual harvesting （MS/MH）. Labor-cost accounted for more than 70% of the total cost in MS/MH, which led to low profitability to a great extent. Our results suggested that CHB was the optimum harvesting time for winter oilseed rape along the Yangtze River.

DEGRADATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES BY ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION——A Comparative Study Between Huizhou City and Zhaoqing City

Compared the total agricultural production (TAP) of the 5 counties in Huizhou City with that of the corresponding 5 counties in Zhaoqing City during the period from 1980 to 1996, it can be seen that the TAP growth rate of the 5 counties in Huizhou City had been a little higher than that of the 5 corresponding counties in Zhaoqing City before 1983, but has been becoming lower than the latter since 1984, and the agricultural production in Huizhou City has been gradually becoming lag behind that in Zhaoqing City since then. The TAP loss in Huizhou City kept above 3×10 8 yuan every year since 1986. Detailed investigation shows that the acid rain caused by the atmospheric pollution may be the main cause for the lower productivity of the land in Huizhou City. The atmospheric pollution arisen from rapid and extensive development of the economy in the Zhujiang(Pearl) River Delta Region has already greatly reduced the load capacity of the natural resources in Huizhou City and severely affected the sustainable development of the region.

Modification of the Leontief-Ford Input-Output Model for the Green Economy Goals and Environment Protection

The economics’ ecological modernization approach based on the input-output balance model is considered in the paper. The government measures on Russian Federation’s transition to green economy on reducing of greenhouse gas emissions are analyzed. In an article for green economy evaluation, including greenhouse gas emissions per capita and per unit of GDP, the indicator of the production environmental costs is proposed to include. The authors suppose adding and to modernize the Leontief-Ford model of input-output balance by economic evaluation of the environment pollution effects. This model is proposed to consider macro-economic assessment of environmental damage, health deterioration due to environmental pollution, as well as the use costs of the environmentally friendly technologies, the environmental and energy innovations’ implementation, climate change. The proposed modified model of environmentally oriented input-output balance can be used in the economic compensation system implementation on natural capital use and ecosystem services’ consuming in countries and their regions. The modified Leontief-Ford model proposed in the paper can be used for green economy development calculating, for example in Russia during the development of measures for the environment and economic development. Also this paper opens discussions for opportunities of the further possible integration of the theoretical models for environment protection decision-making.

Economic Evaluation Method of Photovoltaic Power Generation Installed in Ordinary Homes

This study aims to develop an economic evaluation method for installing photovoltaic power generation in ordinary homes using GIS (Geographic Information Systems). The conclusions can be summarized in the following three points: 1) This method determines the profit and loss and payback period in order to evaluate the installation of photovoltaic power generation, taking into account the price of equipment, solar battery module conversion efficiency, subsidy, electricity purchase price, service life and rate for selling electricity. 2) The proposed evaluation method was applied to Kanagawa Prefecture in Japan, providing plural scenarios. Using a solar battery module conversion efficiency of more than 15%, it is possible to make the payback period shorter than the 20-year service life and anticipate a profit in almost the whole area. 3) The areas suitable for photovoltaic power generation are Kawasaki City and Ninomiya-machi. It is necessary to adopt measures to increase the subsidy and install photovoltaic power generating systems in specific places in areas where subsidies are not provided in enough amounts.

The Role of Business in Accelerating Sustainable Development in Africa

Sustainable development is seen as a way to end extreme poverty, promote economic growth, and advance environmental sustainability and reduce gender inequality. Sustainable development is embedded in the Gross Domestic Product （GDP） of a nation and GDP is used as an indicator of the economic health of a country and also as a way of measuring a country＇s standard of living. Accelerating sustainable development requires the involvement of businesses to play a role in creating economic growth and job creation. The understanding is that when businesses invest in capital that is used in the production of goods, they create employment which in turn helps boost the people＇s standard of living as they earn some income. However, accelerating sustainable development has a beating on employee empowerrnent where workers are paid living wages to meet their fundamental needs, job security, and right to join a trade union and working in an environment free of sexual harassment.

极端降雨条件下淤地坝系溃决损失计算方法

近年来,由于自身“服役”状态欠佳和汛期极端降雨天气频发,淤地坝在发挥综合效益的同时面临着溃决风险。这对下游人民生命财产和生态环境保护造成极大威胁。因此,亟需提出极端降雨条件下淤地坝系溃决损失的定量计算方法。基于“家谱法”坝系溃决风险分析程序FT-IWHR、溃口流量程序DB-IWHR、一维洪水演进计算程序,提出淤地坝系溃决—洪水演进全过程计算方法,结合李—周法生命损失计算模型等,构建涵盖生命损失、经济损失、社会环境影响3方面的溃决损失计算方法体系;并在西五色浪流域淤地坝系进行应用。结果表明:警报时间对生命损失数量影响极大,充分警报和无警报下生命损失数量相差10倍左右且降雨量超过100年一遇后损失激增,坝系以中小型淤地坝溃决为主。溃决损失计算方法可实现对淤地坝系溃决损失进行快速量化评估,为淤地坝系安全度汛和病险坝除险加固工作提供技术支撑,同时建议西五色浪流域做好中小型淤地坝的溃决风险防控工作。

基于自然-经济综合视角的碳排放强度与生态盈亏多情景模拟研究——以淮海经济区为例

生态盈亏与碳排放强度是衡量生态环境质量与经济发展水平的重要指标,分析两者时空关联并预测未来演进方向对提升区域生态环境质量健康水平具有指导作用。以淮海经济区为研究对象,以2000年、2010年和2020年3期土地利用数据为基础,运用PLUS模型、双变量自相关、耦合协调度及面板计量回归模型等方法,预测并分析淮海经济区2000—2036年3种情景下碳排放强度、生态盈亏的演化特征及时空关联。结果表明:(1)常规发展情景下,淮海经济区生态性呈下降趋势,强耕地保护情景下生态性微有下降,强生态保护情景下,生态性有所上升,自然要素是主导。(2)常规发展情景下,淮海经济区碳排放量逐渐加大,强耕地保护及强生态保护情景下,则呈下降趋势;三种状态下,碳排放强度均呈下降趋势,时间轴2010—2020年降幅较大,空间序河流水系地区碳排放强度降幅较大。(3)淮海经济区碳排放强度与生态盈亏呈负相关关系,低低和低高聚类主要分布在城镇建设用地周边,高低和高高聚类分布在人类干扰较少的自然区域;高高聚类主要位于河流水系交汇区,表明水域有效降低碳排放强度的功能。(4)淮海经济区的碳排放强度与生态盈亏之间的耦合协调度呈东西高、中部低的态势,高耦合协调度主要分布于低高聚类,即自然地区域,低耦合协调度主要分布于西部平原区;科学技术、经济发展水平及二产占比对耦合协调度呈正影响,城镇化率、道路密度呈负影响。研究认为,淮海经济区当前的土地利用方式,不利于区域环境质量的改善,建议进一步强化建设用地管控、大力推进高标准农田建设和水域保护,以耕地质量提升和水域保护加强提升粮食主产区环境质量健康水平。

论期间损失公共索赔的边界

从公益角度来看,期间损失责任是对生态环境使用利益损失的赔偿责任;从私益角度来看,期间损失责任是对私人的用益物权造成的使用损失或纯经济损失的赔偿责任。期间损失责任的公私二元属性使得,对同一期间损失标的可能同时存在公共索赔与私人索赔。目前对期间损失责任的认知局限于公益角度,这使得期间损失全部通过公益诉讼索赔,当存在私人可以索赔的期间损失时,即生重复索赔。为避免重复索赔,需调整期间损失的索赔机制,划清期间损失公共索赔的边界。期间损失公共索赔的边界可以以“公上去私”为原则,在公共索赔的基础上排除对私人用益物权造成的使用损失和私人可索赔的纯经济损失这两类私人索赔的范围,并通过实体规则、程序规则、技术规则的完善予以实现。以此构建的期间损失公共索赔边界将随纯经济损失的可赔偿性的变化而变化,将来存在进一步缩窄的可能。

Evaluation of economic loss from energy-related environmental pollution： a case study of Beijing

With the growth of energy consumption, energy-related environmental pollution has become increasingly serious, which in turn causes enormous economic loss because of public health damage, corrosion of materials, crop yield reduction, and other factors. Evaluating economic loss caused by energy-related environmental pollution can contribute to decision making in energy management. A framework for evaluating economic loss from environmental pollution produced during energy production, transportation, and consumption is proposed in this paper. Regarding SO2, PMlo, and solid waste as the main pollutants, economic losses from health damage, materials corrosion, crop yield reduction, and solid waste pollution are estimated based on multiple concentration-response relationships and dos^response functions. The proposed framework and evaluation methods are applied to Beijing, China. It is evident that total economic loss attributable to energy-related environ-mental pollution fluctuated during 2000-2011 but had a general growth trend, with the highest value reaching 2.3× 108 CNY （China Yuan） in 2006. Economic loss caused by health damage contributes most to the total loss among the four measured damage types. The total economic loss strongly correlates with the amount of energy consumption, especially for oil and electricity. Our evaluation framework and methods can be used widely to measure the potential impact of environmental pollution in the energy lifecycle.

陆地天然气开发建设项目环境影响评价

对某天然气开发建设项目开展环境影响评价,得出该项目只要严格执行该项目环境保护措施,其工程建设对生态环境、空气环境、地表水环境、地下水环境、声环境以及固体废物环境的影响程度相对有限,即该项目对环境的影响风险在可控范围内。同时,经环境经济损益分析,该项目环境经济的收益大于损失,其环保工程经济效益系数较高,说明采取环保措施后的环境收益效果比较明显,充分说明该项目实施可行且合理。

水环境退化经济损失的计量方法及其应用

水环境退化较难以市场价格方式体现,是绿色GDP核算的一大难点.分析了影响水环境退化的社会经济因素、自然因素,在此基础上,构建了水环境退化的计量模型,并将社会经济发展的阶段性特征、水资源供需矛盾、降水补给变异特征和水质状况纳入模型中,采用不同参数进行描述,以保证模型的逻辑完备性和计算的简洁性.在湖州市绿色GDP核算过程中,采用该模型分别计算各县区2001—2004年水环境退化的经济损失.这些损失与当地水资源供需矛盾、水污染状况、社会经济发展等因素变化状况相符,准确反映了湖州市水环境退化的实际状况.结果表明,水环境退化的经济损失,除水污染程度外,还受到社会经济因素和降水补给等自然因素的影响.

经济快速增长阶段环境污染的特点及福利损失

不同的经济增长阶段,经济与环境的关系具有不同的特征。根据发展经济学理论,自改革开放以来,我国处于经济的快速增长阶段。分别利用1985-2004年时序数据和1998-2004年面板数据考察环境污染随时间和GDP的变化规律,发现环境污染呈现加剧趋势。进一步分析近年来环境污染造成的福利损失,实证研究的结果表明:环境污染造成的直接经济损失是逐年上升的,并且造成严重的环境不公现象,即环境污染的西迁和"逐步改善的城市环境与逐步恶化的农村生态"城乡环境差异。寻求解决环境污染的有效手段、加强环境治理已刻不容缓。

环境损益及其空间扩展研究

目的通过区域之间环境损益关系的认识,构筑环境补偿研究的基础。方法在理论上深化环境损益的内涵及对应空间解析。结果将环境损益解析为环境产益、环境受益、环境致损与环境受损以及与其对应的环境产益区、环境受益区、环境致损区与环境受损区等概念。结论通过深化区域之间环境损益空间关系研究,促进区域生态补偿和可持续发展。

兼顾环境保护与经济效益的发电调度分布式优化策略

在国家节能环保的政策下,发电调度决策不仅需要考虑经济运行目标,还要兼顾环境保护。从协调运行的角度讨论了互联区域的发电调度策略,将发电成本最小和污染气体排放最小同时作为目标函数。提出一种新的分区设置多目标权系数的方案,即根据各分区内网络参数、发电成本、污染排放等具体情况计算其权系数。按照电网分区的原则,对各分区进行了分布式并行优化。算例表明,所提出的方案通过各分区协调运行,能够减少全系统发电成本和污染气体排放量,从而在不增加环保成本的前提下,有效地减轻火力发电对环境的污染。

兰州市南北两山绿化工程环境经济损益分析

兰州市南北两山经70余年的人工造林,现有造林面积9333.3hm2,林草覆盖率为17.59%。其余大部分地域仍为荒山秃岭。为此政府决定投资16.8亿元,新增造林面积32000hm2,使总绿化面积达到41333.3hm2。经计算,两山绿化工程实施后(2007年),年可产生生态效益14119.5万元;经济效益32057.1万元;整体效益46176.6万元。并具有调节气候、消纳污染物、吸收二氧化碳,施放氧气、杀菌、抗逆自然灾害等方面的环境效益。

2008年美国白蛾造成的济南市环境功能损失评估

基于济南市因美国白蛾入侵造成的非经济损失案例研究,评估2008年美国白蛾对济南市造成的环境功能方面的损失,合计为14 845.93万元,平均为1.237万元/hm2。环境功能损失只是非经济损失的一个方面,由此说明美国白蛾造成的潜在的非经济损失是巨大的。

全要素能源效率与环境污染关系研究

能源与环境问题已成为世界焦点,回顾文献发现,已有研究大多单独从能源或环境问题进行分析,对能源与环境特别是能源效率与环境污染之间关系的研究较少。能源效率与环境污染之间存在着密切的联系,对两者关系进行更为深入、全面的研究显得十分必要。本文首先利用DEA方法和环境污染治理成本法分别测算了我国1989-2007年的全要素能源效率和环境污染经济损失;在初步评判两者关系的基础上,进一步通过协整和ECM模型得到本文的结论:我国的全要素能源效率与环境污染经济损失之间存在长期均衡关系,前者是后者的Granger原因;同时,全要素能源效率的短期波动对于降低环境污染经济损失具有明显的作用,这种作用大于长期波动的影响。这意味着全要素能源效率的提高对减少环境污染具有重要作用,节能减排目标的实现离不开能源效率的作用。

纳污资源与环境经济损益分析

提出了纳污资源的概念 ,并在此基础上建立了环境经济损益分析方法 .

企业环境绩效与经济绩效的关系研究——基于Meta分析

运用Meta方法(元分析)对关于企业环境绩效与经济绩效关系的研究文献进行系统检索,并对选用的49篇有效文献的118个研究结果进行综合分析,寻找导致产生不同研究结论的原因。结果表明,企业环境与经济绩效之间的相关关系存在显著的差异;有序Probit分析结果表明,观测期、经济指标类型及研究企业所处国家对研究结果具有较明显的作用,而所运用的统计方法和环境绩效指标类型则不会显著影响二者的关系。