Implementable Strategy Research of Brake Energy Recovery Based on Dynamic Programming Algorithm for a Parallel Hydraulic Hybrid Bus

The purpose of this paper is to develop an implementable strategy of brake energy recovery for a parallel hydraulic hybrid bus. Based on brake process analysis, a dynamic programming algorithm of brake energy recovery is established. And then an implementable strategy of brake energy recovery is proposed by the constraint variable trajectories analysis of the dynamic programming algorithm in the typical urban bus cycle. The simulation results indicate the brake energy recovery efficiency of the accumulator can reach 60% in the dynamic programming algorithm. And the hydraulic hybrid system can output braking torque as much as possible.Moreover, the accumulator has almost equal efficiency of brake energy recovery between the implementable strategy and the dynamic programming algorithm. Therefore, the implementable strategy is very effective in improving the efficiency of brake energy recovery.The road tests show the fuel economy of the hydraulic hybrid bus improves by 22.6% compared with the conventional bus.

Development Strategy of EV Program in China

The Chinese automotive indus-try has a history of nearly 50 years with the vehicle population up to 15 million by now. With sustainable national economic boom and growth of personal income, more and more private cars will appear in China. It is predicated that the private car will keep a stable growing trend in the future. And along with the de-velopment of the automotive indus-try and increase of the vehicle parc, environment pollution

Strategic options for syphilis control in Papua New Guineae impact and cost-effectiveness projections using the syphilis interventions towards elimination (SITE) model

Objectives:Papua New Guinea(PNG)has among the highest rates of sexually transmitted infections(STIs)globally and is committed to reducing their incidence.The Syphilis Interventions Towards Elimination(SITE)model was used to explore the expected impact and cost of alternative syphilis intervention scale-up scenarios.Methods:SITE is a dynamical model of syphilis transmission among adults 15-49 years.Individuals are divided into nine groups based on sexual behaviour and into six stages of infection.The model was calibrated to PNG using data from routine surveillance,biobehavioural surveys,research studies and program records.Inputs included syphilis prevalence,risk behaviours,intervention coverage and service delivery unit costs.Scenarios compared different interventions(clinical treatment,contact tracing,syphilis screening,and condom promotion)for incidence and cost per infection averted over 2021-2030.Results:Increasing treatment coverage of symptomatic primary/secondary-stage syphilis cases from 25-35%in 2020 to 60%from 2023 onwards reduced estimated incidence over 2021-2030 by 55%,compared to a scenario assuming constant coverage at 2019-2020 levels.The introduction of contact tracing in 2020,assuming 0.4 contacts per symptomatic person treated,reduced incidence over 2021-2030 by 10%.Increasing screening coverage by 20-30 percentage points from the 2019-2020 level reduced incidence over 2021-2030 by 3e16%depending on the target population.Scaling-up clinical,symptom-driven treatment and contact tracing had the lowest cost per infection averted,followed by condom promotion and periodic screening of female sex workers and men who have sex with men.Conclusions:PNG could considerably reduce its syphilis burden by scaling-up clinical treatment and contact tracing alongside targeted behavioural risk reduction interventions.SITE is a useful tool countries can apply to inform national STI programming and resource allocation.