Estimation of projected surface area of irregularly shaped fragments

The essence and the main contribution of this paper are consisted of the suggested novel method for estimation of a projected surface area of an irregularly shaped fragment, which represents a significant step toward a new method of an aerodynamic force estimation of a fragment motion through a resistive medium. The suggested method is to use a tri-axial ellipsoid that has a continuous surface(given as a mathematical function) to approximate an irregularly shaped fragment so that the fragment trajectory can be estimated faster taking into consideration that the aerodynamic force is proportional to a projected surface area of the fragment.During their motion, fragments can take any orientation relative to the velocity vector and aerodynamic force is proportional to a projected surface area of fragment perpendicular to the velocity vector,so it is necessary to have a method for correct estimation of the projected area in an arbitrary direction relatively to the fragment.The model was validated with analytical and CAD techniques, and verified using 3D model of a real fragment. The comparison of the projected surface area values for the fragment, obtained using the CAD tools and using our model, are generally in good agreement, This method represents a step toward modeling that does not require a CFD result for estimation of the aerodynamic force of irregularly shaped bodies.

A new method of calculating crown projection area and its comparative accuracy with conventional calculations for asymmetric tree crowns

This paper introduces a new method of calculating crown projection area(CPA),the area of level ground covered by a vertical projection of a tree crown from measured crown radii through numerical interpolation and integration.This novel method and other four existing methods of calculating CPA were compared using detailed crown radius measurements from 30 tall trees of Eucalyptus pilularis variable in crown size,shape,and asymmetry.The four existing methods included the polygonal approach and three ways of calculating CPA as the area of a circle using the arithmetic,geometric and quadratic mean radius.Comparisons were made across a sequence of eight non-consecutive numbers(from 2 to 16)of measured crown radii for each tree over the range of crown asymmetry of the 30 trees through generalized linear models and multiple comparisons of means.The sequence covered the range of the number of crown radii measured for calculating the CPA of a tree in the literature.A crown asymmetry index within the unit interval was calculated for each tree to serve as a normative measure.With a slight overestimation of 2.2%on average and an overall mean error size of 7.9%across the numbers of crown radii that were compared,our new method was the least biased and most accurate.Calculating CPA as a circle using the quadratic mean crown radius was the second best,which had an average overestimation of 4.5%and overall mean error size of 8.8%.These two methods remained by and large unbiased as crown asymmetry increased,while the other three methods showed larger bias of underestimation.For the conventional method of using the arithmetic mean crown radius to calculate CPA as a circle,bias correction factors were developed as a function of crown asymmetry index to delineate the increasing magnitude of bias associated with greater degrees of crown asymmetry.This study reveals and demonstrates such relationships between the accuracy of CPA calculations and crown asymmetry and will help increase awareness among researchers and practitioners on the existence of bias in their CPA calculations and for the need to use an unbiased method in the future.Our new method is recommended for calculating CPA where at least four crown radius measurements per tree are available because that is the minimum number required for its use.

The Poverty Alleviation Model for the Solitary Elderly People in the Poor Mountainous Areas of Southwest China: Analysis of "Five Batches Project" in Xundian County

The solitary elderly people in rural areas are not only an important part of the rural population,but also an important issue that can not be ignored in the battle to get rid of poverty. In recent years,according to the working thinking of ' accurate statistics,scientific arrangement,classified implementation,and rapid progress',Xundian County has gone through joint exploration and practice at the county and township levels,and has found out the path of work of ' Five Batches Project' to solve the problem of poverty alleviation for the solitary elderly people and make them live in their own homes. This has effectively solved the problem of safe and stable housing for 4 443 solitary elderly people in the county. It has found a new way to solve the housing problem of the solitary elderly people. At the end of 2017,the incidence of poverty in the county dropped to 0. 35%,and it was successfully listed as one of the first counties in Yunnan Province to get rid of poverty. Based on field research and interviews,this paper analyzes and summarizes the concrete methods,main achievements,practical experience,lessons and reference of the poverty alleviation model of ' Five Batches Project' in Xundian County to solve the problem of housing for the elderly,in order to provide necessary reference for the poor counties in Yunnan Province and other similar provinces( cities,autonomous regions) to solve the problem of housing for ' solitary elderly people' in Yunnan Province.

Application of Harmony and Integrity Culture in Tourism Project Planning—A Case Study of Lumingling Scenic Area

Significance of tourism project planning in the transformation of tourism resources to tourist products was analyzed,it was proposed that culture is the soul of tourism project planning,harmony and integrity culture is the essence of Chinese cultures.Connotations and types of harmony and integrity culture were elaborated,such as harmony and integrity of human and nature,harmony and integrity of the society,harmony and integrity of the ego.On this basis,relationship between harmony and integrity and tourism projects was expounded,harmony and integrity culture was stressed as the source of tourism projects,and tourism projects as optimal carriers of demonstrating and inheriting harmony and integrity culture.Lumingling Scenic Area in south Jingxing County,Shijiazhuang City of Hebei Province was taken for an example to analyze the application of harmony and integrity culture in concrete planning of tourist projects from the perspectives of functional orientation,theme orientation and functional division.

LAND USE CHANGE AND ITS SOCIO-ECONOMIC DRIVING FORCES UNDER STRESS OF PROJECT IN OLD RESERVOIR AREA——Case Study of Linshui Reservoir Area of Dahonghe Reservoir in Sichuan Province

The old reservoir areas built in 1950s- 1970s left behind many socio-economic problems, because of the administrative backward migration and little migration fund, and all these problems would be tied to land. Based on interviewing with peasant households, combining land use survey and socio-economic statistical index, this paper analyzed land use change and its corresponding driving forces in Linshui reservoir area of Dahonghe Reservoir. Results showed that land use change in the reservoir area was mainly embodied on low-lying land submergence and migration requisition land. The former changed the land use patterns, and the latter mainly reconstructed original land property and made land over-fragmented. Cultivated land per capita was 0.041ha in this area, below the cordon of cultivated land per capita enacted by FAO. Currently, there were still 30.25% of peasant households being short of grain in trimester of one year, and there were 35.27% of people living under the poverty line. The conditions of eco-environmerit in Linshui Reservoir Area were worse, and healthy and sub-healthy eco-environment accounted for less proportion, composed of green belt around the reservoir area and paddy field ecosystem, and economic forest and orchard ecosystem, respectively. The stress of the reservoir project was macroscopic background to analyze the driving factors of land use change, and real underlying diving factor of the land use change in the area was the change of cultural landscape under the stress of reservoir project. The rapid increase of population was the key factor to induce the change of man-land relationship in the reservoir area, the low level of rural economy was the crucial factor to decide how migrants input for production, and the belief of migrants, influencing the land use patterns in a certain extent, was the inducing factor to keep land use stable. The low-lying submergence and infrastructure construction accompanied the reservoir project were leading factors driving land use change in the area, while changes in land use patterns, after the reservoir being built, were the responses of peasant households＇ behaviors to land use change.

Assessment of Diversity, Distribution, Conservation Status and Preparation of Management Plan for Medicinal Plants in the Catchment Area of Parbati Hydroelectric Project Stage-Ⅲ in Northwestern Himalaya

The developmental activities, particularly the construction of hydroelectric projects are causing a great loss of biodiversity in the Indian Himalayan Region. The Himaehal Pradesh, a part of IHR is well known for the development of hydroelectric projects. The Parbati H.E. Project is amongst the major projects of the State. The different stages of the project are all causing loss of biodiversity of the area. Stage Ⅲ of the Parbati H.E. Project is a run of the river scheme on the Sainj River downstream of Power House of Parbati H.E. Project Stage Ⅱ. The project shall utilize regulated discharge of Parbati H.E. Project Stage Ⅱ and inflow of River Sainj for power generation, and has been contemplated as a peaking station operating in tandem with Stage Ⅱ. The present study has been undertaken to see the impact of hydroelectric project on the biodiversity, particularly on medicinal plants. A total of 104 species of medicinal plants, belonging to different life forms, i.e., trees （23 spp.）, shrubs （22 spp.）, herbs （57 spp.） and ferns （2 spp.） were recorded. The species have been analyzed and studied for their distribution, classification, altitudinal zones, part （s） used, indigenous uses, nativity, endemism and rarity.Different parts of these species, such as whole plants, roots （including rhizomes and tubers）, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, stems, barks, spikes, nuts and insect galls are used by the inhabitants for curing various diseases and ailments. 3o species are native to the Himalayan region, 9 species native to the Himalayan region and adjacent countries also and 65 species are non-natives. 9 species are near endemics. Considering the whole Himalaya as a biogeographie unit （sensu lato）, the near endemics are endemic to the Himalaya. Among these species, Zanthoxylum armature is categorized as Endangered and Valeriana wallichii as Vulnerable. Hedychium spicatum, Rhus javanica, Berberis lycium, Thalictrum foliolossum, Salvia lanata, Rubia cordifolia and Bergenia ligulata may be considered as threatened species due to their over exploitation for trade. 90 species are propagated by seeds, 8 species by seeds and rhizomes/roots/tubers, 4 species by seeds and cuttings, and 2 species by sori. A management plan for the cultivation and conservation of the medicinal plants in the dam submergence area, and the commercially viable medicinal plants with high value in the catchment area is suggested.

Coupling interaction between biodiversity and aquatic habitat area in Western Route Project vicinity

The Western Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project will divert water from the upper Yangtze River and its tributaries, the Dadu River and Yalong River, to the upper Yellow River. The project may ease the water shortage in the Yellow River Basin. However, it may also have some effects on the ecosystem in the upper Yangtze River Basin. Benthic invertebrates play an important role in the river ecosystem, particularly in the circulation of materials and nutrition. Benthic invertebrates are widely used to quickly assess river ecosystems because of their rapid response to changes in the water environment. The diversity of benthic invertebrates is closely associated with the aquatic habitat area. This study examined this interaction by sampling the benthic invertebrates in an expanding area. The conclusions are that the diversity of benthic invertebrates begins to decrease when the aquatic habitat area is reduced to 45% of the original area, and decreases dramatically when the aquatic habitat area is reduced to 10% of the original area. The aquatic habitat area should be kept at more than 45% of the original area in order to maintain the significant diversity of benthic invertebrates.

Effects of ecological projects on vegetation in the Three Gorges Area of Chongqing, China

The construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir and the resettlement project have caused increasing contradictions between human and land,and led to the deterioration of the ecological environment. In order to ameliorate ecological environment of the Three Gorges Area, the government carried out several ecological restoration projects to improve the vegetation coverage from 1990 s. This paper aims to quantitatively analyze the impact of ecological projects on the vegetation in the Three Gorges Area of Chongqing, China. Landsat and MODIS data from 1992 to 2015 were used to estimate vegetation coverage. In addition, the land cover data of the European Space Agency(ESA) was used to explore the impact of ecological projects on land cover change. The cropland accounted for about 62% and the forestland accounted for about 34% of the total area. There was more than 90% of the study area covered with high or very high vegetation coverage.From 1992 to 2015, a total of 272.7 km;croplands were converted into forestland in the Ecological Migration Project(EMP), 795.6 km;in the Grain for Green Project(GGP), and 13.77 km;in the Ecological Restoration Zone Project(ERZP). Among the three projects, the GGP was the most powerful measure,with a contribution rate of 1.6%. The implementation of the ecological projects improved vegetation coverage, which indicated that the ecological projects measures were effective in ecological restoration.

Impact on Mountainous Agricultural Development in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area forced by Migrants of the Three Gorges Project

The Three Gorges Project attracts worldwide attention because of the Three Gorges migrants, and the agriculture of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area is a foundation for the development of the Three Gorges migrants. The Three Gorges Reservoir Area is situated at the mountainous area with bad agricultural development conditions and relatively low levels of development. As a result, the large-scale migration fias special influence on its agricultural development, which has attracted much attention. The paper analyzes influence that the migrants have forced on its agricultural development based on the scientific data, and makes some explorations on the models that are suitable for the development of mountainous agriculture in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.

Projecting Spring Consecutive Rainfall Events in the Three Gorges Reservoir Based on Triple-Nested Dynamical Downscaling

Spring consecutive rainfall events(CREs) are key triggers of geological hazards in the Three Gorges Reservoir area(TGR), China. However, previous projections of CREs based on the direct outputs of global climate models(GCMs) are subject to considerable uncertainties, largely caused by their coarse resolution. This study applies a triple-nested WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting) model dynamical downscaling, driven by a GCM, MIROC6(Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate, version 6), to improve the historical simulation and reduce the uncertainties in the future projection of CREs in the TGR. Results indicate that WRF has better performances in reproducing the observed rainfall in terms of the daily probability distribution, monthly evolution and duration of rainfall events, demonstrating the ability of WRF in simulating CREs. Thus, the triple-nested WRF is applied to project the future changes of CREs under the middle-of-the-road and fossil-fueled development scenarios. It is indicated that light and moderate rainfall and the duration of continuous rainfall spells will decrease in the TGR, leading to a decrease in the frequency of CREs. Meanwhile, the duration, rainfall amount, and intensity of CREs is projected to regional increase in the central-west TGR. These results are inconsistent with the raw projection of MIROC6. Observational diagnosis implies that CREs are mainly contributed by the vertical moisture advection. Such a synoptic contribution is captured well by WRF, which is not the case in MIROC6,indicating larger uncertainties in the CREs projected by MIROC6.

ANALYSIS OF EFFECT OF APOPLECTIC HEMIPLEGIA TREATED BY NEEDLING AROUND THE PROJECTIVE AREA ON THE SCALP OF FOCUS LOCATED WITH NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE(NMR)

Sixty-one patients of ischemic apoplectic hemiplegia were randomly divided into group ofneedling around the ipsilateral projective area on the scalp of the fOcus (group A) and group of scalpacupuncture (group B). After 30 treatments, there is a significant difference between the therapeuticeffects of two groups (P < 0. 05 ), the former is better than the latter. It suggests that the method ofneedling around the projective area on the scalp of the focus is an effective and a feasible

Control Measures of Soil Erosion in a Typical Construction Project Area ( Dina 2 Gas Field)

To treat the relationship between project construction and ecological environment and effectively prevent new soil erosion during the construction, according to the project layout, soil erosion distribution as well as natural and socio-economic conditions, the control measures of newly increased soil erosion along the project were carried out based on site survey and analysis of relevant information. In addition, adhering to the prin- ciple of partition prevention and treatment, some guiding prevention and control measures of the natural zone passed by the project and soil erosion control district were determined, which provided scientific references and technical support for the rational layout of water and soil conservation and ecological restoration measures in Dina 2 gas field.

残膜回收机有效作业面积监测系统设计研究

为便于新疆棉田残膜回收的精准作业收费和补贴,设计了一种残膜回收机有效作业面积监测系统。通过仿真试验对比锁相放大器降噪前后残膜回收机作业时经纬度数据,得出锁相滤波对于噪声环境有较好的抗干扰性能;采用高斯投影正算方法将降噪后经纬度数据转化为平面坐标,得出1.5°带的高斯投影的相对误差相较于3°带降低了0.01%。同时,利用卡尔曼滤波算法和构成角方法筛选有效作业轨迹,使用缓冲区法计算重复作业面积,最终利用轨迹算法精准获取残膜回收机有效作业面积,得出所设计的残膜回收机有效作业面积监测系统对于大块农田测量时相对误差为2.6%,对于小块农田测量时相对误差为3.3%。研究结果表明:所设计的残膜回收机有效作业面积监测系统可以精确计算出残膜回收机的有效作业面积,为残膜回收机作业质量评估提供了一定的理论基础。

不同针阔叶树蒸腾耗水特性及单位面积耗水量估算

为探究针阔叶树种单木蒸腾耗水规律,以河北省雄安新区主要造林树种针叶树油松和阔叶树楸树作为研究对象,运用热扩散式探针法(TDP)对油松(Pinus tabuliformis)、楸树(Catalpa bungei)的树干液流速率进行监测,并调查样木的冠幅、胸径、冠高和冠幅投影面积等林木因子,分析林木耗水量与林木因子的相关性,将实测的林木因子与耗水量拟合,建立不同林木因子与林木耗水量方程。结果表明:(1)不同冠幅投影面积的油松和楸树的液流速率及耗水日变化过程均呈昼高夜低的单峰型曲线;两个树种整体表现为冠幅投影面积越大,液流速率和耗水量越高,楸树的时均耗水量和日累计耗水量均高于油松。(2)两个树种的耗水量均与冠幅投影面积、冠幅、胸径呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01);冠幅投影面积与日累计耗水量具有较高的相关性与较好的拟合效果,两树种的日累计耗水与冠幅投影面积的相关系数分别为0.773、0.901,确定系数(R~2)分别为0.596、0.811;油松和楸树平均单位冠幅投影面积日累计耗水量分别为0.290 6、0.302 3 kg·m^(-2)·d^(-1)。

Low-cost Plant Landscape Design of Small-scale Residential Area——A Case Study of Huayu Residential Area on Baoping Road in Baoji City of Shaanxi Province

Modern landscape emphasizes the resource conservation and sustainable development.Simple and fine residential green areas should be the development trend.Taking the landscape design of Huayu residential area on Baoping Road in Baoji City of Shaanxi Province as an example,the way how to create a fine view and a good ecological environment for the people living in the bustling city with less investment and simple maintenance was analyzed.

含储能健康运行域与电压安全约束的配电网重构方法

随着未来各类新能源及用户侧需求互动技术引入配电网,配电网电压安全管理将面临更严峻挑战,带来双向潮流、电压越限等运行问题。在此背景下,该文挖掘网络侧及储能设备的运行灵活性,以限制配电网节点电压波动指数(voltage volatility index,VVI)为目标,提出融合储能能量管理的配电网网络重构方法。同时,为减小储能频繁充放引起的寿命损失,该文基于储能寿命曲面的超空间投影定义储能寿命水平集表征储能健康运行域(health operating area,HOA),并提出水平集凸逼近方法替代非线性储能寿命约束,可在保障储能寿命前提下实现网络重构问题的高效求解。最后,选取IEEE-33节点系统进行分析,验证所提方法的有效性与实用性。

日本三大都市圈整备规划的特征分析及启示

日本自1950年《首都建设法》颁布以来,在都市圈整备方面积累了一定经验。从日本大都市圈广域地方规划相关法律入手,分析并整理了与广域地方规划相关联的《国土形成规划法》和三大都市圈整备法等法律构成及内容。针对三大都市圈的广域地方规划和整备规划等展开研究,从规划编制、规划实施等方面分析比较其构成及主要内容,同时阐述三大都市圈“广域联合机制”特点。最后,基于日本大都市圈建设经验,结合中国都市圈发展现状,得到规划立法、广域地方规划制定、用地划分指导和管理机制协调等方面的启示,以期为中国都市圈的立法、整备规划工作实施提供启示及参考。

非靶向代谢组学分析影响轻中度脑卒中后认知功能障碍的生物标记物

背景:认知功能障碍是脑卒中后的常见并发症,其严重程度与患者的预后密切相关。如果能尽早识别患者的认知功能障碍严重程度并进行针对性治疗,那么患者的预后可以得到显著改善。目的:初步探索影响脑卒中后认知功能障碍疾病进展的潜在生物标志物,为其病理生理机制研究提供更为丰富和独特的参考依据。方法:采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术,对轻度与中度脑卒中后认知功能障碍患者的血清样本进行非靶向代谢组学分析,筛选出两组间差异代谢物,为了进一步验证差异代谢物的诊断效能,运用受试者工作特征曲线分析,评估它们在区分疾病严重程度方面的准确性和敏感性,此外还进行了差异代谢物通路分析。结果与结论:(1)轻度与中度脑卒中后认知功能障碍患者代谢谱存在显著差异,通过受试者工作特征曲线筛选出9个差异代谢物;(2)差异代谢物通路分析发现,影响轻、中度脑卒中后认知功能障碍患者疾病进展的代谢途径包括色氨酸代谢、D-氨基酸代谢、生物素代谢、视黄醇代谢、氨酰-tRNA生物合成、赖氨酸降解、蛋白质的消化和吸收、嘧啶代谢、半胱氨酸和甲硫氨酸代谢、ABC转运蛋白、氨基酸的生物合成、2-氧代羧酸代谢。结果筛选出影响轻、中度脑卒中后认知功能障碍患者疾病进展的潜在生物标志物9个,涉及色氨酸代谢、D-氨基酸代谢和视黄醇代谢等12条代谢途径。