Statistical Communique of the People's Republic of China on the 1998 National Economic and Social Development

In 1998, facing the complicated and severe domestic and internationaleconomic environment, people of all nationalities, under the correct lead-ership of the Central Party Committee and the State Council, implement-ed a series of policies aiming at increasing input and expanding domesticdemand. Difficulties brought about by the Asian financial crisis and dev-astating flooding were overcome, various reforms were further deepened,and economic growth was promoted, resulting in great achievements at-tracting worldwide attention.

Economic Development Strategies and Optimization of High-tech Development Zones from the Perspective of"Four-transform and Three-famous":Taking Nanchang High-tech Development Zone as an Example

In recent years,high-tech development zones(hi-tech zones)have always occupied a very important position in the strategy of promoting China's innovative development.The combination of the"four-transform and three-famous"coordinated economic development strategy pioneered by Zhejiang Province in 2015 and the coordinated economic development of high-tech zones is particularly important for modern China at a critical time for innovative economic development.In this article,based on the research on the coordination mechanism of economic activities and development of Nanchang High-tech Zone,the development course of high-tech zones in China is elaborated,the early economic models in high-tech zones of Nanchang and China are analyzed,the existing problems in the structure of economic development of high-tech zones are analyzed in depth,the main driving factors for promoting the economic development of high-tech zones are studied from the aspects of capital,space,industry,economic model,etc.,and corresponding development strategies for high-tech development zones in China are proposed.

Assessing the Contribution of Ecotourism to Economic Growth and Rural Development Offered by Wildlife Resources to People Living in Communities around Matusadonha National Park

Ecotourism is one of the major drivers of economic growth and rural development in many countries involved in wildlife resource management.The objective was to assess the contribution of ecotourism to economic growth and rural development offered to people living in communities around Matusadonha National Park.A total of 140 participants were interviewed and questionnaires were administered to the same number of people.Data were analysed using both qualitative and quantitative methods.Results show that the majority of participants(57%)were females.Safari operations were the major(54.7%)ecotourism activity in Matusadonha National Park.Above half(58.8%)of participants indicated that ecotourism contributed toward economic growth in communities around Matusadonha National Park.Most people(343)were employed on a part-time basis from 2000 to 2022.Participants indicated that the standard of living in most communities increased by more than 50%.Above 50%of participants were satisfied with the contribution of ecotourism towards rural development.It can be concluded that ecotourism has the potential to improve economic growth and rural development if close monitoring and accountability of funds are monitored closely.Local people should be included in the accountability of funds and management of wildlife resources to improve economic benefits to local people.

Valuation of forest carbon sinks in China within the framework of the system of national accounts

To better promote forest resource management and strengthen the development of forest carbon sink marketization, this paper studied the accounting of forest carbon sinks from 2003 to 2008 based on a system of national accounts （SNA） and data from the latest forest resources inventory in China. The study calculated the value of forest carbon stocks at a total of RMB 817.13 × 10^9 yuan in 2003 and RMB 839.93×10^9 yuan in 2008, with an average annual increase of 0.55 % from an increase in physical carbon sinks. The total value of forest carbon sinks in 2003 and 2008 was RMB 26.73×10^9 yuan and RMB 29.77×10^9 yuan, respectively, with an average annual growth of 2.18 %. From 2003 to 2008, both stock and flow value of forest carbon sinks increased, but the total net flow value of carbon sinks decreased. The growth rate for the environmentally adjusted Gross Domestic Product （eaGDP） for China＇s forest carbon sinks was 17.23 %, outstripping the average growth rate of 9.5 % for the GDP during the same period. The study alsoindicates that China＇s forest carbon sinks affects the GDP in the range of 0.25-0.26 %, and its economic potential is not relatively huge.

Characteristics of China＇s Development in the New Era Explained in Light of Economic Principles

As China entered into a new era of development, the primary contradiction facing Chinese society has also evolved. It is important for both scholars and policymakers to review the characteristics of China's economy in its present stage in accordance with economic principles-principles that reflect every aspect of economic and social life and macroeconomic regulation. In this paper, we attempt to unravel the characteristics of China's new era from three perspectives-historical materialism, dialectic materialism and epistemology, and in light of economic principles at the three levels of resource factors, modes of production and regulation of resource allocation. Based on these perspectives, this paper further identifies the characteristics of China's new era from nine aspects, including globalization, modernization, the primary stage of socialism, new development concepts, supply-side reforms, the guideline of seeking steady progress, the mentality of scope, bottomline mindset and strategic composure. From the three different levels, this paper summarizes and applies economic principles to propose solutions to the problems and challenges facing China in the new era. The findings of the paper are also relevant to implementation of the guidelines CPC Central Committee General Secretary Xi Jinping noted in his report to the 19 th CPC National Congress.

Long-term Dynamics of Cultivated Land Resources and Their Driving Forces of Guyuan City in Upper Reaches of Jinghe River

The land use patterns in Guyuan City,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China,have changed greatly over the years,due to population growth and farming and stock raising development.This study,using 50-year statis-tical data of cultivated land and 14-year spatial data of land use pattern,analyzed the developmental stages,the char-acter,and the spatial variance of farmland in the city,and discussed the driving forces of cultivated land changes based on empirical and conceptual statistical models.First,the change of cultivated land area went through different stages of rapid increase,fluctuating change,decrease and rapid decrease from 1949 to 2004,additionally,social and economic policies in different stages had an important impact on farmland variance.Second,from 1986 to 2000,the quantity of cultivated land increased,but its quality decreased.Third,social and economic factors are determinant factors in culti-vated land transition.Five constructed paths explain cultivated land transition.Factors that have direct or indirect ef-fects on farmland include the economy(Xeco),the population(Xpop),agricultural output(Xagr),and scientific input(Xsci).The sequence of impact was Xeco>Xpop>Xsci>Xagr.Among all these impacts,Xeco was the major positive one,and Xpop was the major negative one.It is urgent to take measures or adopt a policy to stop the vicious cycle in eco-environment and agriculture production.Otherwise,negative patterns of farmland use will increase,and high-quality cultivated land will continue to decline.

Community attitudes toward ecotourism development and environmental conservation in nature reserve:a case of Fujian Wuyishan National Nature Reserve,China

Using social exchange theory, this study investigated residents＇ attitudes toward the preliminary stage of tourism development in nature reserves in Wuyishan National Nature Reserve of China, and the socio-economic and negative effects of residents＇ attitude toward the tourist industry. Results of the questionnaire survey indicated that local people perceived they could benefit from the economic activities related to tourism, and were supportive of the conservation of natural resources and local culture, sustainable community development, and community participation in ecotourism planning and management. This study also revealed that the variables of age, gender, education level, household income, family size, non-farm work arrangements, and the distance to tourism attractions, have significant association with respondents＇ attitudes toward ecotourism development, or negative impacts of the tourist industry. Respondents who are male, or have a higher household income, are more supportive of tourism development inside the reserve. Younger and more highly educated community members are more likely to support learning more about natural and cultural resources and landscapes. Respondents who have a hieher household income, or live far fromthe village center, are more concerned about the negative environmental impacts of tourism development.

The Centenary of the CPC:Exploration and Improvement of Central-Local Economic Relationship

Decentralization is a global phenomenon,but growth is not.The economic relationship between central and local governments is an important yet unresolved question in China’s economic development.As a large country with unbalanced political and economic development,China is faced with unbalanced and inadequate development as the primary constraint to meeting people’s ever-growing needs for a better life.The Communist Party of China(CPC)has been exploring to mobilize the initiatives of both central and local governments.During the planned economy era,China experienced a few rounds of centralization of economic powers but failed to strike a balance in maximizing the initiatives of both central and local governments.After the reform and opening up policy enacted in 1978,China’s central and local governments have succeeded in combining economic decentralization with administrative decentralization.China’s central government,local governments and enterprises have become resource allocation entities.China’s economic growth miracle has been driven by promoting the initiatives of central and local governments.Entering the new era,the central-local economic relationship represents an institutional strength of concentrating resources to accomplish great undertakings and leveraging the initiatives of both central and local governments.With the principal contradiction facing China’s development shifted into one between people’s growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development,the management of central and local government relationship has taken on greater theoretical significance and salient implications in the new era.

Threats and Opportunities Developing Nations of Africa Can Draw From the Foreign Direct Investment From Russia and China

The 21st century has seen the world superpowers,such as Russia and China and multi-lateral agencies encourage backward states to embrace and promote foreign direct investment(FDI)as an instrument to improve domestic production which will lead to economic growth and development.This is premised on the fact that FDI comes with transfer of technology,new and advanced management approaches,technical skills,and access to international markets.However,researchers have shown that occasionally FDI inflows achieve the opposite as they compete for the same markets with local industries and,as a result,they crowd out local industries leading to higher unemployment.Further,research has shown that most international financial crises were caused by rapid withdrawal of FDI.In essence,FDI can have positive and can also have negative effects on economic growth.Against this background,this discussion seeks to outline and look at the threats and opportunities that backward states,such as those in Africa will draw from the 21st century FDI from world superpowers.

Economic Cooperation Modes and Prospects among Countries along the Silk Road Economic Belt

The Silk Road Economic Belt,as a major initiative for global economic cooperation in the 21st century,has evolved into a critical economic cooperation region linking the Eurasian continent and its neighboring countries since it was proposed by the Chinese President in 2013.This paper explores the economic cooperation modes among countries along the Silk Road Economic Belt,analyzing its cooperation mechanisms,current development status,and future prospects.By examining the diversity and complexity of economic cooperation in this region,the paper highlights both its potential and challenges,providing theoretical support for advancing regional collaboration and achieving shared prosperity.

Rural community tourism in western Sichuan's Qiang nationality: a case study of Wulong Stockade

The importance of the local economy of the development of tourism resources in China＇s relatively underdeveloped minority areas is already common knowledge in academic and business circles. However it＇s necessary to research more on specific patterns of tourism development in these ethnic minority areas. This paper studies Wulong Stockade in Beichuan County in Sichuan Province and examines the distinctive experience of the local Qiang community about developing local tourism resources and the local funding of the development. It notes how the introduction of new re-afforestation laws of 1999 affected the traditional, agriculture-based economy and how a member of the communio： was a key motivator in initiating tourism as a new economic resource. It has also explored changes in the economic conditions of Qiang peasants since tourism began in Wulong Stockade, where local incomes have increased considerably. This paper focuses on a characteristic Qiang area in the mountains of western Sichuan, demonstrates the necessity and feasibility of community tourism development, and uggests that other ethnic minority mountain villages in rural areas draw lessons from Wulong Stockade＇s experience.

新质生产力的时代内涵、战略价值与实现路径

加快形成新质生产力,是新时代背景下中国经济社会发展从传统要素驱动向创新驱动转型,提升生产效率和质量,促进经济增长持续健康发展,把握新工业革命浪潮,构筑新竞争优势、赢得发展主动权的题中应有之义。本文明确新质生产力的概念及内涵,揭示其理论逻辑、战略价值和实现路径。结合新质生产力的提出背景与相关论述,文章认为新质生产力必须具有“科技创新驱动”“产业高效低耗和环境可持续”“高品质生活和社会服务均等化”“数字赋能”和“国家治理能力现代化”等特征。解构改革开放以来中国新质生产力发展所积累的物质技术基础和政策环境保障,对比分析中国与全球主要国家数字经济发展水平与高科技产品的出口现状,以客观把握中国新质生产力的发展优势与不足。分析在内部面临产业升级滞后与创新能力不足、资源与环境约束、区域城乡发展不平衡、人口结构老龄化与劳动力成本上升、政府治理效率还需提升等“中等收入陷阱”的挑战,外部遭受贸易争端、技术封锁、人权和意识形态威胁、国家领土争端等“修昔底德陷阱”的压力下,新质生产力破解经济高质量发展难题的战略指导意义。进一步地,指出新质生产力的提升是实现国家安全的重要基础,为国家提供了强大的安全保障,有助于构建坚固的国家安全体系。在此基础上,国家安全稳定也是发展新质生产力的必要条件,两者相得益彰。最后,提出为发展新质生产力,尤其注重新质生产力的均衡布局;从内部加强自我建设,释放新质生产力的发展潜能,破除“中等收入陷阱”魔咒;打造安全稳定的外部环境,给新质生产力的发展提供基础保障,破除“修昔底德陷阱”魔咒,支撑构建强劲有力的“双循环”新发展格局。

我国国内大循环的测度、解构及内生动力研究:基于构建全国统一大市场的视角

党的二十大报告指出要增强国内大循环内生动力和可靠性,准确测度、分解并动态描述我国国内大循环及区域间和产业间循环的水平、结构及时空演变趋势,找到畅通国内大循环发展的内生动力有重要意义。运用价值链循环分解方法对中国国内大循环水平进行测度,并从构建国内统一大市场的视角揭示国内大循环的内生动力。研究发现:中国各产业增加值主要依赖于国内循环,国内区域间循环占比远高于国内产业间循环占比,省外循环水平也略高于省内循环;国内大循环存在一定的空间相关性和地域差异,水平较高的省份主要分布在沿海沿江经济带;我国国内大循环发展整体上呈下降趋势,国内大循环在各区域(省份)的差异逐渐增加;构建全国统一大市场可有效抑制各省份的国内循环水平差异,提升整体的国内大循环水平,作用路径体现在通过消除生产、分配、流通和消费4个环节的堵点提升区域间循环水平。研究结论有利于从定量的角度深入理解国内大循环的现状与趋势,对于构建国内统一大市场、畅通国内大循环具有一定的启示意义。

地方政府隐性债务置换与国家经济安全发展

“开前门、堵后门”是中国地方政府债务治理的基本原则,通过债务置换实现债务显性化是该原则的具体表现之一。虽然地方政府债务置换缓解了地方政府的财政压力,减轻了财政负担,但并没有从根本上消除财政风险,其中的财政、金融风险及其政策不确定性也会影响国家经济安全的发展。对此,在梳理中国2015—2023年历次地方政府债务置换方案的基础上,文章研究地方政府隐性债务置换潜在的财政、金融风险及其对国家经济安全的影响。另外,从治理地方债务问题出发,提出防范债务置换风险、提高国家经济安全的改革建议。

产业融合、产业结构升级与经济高质量发展的耦合协调机制研究

基于产业融合、产业结构升级与经济高质量发展的耦合协调机制,构建产业融合-产业结构升级-经济高质量发展的评价指标体系,采用熵权TOPSIS法对2006-2019年我国省际产业融合、产业结构升级和经济高质量发展水平进行评价,利用耦合协调度模型测度三个子系统的耦合协调水平,并结合面板Tobit模型探讨影响其耦合协调发展的主要因素。研究结果表明:三个子系统水平在研究期内呈稳定上升趋势且存在明显的区域差异性,但经济高质量发展水平相对滞后;我国产业融合-产业结构升级-经济高质量发展系统具有高度耦合和中低度协调的特点,协调层次与耦合度并未达到良性共振,且系统的耦合协调度存在显著的空间异质性;经济发展水平、政府能力、科技投入、产业结构、固定资产投资及人口集聚均是影响系统耦合协调度的重要因素,但区域层面的影响因素存在一定差异。因此,针对各地区实际情况提出差异化的政策建议,以协同好产业融合、产业结构升级和经济高质量发展的步伐。

协同推进南水北调后续工程和长江经济带高质量发展

推动长江经济带高质量发展,是以习近平同志为核心的党中央作出的重大决策,是关系党和国家事业发展全局的重大战略。南水北调东、中、西三条线均以长江为水源,是跨流域跨区域配置水资源的骨干工程,是国家水网的主骨架和大动脉,在保障国家经济安全、粮食安全、生态安全等方面具有基础性、战略性作用。两者联系紧密,互促共生。文章通过对长江经济带高质量发展内涵的分析,以及在国家水安全保障、长江经济带高质量发展对南水北调高质量发展的具体要求梳理的基础上,对共同推进南水北调和长江经济带高质量发展提出了初步的认识和思考。

新质生产力视域下的国家创新体系建设思路与举措

发展新质生产力对知识的数量、结构以及知识生产与知识配置的能力提出了新需求,进而引致对创新资源、创新主体、创新机制和创新环境的新需求。这些需求与国家创新体系建设高度耦合,可以通过提升国家创新体系满足国家战略需求、支撑经济发展、推进原始创新等重要方面的能力来实现。需要以能力目标为导向,对创新资源、创新主体、创新机制与创新环境进行系统性优化与调整,提升国家创新体系支撑新质生产力发展的知识供给能力。同时,要通过国家创新体系数字平台等建设,提高科技创新治理的底层支撑能力,确保有效推进国家创新体系能力建设。