Diagnosis and treatment of primary seminoma of the prostate:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Primary seminoma of the prostate(PSP)is a rare type of extragonadal germ cell tumour that is easily misdiagnosed,owing to the lack of specific clinical features.It is therefore necessary for clinicians to work toward improving the accuracy of PSP diagnosis.CASE SUMMARY A 59-year-old male patient presenting with acute urinary retention was admitted to a local hospital.A misdiagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia led to an improper prostatectomy.Histopathology revealed PSP invading the bladder neck and bilateral seminal vesicles.Further radiotherapy treatment for the local lesion was performed,and the patient had a disease-free survival period of 96 mo.This case was analysed along with 13 other cases of PSP identified from the literature.Only four of the cases(28.6%)were initially confirmed by prostate biopsy.In these cases,imaging examinations showed an enlarged prostate(range 6-11 cm)involving the bladder neck(13/14).Of the 14 total cases,11(78.6%)presented typical pure seminoma cell features,staining strongly positive for placental alkaline phosphatase,CD117,and OCT4.The median age at diagnosis was 51(range 27-59)years,and patients had a median progression-free survival time of 48(range 6-156)mo after treatment by cisplatin-based chemotherapy combined with surgery or radiotherapy.The remaining three were cases of mixed embryonal tumours with focal seminoma,which had clinical features similar to those of pure PSP,in addition that they also had elevated serum alpha fetoprotein,beta-human chorionic gonadotropin,and lactose dehydrogenase.CONCLUSION PSP should be considered in patients younger than 60 years with an enlarged prostate invading the bladder neck.Further prostate biopsies may aid in proper PSP diagnosis.Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is still the main primary therapy for PSP.

Prognostic role of platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with non-metastatic and metastatic prostate cancer:A meta-analysis and systematic review

Objective: To analyze data available in the literature regarding a possible prognostic value of the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in prostate cancer (PCa) patients stratified in non-metastatic and metastatic diseases.Methods: A literature search process was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. In our meta-analysis, the pooled event rate estimated and the pooled hazard ratio were calculated using a random effect model.Results: Forty-two articles were selected for our analysis. The pooled risk difference for non-organ confined PCa between high and low NLR cases was 0.06 (95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.03-0.15) and between high and low PLR cases increased to 0.30 (95% CI: 0.16-0.43). In non-metastatic PCa cases, the pooled hazard ratio for overall mortality between high and low NLR was 1.33 (95% CI: 0.78-1.88) and between high and low PLR was 1.47 (95% CI: 0.91-2.03), whereas in metastatic PCa cases, between high and low NLR was 1.79 (95% CI: 1.44-2.13) and between high and low PLR was 1.05 (95% CI: 0.87-1.24).Conclusion: The prognostic values of NLR and PLR in terms of PCa characteristics and responses after treatment show a high level of heterogeneity of results among studies. These two ratios can represent the inflammatory and immunity status of the patient related to several conditions. A higher predictive value is related to a high NLR in terms of risk for overall mortality in metastatic PCa cases under systemic treatments.

KAI1/CD82 gene expression in benign prostatic hyperplasia and late-stage prostate cancer in Chinese

Aim: To evaluate KAII/CD82 expression in Chinese patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and late-stage carcinoma of prostate (CaP). Methods: Thirty Chinese patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and 34 withCaP (adenocarcinoma clinical stage C and D) were analyzed by means of immunohistochemical methods. Results:The KAII/CD82 expression in BPH tissue was all positive, which was uniformly located on the glandular cell mem-brane at the cell-to-cell borders, but KAII/CD82 expression in metastasis CaP tissues was either significantly lower thanthat of BPH or negative, and the immunostaining pattern was not continuous. In late-stage CAP KAII/CD82 expressionwas correlated inversely to the pathological grade ( P < 0.05), but not to clinical stage ( P > 0.05). Conclusion:The authors believe that decreased and negative KAII/CD82 expression in late-stage CaP may be related to tumor pro-gression and metastasis, and appears to be a prognostic marker.

A CLINICAL STUDY ON PROSTATE CANCER DIAGNOSIS WITH cDNA MACROARRAY

Objective: To diagnose prostatic cancer (CaP) with cDNA macroarray. Methods: Total RNA was isolated from patients with prostate cancer and from normal people, and poly(A) RNA was further purified. Then differentially expressed genes were analysed in CaP and normal prostate by cDNA macroarray system. Results: There were differential expressions of nine prostate-associated specific genes in CaP as compared with normal prostate, among which, 7 were significantly up-regulated and 2 were down-regulated. Conclusion: As a diagnostic approach at molecular level, the cDNA macroarray is supposed to elevate the detection rate of CaP.

A nomogram to predict Gleason sum upgrading of clinically diagnosed localized prostate cancer among Chinese patients

Although several models have been developed to predict the probability of Gleason sum upgrading between biopsy and radical prostatectomy specimens,most of these models are restricted to prostatespecific antigen screening-detected prostate cancer.This study aimed to build a nomogram for the prediction of Gleason sum upgrading in clinically diagnosed prostate cancer.The study cohort comprised 269 Chinese prostate cancer patients who underwent prostate biopsy with a minimum of 10 cores and were subsequently treated with radical prostatectomy.Of all included patients,220(81.8%) were referred with clinical symptoms.The prostate-specific antigen level,primary and secondary biopsy Gleason scores,and clinical T category were used in a multivariate logistic regression model to predict the probability of Gleason sum upgrading.The developed nomogram was validated internally.Gleason sum upgrading was observed in 90(33.5%) patients.Our nomogram showed a bootstrap-corrected concordance index of 0.789 and good calibration using 4 readily available variables.The nomogram also demonstrated satisfactory statistical performance for predicting significant upgrading.External validation of the nomogram published by Chun et al.in our cohort showed a marked discordance between the observed and predicted probabilities of Gleason sum upgrading.In summary,a new nomogram to predict Gleason sum upgrading in clinically diagnosed prostate cancer was developed,and it demonstrated good statistical performance upon internal validation.

Using CT imaging to delineate the prostatic apex for radiation treatment planning

Background and Objective: In computed tomography (CT)-based radiotherapy planning for prostate cancer, it is difficult to precisely delineate the prostatic apex because of its relationship with the urogenital diaphragm and bulbospongiosus musculature. In this retrospective study, we analyzed the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CT scans of the patients with prostate cancer to investigate the relationship between the prostatic apex and the anatomic structure visible on CT, and to provide evidence for localizing the prostatic apex in radiotherapy planning. Methods: MRI and CT scans of 108 patients with prostate cancer were analyzed to measure the distances between the prostatic apex and the bottom of ischial tuberosities, the bottom of obturator foramen, the bottom of pubic symphysis, and the bulb of the penis. The volume of the prostate was measured to analyze its relationship with the localization of the prostatic apex. Results: The prostatic apex was located (13.1 ± 3.3) mm above the bulb of the penis, (11.0 ± 5.4) mm above the bottom of the obturator foramen, (31.3 ± 5.5) mm above the ischial tuberosities, and (7.1 ± 4.7) mm above the bottom of the symphysis pubis. There was no correlation between the size of the prostate and the localization of the prostatic apex. Conclusions: The variance of the distance between the prostatic apex and the bulb of the penis is smaller than that of the distance between the apex and bony anatomy. Delineating the target to 6 mm above the bulb of the penis can cover the prostatic apex in 95% of the patients with prostate cancer, delineating to the bottom of obturator foramen can cover the prostatic apex in 100% of the patients.

Undescended epididymo-testicular metastasis from prostatic carcinoma

Dear Sir, Metastasis of prostatic carcinoma to testis is un- common in the clinical situation, and the involvement of the epididymis is even rarer. Heidrich et al. [1] found only 80 cases of testicular involvement in prostate cancer in published reports. In 1993, Wiebe et al. [2] found only 14 previous cases of epididymal metastasis from prostatic carcinoma in published work. The simulta- neous involvement of testis and epididymis was reported by Suhler and Blanchard in 1980 [3]. To our knowledge, this was the first documented case of a prostatic carcinoma metastasizing to undescended testis and epididymis.

Analysis on chromosome 8 heterozygosity loss in humanprostate carcinoma and high grade prostaticintraepithelial neoplasia

Objective: To analysis the chromosome 8 heterozygosity loss in human prostate carcinoma and high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Methods: Pure DNA was obtained from prostate neoplasms and normal tissues by tissue microdissection. The chromosome 8 heterozygosity loss was detected by PCR based micro-satellite polymorphism analysis technique using 14 pairs of microsatellite primers in 10 samples of prostate carcinoma and 10 samples of high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Results: There were different frequencies of chromosome 8 heterozygosity loss in 10 samples of prostate carcinoma. 8p23.1-p23.2 and p21-p22 were two high frequency heterozygosity loss regions. Chromosome 8 heterozygosity loss was detected in 3 samples of high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Conclusion: There were high frequency heterozygosity loss regions on chromosome 8 of prostate carcinoma, located at 8p23.1-p23.2 and p21-p22. The high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate carcinoma share the same allelic loss on 8p. Tumor suppressor genes located at these two regions may be potentially involved in the initiation and progression of prostate carcinoma.

Expression and Implication of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α in Prostate Neoplasm

Summary: To study the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) protein in prostate cancer (Pca) and its biological significance, the expression of HIF-1α was assayed by means of immunohistochemical technique in 42 prostate cancer, 12 prostatic intraepithelial neoplasm (PIN) and 9 normal prostate tissue (NP) specimens. Western blot was used to examine the expression of HIF-1α in prostate cancer cell line (PC-3M) induced by different oxygen tension. HIF-1α expression was positive in 33 Pca and 9 PIN specimens, and the positive rate of HIF-1α was higher in distant metastasis patients than in patients without metastasis of prostate cancer (P<0.05), while there was no expression of HIF-1α in NP. The level of HIF-1α in PC-3M significantly increased with the decrease of oxygen tension (P<0.01). Overexpression of HIF-1α is the preliminary event of the formation of Pca, which may induce carcinoma into malignant phenotype. Thus it may serve as an early diagnosis marker and the novel target for Pca treatment.

Prostatic sarcoma of the Ewing family in a 33-year-old male e A case report and review of the literature

Ewing sarcoma is the second most common primary bone tumor seen in children and adolescents,typically presenting between 10 and 20 years of age.Extraosseous sarcomas of the Ewing family in adults are rare.We report a manifestation of this tumor entity in the periprostatic tissue of a 33-year-old male and discuss our treatment approach.Transrectal biopsy is a feasible and simple diagnostic tool for unclear pelvic masses.Multi-modal therapy and central registries are needed to gain knowledge of rare pelvic tumors like Ewing sarcoma.

Comprehensive treatment for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation:a case report

Retrospective analysis of the progression of a case of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation:the patient was a 65 year old man with prostate adenocarcinoma on prostate biopsy,Gleason 4+4 score=8,70%,ISUP4 group,localized invasion of nerves.Progressed to metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer after 8 months of novel endocrine therapy,persistent elevated PSA after endocrine therapy,chemotherapy,and radiation,abdominal metastasis,brain metastasis,gastric metastasis,and staging as neuroendocrine differentiation after second prostate biopsy,which is a highly malignant subtype and has been concerned as a mechanism of resistance to targeted therapies.We discuss how to choose a more optimal treatment plan and outline the patient's diagnostic and therapeutic course.We provide a reflection for the clinical study of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with neuroendocrine type.

国产精锋机器人辅助腹腔镜优化后入路根治性前列腺切除术4例报道

本文报道了我院2023年2月至9月行国产精锋机器人辅助腹腔镜优化后入路根治性前列腺切除术4例患者,手术均顺利完成,平均手术总时间134(100~156)min,机械臂腔内平均操作时间为103(70~120)min,分离前列腺及精囊时间为64(50~80)min,缝合时间为39(20~60)min,术中出血量为98(60~200)ml。术后2周拔除尿管,其中2例实现即刻尿控。均无术后并发症发生。术后随访一个月时,4例患者的PSA分别为0.05μg/L,0.03μg/L,0.001μg/L,0.84μg/L。证明了国产精锋机器人行优化后入路机器人辅助腹腔镜下根治性前列腺切除术可行和安全,术后短期随访满意,但需要更多数据的验证。

磁共振表观扩散系数鉴别诊断移行带高危前列腺癌及与病理分级分组的相关性

目的探讨磁共振扩散加权成像(diffusion-weighted imaging,DWI)的表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)值和相对ADC值对移行带高危前列腺癌(high-risk prostate cancer,hPCa)的鉴别诊断价值及与国际泌尿病理学会(International Society of Urological Pathology,ISUP)前列腺癌分级分组(grading group,GG)的相关性。材料与方法回顾性分析经病理证实的40例移行带前列腺癌患者的双参数MRI资料,分别测量移行带癌灶和基质型增生结节的平均ADC(mean ADC,ADC_(mean))值和最小ADC(minimum ADC,ADC_(min))值,并计算移行带癌灶与基质型增生结节ADC比值的相对ADC_(mean)(relative ADC_(mean),rADC_(mean))值和相对ADC_(min)(relative ADC_(min),rADC_(min))值。比较hPCa组与低危前列腺癌(low-risk prostate cancer,lPCa)组之间ADC_(mean)、ADC_(min)、rADC_(mean)和rADC_(min)值的差异。绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线评估ADC各参数对移行带hPCa的诊断效能,并根据约登指数确定最佳截断值。采用DeLong检验比较ROC曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)的差异。Spearman相关分析ADC各参数与ISUP GG之间的相关性。结果hPCa组的ADC_(mean)、ADC_(min)、rADC_(mean)和rADC_(min)值均低于lPCa组(P均<0.05)。ADC_(mean)、ADC_(min)、rADC_(mean)和rADC_(min)鉴别诊断移行带hPCa的AUC分别为0.775[95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI):0.615~0.892]、0.879(95%CI:0.736~0.960)、0.751(95%CI:0.589~0.874)和0.914(95%CI:0.782~0.979),rADC_(min)的AUC最大。rADC_(min)与ADC_(mean)和rADC_(mean)的AUC差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05),但与ADC_(min)的AUC差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。当rADC_(min)最佳截断值取0.664×10^(-3)mm^(2)/s,约登指数最大(0.783),诊断移行带hPCa的敏感度和特异度分别为100.00%、78.26%。ADC_(mean)、ADC_(min)、rADC_(mean)和rADC_(min)值与ISUP GG均呈负相关[r=-0.486(95%CI:-0.755~-0.151)、-0.613(95%CI:-0.769~-0.365)、-0.553(95%CI:-0.745~-0.260)、-0.678(95%CI:-0.810~-0.474),P均≤0.001]。结论rADC_(min)鉴别诊断移行带hPCa的效能高,并且能够无创预测移行带PCa的ISUP GG,有助于为患者的个性化治疗决策提供支持。

前列腺癌多参数MRI诊断及误诊原因分析

目的 探讨前列腺癌临床特点、多参数MRI表现,总结其误诊原因及防范措施。方法 对2020年4月—2022年2月收治的多参数MRI检查后误诊为膀胱癌、前列腺增生的前列腺癌10例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 10例年龄54~73岁。6例因尿急、尿频、尿潴留、排尿困难就诊,直肠指诊示前列腺肥大,查血清前列腺特异性抗原升高,多参数MRI及前列腺穿刺活组织病理检查未发现前列腺肿瘤证据,误诊为前列腺增生,后经术后病理检查确诊T1期前列腺癌。4例以尿痛、血尿、排尿困难就诊,经多参数MRI检查误诊为膀胱癌,查血清前列腺特异性抗原升高,直肠指诊发现前列腺肥大,再次行多参数MRI和前列腺组织穿刺活组织病理检查证实为前列腺癌累及膀胱。误诊时间4~10 d。误诊为前列腺增生6例接受根治性手术,误诊为膀胱癌4例予内分泌和放射治疗,随访至今病情控制尚可。结论 临床接诊以尿急、尿频、尿潴留、排尿困难等症状就诊的中老年男性患者时应考虑到前列腺癌可能。加强对前列腺癌影像学特征认识,行多参数MRI检查时重点观察前列腺结构、包膜完整与否、膀胱壁连续性等重要特征,必要时可行前列腺穿刺活组织病理检查,以提高该病术前诊断正确率。

新疆地区前列腺导管内癌诊治分析及远期随访研究

目的研究前列腺导管内癌(IDC-P)临床、病理特征及预后转归。方法通过新疆医科大学第一附属医院泌尿外科前列腺癌临床资料数据库联合新疆医科大学第一附属医院病理科病理资料库,按照纳入及排除标准,自2015年1月至2022年1月筛选出19例病理诊断为IDC-P患者,进行回顾性研究,并与同期前列腺腺癌(Adc-P)患者进行对比研究。结果IDC-P组和Adc-P组在有无骨转移、淋巴结转移、内脏转移、初始总前列腺特异性抗原(TPSA)、碱性磷酸酶差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),在Gleason评分、临床T分期、生存时间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。IDC-P组相较Adc-P组具有更高的Gleason评分(P=0.002)和更晚的临床T分期(P=0.041),更短的生存时间[(31±18)个月与(59±19)个月],差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论IDC-P患者具有更高的Gleason评分和更晚的临床T分期特点,且总体预后较差,生存时间较短。

超声分子影像组学评估前列腺癌前列腺特异膜抗原表达:实验研究

目的 观察超声分子影像组学评估前列腺癌(PCa)前列腺特异膜抗原(PSMA)表达的价值。方法 分别于裸鼠皮下接种22RV1细胞(PSMA阳性表达,n=9)或PC-3细胞(PSMA阴性表达,n=10),构建不同PSMA表达水平人前列腺癌细胞移植瘤裸鼠模型。制备靶向PSMA的超声纳米泡(PSMA-NB),进行表征检测及体内、外超声分子成像。以7∶3比例将裸鼠随机分为训练集及测试集,提取训练集纹理特征,以组内相关系数、单因素分析、最小绝对收缩和选择算子等方法筛选特征,构建超声分子影像组学模型,并评估模型诊断PSMA阳性PCa的效能。结果 所制备PSMA-NB平均粒径为(392.2±31.56)nm, Zeta电位为(-29.3±0.95)mV,体外显像效果理想,稳定性好。共基于训练集数据提取1 561个纹理特征,最终筛选出3个特征,包括exponential_glszm_ZoneVariance、wavelet_HHH_gldm_SmallDependenceLowGrayLevelEmphasis及logarithm_gldm_DependenceVariance,以之构建的超声分子影像组学模型诊断训练集、测试集PSMA阳性表达PCa的曲线下面积分别为0.950、0.875。结论 基于靶向PSMA超声分子影像组学模型可用于评估PCa裸鼠PSMA表达。

应用深度学习进行基于前列腺癌转移报告和数据系统指南的晚期前列腺癌盆腔外脏器及转移灶分割

目的探讨应用深度学习进行基于前列腺癌转移报告和数据系统指南的晚期前列腺癌患者盆腔外脏器及转移灶分割的可行性。资料与方法回顾性收集北京大学第一医院2017年1月—2022年1月不同扫描部位(头部、颈部、胸部、腹部)的经临床综合诊断存在转移灶的数据集(头部、颈部、胸部及腹部转移患者分别为68、91、57、263例),用于进行扫描范围的分类模型及不同区域脏器和转移灶的分割模型训练。另收集90例经病理证实为前列腺癌且行全身MRI患者用于模型的外部验证。以手工标注的区域(脑实质、颈椎、肺实质、纵隔、胸椎、肝、腰椎)及转移灶标签为“金标准”,评估模型的分割性能。评价指标包括Dice相似系数(DSC)、体积相似度(VS)。结果在外部验证数据集中,分类模型在头部、颈部、胸部和腹部的符合率分别为100%(90/90)、98.89%(89/90)、96.67%(87/90)和94.44%(85/90);分割模型对不同区域脏器分割的DSC、VS范围分别为(0.86±0.10)~(0.99±0.01)、(0.89±0.10)~(0.99±0.01);分割模型对不同转移灶分割的DSC、VS范围分别为(0.65±0.07)~(0.72±0.13)、(0.74±0.04)~(0.82±0.13)。结论基于深度学习的3D U-Net模型可实现晚期前列腺癌患者的盆腔外区域及转移灶分割。

深度学习计算T2加权像磁共振前列腺体积:与椭球公式比较

目的研究和实现利用深度学习计算T2加权像MR的前列腺体积,并与椭球公式计算的前列腺体积进行比较。资料与方法回顾性收集2019年10月—2022年2月武汉大学人民医院经病理确诊的180例前列腺增生和251例前列腺癌患者的T2加权像MR图像及诊断报告,根据诊断报告使用椭球公式计算每例患者的前列腺体积,使用U-Net模型的变体对所收集MR图像上的前列腺进行分割,利用公式前列腺体积=对(前列腺像素数目×每个像素的大小×层厚)进行求和,获得深度学习计算的前列腺体积。比较深度学习和椭球公式计算的前列腺体积差异和一致性。结果Bland-Altman分析显示,在前列腺增生和前列腺癌患者中,深度学习和椭球公式计算的前列腺体积具有较高的一致性,仅5%和6.37%的数据位于95%置信区间外。前列腺增生组用两种方法计算的前列腺体积的一致性高于前列腺癌组(ICC=0.803、0.686)。两种方法计算的前列腺体积在两组间差异有统计学意义(Z=-10.742、-12.706,P<0.05),深度学习计算的前列腺体积更大。结论深度学习在计算前列腺体积方面与椭球公式保持一致,利用深度学习计算MR前列腺体积具有广阔的前景,但还需进一步改进。

miR-25靶向DKK3基因对前列腺癌PC-3细胞增殖、凋亡和迁移的影响

目的:探讨miR-25靶向调控Dickkopf相关蛋白3(DKK3)基因对前列腺癌PC-3细胞增殖、凋亡和迁移的影响及其作用机制。方法:选取确诊并进行前列腺癌根治手术治疗的前列腺癌病人组织标本24例为研究对象,选择同期因良性前列腺增生行电切手术病人组织标本24例为对照组,采用HE染色观察2组前列腺组织形态学变化,实时定量PCR检测组织中miR-25的相对表达水平,免疫组织化学法检测组织中DKK3表达情况。体外培养人前列腺癌PC-3细胞,通过Lipofectamine 2000法将miR-25 NC(NC组)、miR-25 inhibitors(miR-25 inhibitors组)转染入PC-3细胞中,通过MTT实验检测miR-25对细胞增殖的影响,通过Transwell实验检测miR-25对PC-3细胞迁移能力的影响,通过流式细胞术检测miR-25对PC-3细胞凋亡的影响,Western blotting法检测转染后PC-3细胞中DKK3的蛋白表达水平。结果:前列腺癌组织较前列腺增生组织中miR-25表达水平显著升高(P<0.05),DKK3基因表达明显降低(P<0.05)。与NC组相比,miR-25 inhibitors组细胞增殖率显著降低(P<0.05),细胞迁移能力显著降低(P<0.01),细胞凋亡率显著升高(P<0.01),DKK3的蛋白及mRNA表达水平显著升高(P<0.05)。结论:miR-25通过靶向调控DKK3基因促进前列腺癌PC-3细胞的增殖和迁移,抑制细胞凋亡。