Chemical Components of Helicia nilagirica Beed.I.Structure of Three New Flavonol Glycosides

Three new flavonol glycosides were isolated from the leaves of Helicia nilagirica Beed.. The structures were elucidated as kaempferol-3-O-b-D-xylopyranosyl-(16)-b-D-glyco- pyranosyl-(12)-a-L-rhamnopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-b-D-xylopyranosyl-(16)-b-D-glycopy- ranosyl-(12)-[-b-D-xylopyranosyl-(14)]-a-L-rhamnopyranoside, and quercetin-3-O-b-D- xylopyranosyl-(16)-b-D-glycopyranosyl-(12)-a-L-rhamnopyranoside, named as Helicianeoside A、B and C, respectively.

Do introduced honeybees affect seed set and seed quality in a plant adapted for bird pollination?

Aims Worldwide,evidence suggests that exotic pollinators can disrupt plant mating patterns.However,few studies have determined if pol-lination by the honeybee Apis mellifera(the world’s most widely introduced pollinator)reduces offspring quality when compared with pollination by native birds.The Australian Proteaceae provides an excellent opportunity to test the impact of honeybees in pol-lination systems that are adapted to birds and non-flying mammals.Methods We compared the frequency of flower visitation and foraging behav-iour of birds and insects within seven populations of Banksia erici-folia.Banksia ericifolia is hermaphroditic and has large nectar-rich,orange inflorescences typical of bird and mammal pollinated spe-cies.For a subset of the study populations,we compared the qual-ity of seed produced via an exclusion treatment(that only allowed invertebrates to access flowers)with an open-pollination treatment(potentially visited by mammals,birds and invertebrates),by meas-uring seed weight,germination rates(T50),percent germination,seedling height after 14 days since the emergence of the cotyledon and time to emergence of the cotyledon.Important Findings Apis mellifera was the only apparent insect pollinator and the most frequent flower visitor,while the open treatment inflorescences were also frequently visited by avian pollinators,primarily hone-yeater species.The foraging behaviour of honeybees and honeyeat-ers showed striking differences that potentially affect patterns of pollen transfer.Honeybees made significantly greater proportions of within cf.among plant movements and only 30%(n=48)of honeybees foraged for pollen(nectar foragers carried no pollen)whilst all birds were observed to contact both stigmas and anthers when foraging for nectar.Despite these fundamental differences in behaviour,there was little effect of treatment on seed set or qual-ity.Our data show that while honeybees appear to alter patterns of pollen transfer within B.ericifolia populations,they do not impact reproductive rates or performance of early life-stages.